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Let S be a surface obtained from a plane polygon by identifying infinitely many pairs of segments along its boundary. A condition is given under which the complex structure in the interior of the polygon extends uniquely across the quotient of its boundary to make S into a closed Riemann surface. When this condition holds, a modulus of continuity is obtained for a uniformizing map on S., 36 pages, 11 figures

This note concerns the paper "On the controllability of a coupled system of two Korteweg–de Vries equations" by Micu et al. [2]. They study a nonlinear coupled system of two Korteweg–de Vries equations and prove that the system is controllable by using four boundary controls. Here, we prove that in some cases it is possible to get the controllablity of the system by using only two controls. This can be done depending on both the spatial domain and the control time.

iF(y)=( where G c R* is a bounded domain, y: G -» R , y'(x) = (dyydx), and F: M -> R is continuous. Here M denotes the linear space of real N X k matrices. We suppose throughout that K > 2, N > 2. In [7] F is called T-conυex if there exists a convex function /, defined on R, r = (t) ~ 1, such that F(p) = f(τ(p)) for all/? e M, where τ(p) denotes the minors of p of all orders j , 1 y uniformly on G with supx χGG\yj(x) ~ yj(x)\ < C < oo for ally. (Equivalently, if G has sufficiently regular boundary then IF is lsc if and only if IF is sequentially weak* lower semicontinuous on the Sobolev space W(G; R).) A consequence of [7? Theorem 3.6] is that IF lsc implies F polyconvex; that this conclusion is false was pointed out implicitly by Morrey [4, p. 26]. Morrey's remark is based on an example due to Terpstra [8] of a quadratic form

My proof of Kellogg's theorem for solutions of Plateau's problem (these Inventiones math. 8, 3 1 3 333 (1969)) can still be shortened: The relation ~p(e ia) ~'(x(eia))= 0 from p. 328 is available in almost all boundary points as soon as it is known that the functions fj(w) belong to class C o, l(p). The proof of this fact is accomplished on the bottom of p. 324. Let now w = 1 be the point described in the middle ofp. 325. From

This paper is devoted to the study of the qualitative properties of solutions to boundary-value problems for strongly elliptic differential-difference equations. Some results for these equations such as existence and smoothness of generalized solutions in certain subdomains of Q were obtained earlier. Nevertheless, the smoothness of generalized solutions of such problems can be violated near the boundary of these subdomains even for infinitely differentiable right-hand side. The subdomains are defined as connected components of the set that is obtained from the domain Q by throwing out all possible shifts of the boundary Q by vectors of a certain group generated by shifts occurring in the difference operators. For the one dimensional Neumann problem for differential-difference equations there were obtained conditions on the coefficients of difference operators, under which for any continuous right-hand side there is a classical solution of the problem that coincides with the generalized solution. 2 Also there was obtained the smoothness (in Sobolev spaces W k ) of generalized solutions of the second and the third boundary-value problems for strongly elliptic differential-difference equations in subdomains excluding -neighborhoods of certain points. However, the smoothness (in Ho lder spaces) of generalized solutions of the second boundary-value problem for strongly elliptic differential-difference equations on the boundary of adjacent subdomains was not considered. In this paper, we study this question in Ho lder spaces. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the coefficients of difference operators that guarantee smoothness of the generalized solution on the boundary of adjacent subdomains for any right-hand side from the Ho lder space.

The paper is devoted to coverings by translative homothets and illuminations of convex bodies. For a given positive number $\alpha$ and a convex body $B$, $g_{\alpha}(B)$ is the infimum of $\alpha$-powers of finitely many homothety coefficients less than 1 such that there is a covering of $B$ by translative homothets with these coefficients. $h_{\alpha}(B)$ is the minimal number of directions such that the boundary of $B$ can be illuminated by this number of directions except for a subset whose Hausdorff dimension is less than $\alpha$. In this paper, we prove that $g_{\alpha}(B)\leq h_{\alpha}(B)$, find upper and lower bounds for both numbers, and discuss several general conjectures. In particular, we show that $h_{\alpha} (B) > 2^{d-\alpha}$ for almost all $\alpha$ and $d$ when $B$ is the $d$-dimensional cube, thus disproving the conjecture from Research Problems in Discrete Geometry by Brass, Moser, and Pach.

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb R^n$ be a $C^1$ domain, or more generally, a Lipschitz domain with small local Lipschitz constant. In this paper it is shown that if $u$ is a function harmonic in $\Omega$ and continuous in $\overline \Omega$ which vanishes in a relatively open subset $\Sigma\subset\partial\Omega$ and moreover the normal derivative $\partial_\nu u$ vanishes in a subset of $\Sigma$ with positive surface measure, then $u$ is identically $0$., Comment: More detailed explanation in some argument involving integration by parts and in Remark 3.3. An additional appendix with a self-contained proof of Lemma 4.3, whose proof was not included in the paper previously

The main purpose of this paper is to extend the result obtained by Beirao da Veiga (2000) from the whole-space case to slip boundary cases. Denote by u two components of the velocity u. To fix ideas set ū = (u1,u2, 0) (the half-space) or $${\boldsymbol{\bar u}} = {\hat u_1}{\hat e_1} + {\hat u_2}{\hat e_2}$$ (the general boundary case (see (7.1))). We show that there exists a constant K, which enjoys very simple and significant expressions such that if at some time τ ∈ (0,T) one has $$\lim {\sup _{t \to \tau - 0}}\left\| {{\boldsymbol{\bar u}}(t)} \right\|_{{L^3}(\Omega )}^3 < \left\| {{\boldsymbol{\bar u}}(\tau )} \right\|_{{L^3}(\Omega )}^3 + K$$ , then u is continuous at τ with values in L3(Ω). Roughly speaking, the above norm-discontinuity of merely two components of the velocity cannot occur for steps’ amplitudes smaller than K. In particular, if the above condition holds at each τ ∈ (0,T), the solution is smooth in (0,T) × Ω. Note that here there is no limitation on the width of the norms $$\left\| {{\boldsymbol{\bar u}}(t)} \right\|_{{L^3}(\Omega )}^3$$ . So K is independent of these quantities. Many other related results are discussed and compared among them. This is a second main aim of this paper. New results are proved in Sections 5–7.

In this paper, we consider the Laplace operator in a flat band whose lower boundary periodically oscillates under the Dirichlet boundary condition. The period and the amplitude of oscillations are two independent small parameters. The main result obtained in the paper is the absence of internal lacunas in the lower part of the spectrum of the operator for sufficiently small period and amplitude. We obtain explicit upper estimates of the period and amplitude in the form of constraints with specific numerical constants. The length of the lower part of the spectrum, in which the absence of lacunas is guaranteed, is also expressed explicitly in terms of the period function and the amplitude.

In this paper, we formulate mathematical foundations of applications of boundary integral equations with strongly singular integrals understood in the sense of finite Hadamard value to numerical solution of certain boundary-value problems. We describe numerical schemes for solving boundary strongly singular equations based on quadrature formulas and the collocation method. Also, we make references to known results on the mathematical justification of the numerical methods described in the paper.

A dynamical system $$ {\displaystyle \begin{array}{ll}{u}_{tt}-\Delta u-\nabla 1\mathrm{n}\;\rho \cdot \nabla u=0& in\kern0.6em {\mathrm{\mathbb{R}}}_{+}^3\times \left(0,T\right),\\ {}{\left.u\right|}_{t=0}={\left.{u}_t\right|}_{t=0}=0& in\kern0.6em \overline{{\mathrm{\mathbb{R}}}_{+}^3},\\ {}{\left.{u}_z\right|}_{z=0}=f& for\kern0.36em 0\le t\le T,\end{array}} $$ is under consideration, where ρ = ρ(x, y, z) is a smooth positive function; f = f(x, y, t) is a boundary control; u = uf (x, y, z, t) is a solution. With the system one associates a response operator R : f ↦ uf|z = 0. The inverse problem is to recover the function ρ via the response operator. A short representation of the local version of the BC-method, which recovers ρ via the data given on a part of the boundary, is provided. If ρ is constant, the forward problem is solved in explicit form. In the paper, the corresponding representations for the solutions and response operator are derived. A way to use them for testing the BC-algorithm, which solves the inverse problem, is outlined. The goal of the paper is to extend the circle of the BC-method users, who are interested in numerical realization of methods for solving inverse problems.

This paper concerns the existence of transonic shock solutions to the 2-D steady compressible Euler system in an almost flat finite nozzle ( in the sense that it is a generic small perturbation of a flat one ), under physical boundary conditions proposed by Courant-Friedrichs in \cite{CourantFriedrichs1948}, in which the receiver pressure is prescribed at the exit of the nozzle. In the resulting free boundary problem, the location of the shock-front is one of the most desirable information one would like to determine. However, the location of the normal shock-front in a flat nozzle can be anywhere in the nozzle so that it provides little information on the possible location of the shock-front when the nozzle's boundary is perturbed. So one of the key difficulties in looking for transonic shock solutions is to determine the shock-front. To this end, a free boundary problem for the linearized Euler system will be proposed, whose solution will be taken as an initial approximation for the transonic shock solution. In this paper, a sufficient condition in terms of the geometry of the nozzle and the given exit pressure is derived which yields the existence of the solutions to the proposed free boundary problem. Once an initial approximation is obtained, a further nonlinear iteration could be constructed and proved to lead to a transonic shock solution., 53 pages

In this paper we study a new problem for a parabolic-hyperbolic equation with fractional order Caputo operator in rectangular domain. There are many works devoted to study problems for the second order mixed parabolic-hyperbolic and elliptic-hyperbolic type equations in rectangular domains with two gluing conditions with respect to second argument and with boundary value conditions on all borders of the domain. In studying the unique solvability of this problem, it becomes necessary to specify an additional condition on the hyperbolic boundary of the domain. For this reason, the considering problem became unresolved in an arbitrary rectangular domain. In this paper, we were able to remove this restriction by setting three gluing conditions for the second argument.

The work is devoted to the fundamental problem of studying the solvability of the initial-boundary value problem for a pseudo-parabolic equation (also called Sobolev type equations) with a fairly smooth boundary. In this paper, the initial-boundary value problem for a quasilinear equation of a pseudoparabolic type with a nonlinear Neumann–Dirichlet boundary condition is studied. From a physical point of view, the initial-boundary-value problem we are considering is a mathematical model of quasi-stationary processes in semiconductors and magnetics, taking into account the most diverse physical factors. Many approximate methods are suitable for finding eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of tasks boundary conditions of which are linear with respect to the function and its derivatives. Among these methods, Galerkin’s method leads to the simplest calculations. In the paper, by means of the Galerkin method the existence of a weak solution of a pseudoparabolic equation in a bounded domain is proved. The use of the Galerkin approximations allows us to get an estimate above the time of the solution existence. Using Sobolev ’s attachment theorem, a priori solution estimates are obtained. The local theorem of the existence of the solution has been proved. The uniqueness of the weak generalized solution of the initial-boundary value problem of quasi-linear equations of pseudoparabolic type is proved on the basis of a priori estimates.A special place in the theory of nonlinear equations is taken by the range of studies of unlimited solutions, or, as they are otherwise called, modes with exacerbation. Nonlinear evolutionary problems that allow unlimited solutions are globally intractable: solutions increase indefinitely over a finite period of time. Sufficient conditions have been obtained for the destruction of its solution over finite time in a limited area with a nonlinear Neumann–Dirichle boundary condition.

The interpolating boundary element-free method (IBEFM) is a direct solution method of the meshless boundary integral equation method, which has high efficiency and accuracy. The IBEFM is developed based on the interpolating moving least-squares (IMLS) method and the boundary integral equation method. Since the shape function of the IMLS method satisfies the interpolation characteristics, the IBEFM can directly and accurately impose the essential boundary conditions, which overcomes the shortcomings of the original boundary element-free method in enforcing the essential boundary approximately. This paper will study the error estimations of the IBEFM for two-dimensional potential problems and the relationship between the errors and the influence radius and the condition number of the coefficient matrix. Two numerical examples are presented to verify the correctness of the theoretical results in this paper.

In this paper, we study the regularity of the free boundaries of the parabolic double obstacle problem for the heat operator and fully nonlinear operator. The result in this paper are generalizations of the theory for the elliptic problem in Lee et al. (Calc Var Partial Differ Equ 58(3):104, 2019) and Lee and Park (The regularity theory for the double obstacle problem for fully nonlinear operator, , 2018) to parabolic case and also the theory for the parabolic single obstacle problem in Caffarelli et al. (J Am Math Soc 17(4):827–869, 2004) to double obstacle case. New difficulties in the theory which are generated by the characteristic of parabolic PDEs and the existence of the upper obstacle are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the thickness assumptions to have the regularity of the free boundary are carefully considered.

We give a transparent algebraic formulation of our pictorial approach to the reflection positivity (RP), that we introduced in a previous paper. We apply this quantization to the 2 + 1 Levin–Wen model to obtain 1 + 1 anyonic/quantum spin chain theory on the boundary, possibly entangled in the bulk. The reflection positivity property has played a central role in both mathematics and physics, as well as providing a crucial link between the two subjects. In a previous paper we gave a new geometric approach to understanding reflection positivity in terms of pictures. Here we give a transparent algebraic formulation of our pictorial approach. We use insights from this translation to establish the reflection positivity property for the fashionable Levin–Wen models with respect both to vacuum and to bulk excitations. We believe these methods will be useful for understanding a variety of other problems.

This paper is devoted to further strengthening, in the current asymmetric information environment, the informed level of operators about network performance. Specifically, in view of the burst and perishability of a packet loss event, to better meet the real-time requirements of current high-speed backbone performance monitoring, a model for Packet Loss Measurement at the access network boundary Based on Sampled Flow (PLMBSF) is presented in this paper under the premise of both cost and real-time. The model overcomes problems such as the inability of previous estimation to distinguish between packet losses before and after the monitoring point, deployment difficulties and cooperative operation consistency. Drawing support from the Mathis equation and regression analysis, the measurement for packet losses before and after the monitoring point can be realized when using only the sampled flows generated by the access network boundary equipment. The comparison results with the trace-based passive packet loss measurement show that although the proposed model is easily affected by factors such as flow length, loss rate, sampling rate, the overall accuracy is still within the acceptable range. In addition, the proposed model PLMBSF, compared with the trace-based loss measurement is only different in the input data granularity. Therefore, PLMBSF and its advantages are also applicable to aggregated traffic.

We study a free boundary problem for a parabolic partial differential equation in which the solution is coupled to the moving boundary through an integral constraint. The problem arises as the hydrodynamic limit of an interacting particle system involving branching Brownian motion with selection, the so-called Brownian bees model which is studied in a companion paper. In this paper we prove existence and uniqueness of the solution to the free boundary problem, and we characterise the behaviour of the solution in the large time limit., Comment: 53 pages

The present paper is a continuation of our research that was devoted to the theory of the boundary behavior of mappings in the Sobolev classes (mappings with generalized derivatives) on Riemann surfaces. Here we develop the theory of the boundary behavior of the mappings in the class of FLD (mappings with finite length distortion) first introduced for the Euclidean spaces in the article of Martio-Ryazanov-Srebro-Yakubov at 2004 and then included in the known book of these authors at 2009 on the modern mapping theory. As was shown in the recent papers of Kovtonyuk-Petkov-Ryazanov at 2017, such mappings, generally speaking, are not mappings in the Sobolev classes, because their first partial derivatives can be not locally integrable. At the same time, this class is a natural generalization of the well-known significant classes of isometries and quasiisometries. We prove here a series of criteria in terms of dilatations for the continuous and homeomorphic extensions to the boundary of the mappings with finite length distortion between domains on Riemann surfaces by Caratheodory prime ends. The criterion for the continuous extension of the inverse mapping to the boundary is turned out to be the very simple condition on the integrability of the dilatations in the first power. The criteria for the continuous extension of the direct mappings to the boundary have a much more refined nature. One of such criteria is the existence of a majorant for the dilatation in the class of functions with finite mean oscillation, i.e., having a finite mean deviation from its mean value over infinitesimal disks centered at boundary points. As consequences, the corresponding criteria for a homeomorphic extension of mappings with finite length distortion to the closures of domains by Caratheodory prime ends are obtained.

This paper considers some multiscale radial basis function collocation methods for solving the two-dimensional Monge–Ampère equation with Dirichlet boundary. We discuss and study the performance of the three kinds of multiscale methods. The first method is the cascadic meshfree method, which was proposed by Liu and He (2013). The second method is the stationary multilevel method, which was proposed by Floater and Iske (1996), and is used to solve the fully nonlinear partial differential equation in the paper for the first time. The third is the hierarchical radial basis function method, which is constructed by employing successive refinement scattered data sets and scaled compactly supported radial basis functions with varying support radii. Compared with the first two methods, the hierarchical radial basis function method can not only solve the present problem on a single level with higher accuracy and lower computational cost but also produce highly sparse nonlinear discrete system. These observations are obtained by taking the direct approach of numerical experimentation.

In this paper we investigate the existence of solution of the initial-value problem with an initial point located at the boundary of the domain of definition for the first-order differential equation. This initial-value problem differs from the one accepted in classical theory, where the initial point is always internal for domain. Our aim is to find such conditions for the right-hand side of the equation and the boundary that would guarantee the existence or absence of this solution. In its previous article the authors used the standard Euler polygonal line method to solve this problem and described all cases when this method is used to get the desired answer. The polygonal line method, having certain advantages (constructibility, the ability to use a computer), requires for its implementation that both the equation and the domain of its definition meet certain restrictions, which inevitably narrows the class of acceptable equations. In this paper, we attempt to maximize the results obtained earlier, and for this purpose we use a completely different approach. The original equation is extended in such a way that the boundary initial-value problem becomes an ordinary internal initial-value problem, for which the standard Peano theorem is applied. To answer the question whether the solution of the modified initial-value problem is also the solution of the original boundary initial-value problem, so-called comparison theorems and differential inequalities are applied. This article is an independent study, not based on our previous work. For the sake of completeness, new proofs are given for previously obtained results, which are based on a new approach. As a result, we expanded the class of equations under consideration, removed the previous requirements for convexity and smoothness of boundary curves, and added cases that could not be considered using the polygonal line method. This work closes a certain gap that exists in the literature on the existence or absence of solutions to the boundary initial-value problem.

This paper is devoted to a partial differential equation approach to the problem of construction of Feller semigroups associated with one-dimensional diffusion processes with boundary conditions in theory of stochastic processes. In this paper we investigate the boundary-value problem for a one-dimensional linear parabolic equation of the second order (backward Kolmogorov equation) in curvilinear bounded domain with one of the variants of nonlocal Feller-Wentzell boundary condition. We restrict our attention to the case when the boundary condition has only one term and it is of the integral type. The classical solution of the last problem is obtained by the boundary integral equation method with the use of the fundamental solution of backward Kolmogorov equation and the associated parabolic potentials. This solution is used to construct the Feller semigroup corresponding to such a diffusion phenomenon that a Markovian particle leaves the boundary of the domain by jumps.

The paper presents an efficient numerical technique for 3D-modeling of seismic stability of large buried structures. This technique allows considering the subsoil-structure contact interaction, gravity field effects, the inhomogeneous structure of soil and the varieties location of the earthquake hypocenter. As part of this technique is substantiated sizing of the soil-structure computational domain and continuum model for hard and soft soil foundations describing. The numerical technique for determining the kinematic conditions at the lower boundary of the computational domain from the experimental accelerations at the soil surface is given, offered special non-reflecting waves boundary conditions. The methods described above and algorithms for seismic resistance solving have been implemented in certified software package “Dynamica-3”, parallelization of the algorithm has been held according to the spatial domain decomposition principle. The developed numerical technique allows correctly posing the problem of seismic vibrations of buried structure, reducing computing costs and increasing the efficiency of numerical studies of Earthquake Engineering. Through this, the multiple recalculation of the task with different action scenarios generated from experimental seismograms by probabilistic methods became technically possible. The results of these calculations allow reflecting the experience of many earthquakes, which increases reliability of the estimates. The paper presents the model calculations results of seismic stability of large-sized buried structure—the mutual vertical and horizontal displacement of soil and building walls—which can then be used to assess strength of adjacent underground pipelines. A number of numerical experiments on seismic vibrations of nearby large-sized structures have been carried out to assess the mutual influence of structures on their behavior in an earthquake. It is established that the influence of nearby large-sized objects on seismic vibrations of structures differs for different buildings.

We give a simplified and complete proof of the convergence of the chordal exploration process in critical FK–Ising percolation to chordal $$\mathrm {SLE}_\kappa ( \kappa -6)$$ with $$\kappa =16/3$$. Our proof follows the classical excursion construction of $$\mathrm {SLE}_\kappa (\kappa -6)$$ processes in the continuum, and we are thus led to introduce suitable cut-off stopping times in order to analyse the behaviour of the driving function of the discrete system when Dobrushin boundary condition collapses to a single point. Our proof is very different from that of Kemppainen and Smirnov (Conformal invariance of boundary touching loops of FK–Ising model. arXiv:1509.08858, 2015; Conformal invariance in random cluster models. II. Full scaling limit as a branching SLE. arXiv:1609.08527, 2016) as it only relies on the convergence to the chordal $$\mathrm {SLE}_{\kappa }$$ process in Dobrushin boundary condition and does not require the introduction of a new observable. Still, it relies crucially on several ingredients: One important emphasis of this paper is to carefully write down some properties which are often considered folklore in the literature but which are only justified so far by hand-waving arguments. The main examples of these are: We end the paper with a detailed sketch of the convergence to radial $$\mathrm {SLE}_\kappa ( \kappa -6)$$ when $$\kappa =16/3$$ as well as the derivation of Onsager’s one-arm exponent 1 / 8.

Though the boundary layer formation in the chemotactic process has been observed in experiment (cf. [63] ), the mathematical study on the boundary layer solutions of chemotaxis models is just in its infant stage. Apart from the sophisticated theoretical tools involved in the analysis, how to impose/derive physical boundary conditions is a state-of-the-art in studying the boundary layer problem of chemotaxis models. This paper will proceed with a previous work [24] in one dimension to establish the convergence of boundary layer solutions of the Keller–Segel model with singular sensitivity in a two-dimensional space (half-plane) with respect to the chemical diffusion rate denoted by e ≥ 0 . Compared to the one-dimensional boundary layer problem, there are many new issues arising from multi-dimensions such as possible Prandtl type degeneracy, curl-free preservation and well-posedness of large-data solutions. In this paper, we shall derive appropriate physical boundary conditions and gradually overcome these barriers and hence establish the convergence of boundary layer solutions of the singular Keller–Segel system in the half-plane as the chemical diffusion rate vanishes. Specially speaking, we justify that the boundary layer converges to the outer layer (solution with e = 0 ) plus the inner layer as e → 0 , where both outer and inner layer profiles are precisely derived and well understood. By doing this, the structure of boundary layer solutions is clearly characterized. We hope that our results and methods can shed lights on the understanding of underlying mechanisms of the boundary layer patterns observed in the experiment for chemotaxis such as the work by Tuval et al. [63] , and open a new window in the future theoretical study of chemotaxis models.

In this paper, we discuss an asymptotic boundary behavior of the complete Kahler-Einstein metric of negative Ricci curvature on a quasi-projective manifold with semiample log-canonical bundle. In particular, we focus our attention on its relations with degeneration of positivity for the log-canonical bundle on the boundary divisor. Based on a pioneering result due to G. Schumacher, a fundamental conjecture about the relations is proposed in this paper. Moreover it is also proved that the conjecture actually holds in the case when the boundary divisor is of general type.

In this paper we analyse the structure of the spaces of smooth type functions, generated by elements of arbitrary Hilbert spaces, as a continuation of the research in our previous papers in this series. We prove that these spaces are perfect sequence spaces. As a consequence we describe the tensor structure of sequential mappings on the spaces of smooth type functions and characterise their adjoint mappings. As an application we prove the universality of the spaces of smooth type functions on compact manifolds without boundary., 23 pages

During the construction of the tunnel, there may be water-bearing anomalous structures such as fault fracture zone. In order to ensure the safety of the tunnel, it is necessary to carry out advanced tunnel detection. The traditional linear inversion method is highly dependent on the initial model in the tunnel resistivity inversion, which makes the inversion results falling into the local optimal optimum rather than the global one. Therefore, an inversion method for tunnel resistivity advanced detection based on ant colony algorithm is proposed in this paper. In order to improve the accuracy of tunnel advanced detection of deep anomalous bodies, an ant colony optimization (ACO) inversion is used by integrating depth weighting into the inversion function. At the same time, in view of the high efficiency and low cost of one-dimension inversion and the advantages of L1 norm in boundary characterization, a one-dimensional ant colony algorithm is adopted in this paper. In order to evaluate the performance of the algorithm, two sets of numerical simulations were carried out. Finally, the application of the actual tunnel water-bearing anomalous structure was carried out in a real example to evaluate the application effect, and it was verified by excavation exposure.

We present a solution of the algebraic version of Birkhoff Conjecture on integrable billiards. Namely we show that every polynomially integrable real bounded convex planar billiard with smooth boundary is an ellipse. We extend this result to billiards with piecewise-smooth and not necessarily convex boundary on arbitrary two-dimensional surface of constant curvature: plane, sphere, Lobachevsky (hyperbolic) plane; each of them being modeled as a plane or a (pseudo-) sphere in $\mathbb R^3$ equipped with appropriate quadratic form. Namely, we show that a billiard is polynomially integrable, if and only if its boundary is a union of confocal conical arcs and appropriate geodesic segments. We also present a complexification of these results. These are joint results of Mikhail Bialy, Andrey Mironov and the author. The proof is split into two parts. The first part is given by Bialy and Mironov in their two joint papers. They considered the tautological projection of the boundary to $\mathbb{RP}^2$ and studied its orthogonal-polar dual curve, which is piecewise algebraic, by S.V.Bolotin's theorem. By their arguments and another Bolotin's theorem, it suffices to show that each non-linear complex irreducible component of the dual curve is a conic. They have proved that all its singularities and inflection points (if any) lie in the projectivized zero locus of the corresponding quadratic form on $\mathbb C^3$. The present paper provides the second part of the proof: we show that each above irreducible component is a conic and finish the solution of the Algebraic Birkhoff Conjecture in constant curvature., To appear in the Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS), 69 pages, 2 figures. A shorter proof of Theorem 4.24. Minor precisions and misprint corrections

In this paper, we study the Ricci flow on manifolds with boundary. In the first part of the paper, we prove short-time existence and uniqueness of the solution, in which the boundary becomes instantaneously umbilic for positive time. In the second part of the paper, we prove that the flow we constructed in the first part preserves natural boundary conditions. More specifically, if the initial metric has a convex boundary, then the flow preserves positive curvature operator and the PIC1, PIC2 conditions. Moreover, if the initial metric has a two-convex boundary, then the flow preserves the PIC condition., 55 pages, improved exposition

In this paper, we present a numerical solution of a two-phase fractional Stefan problem with time derivative described in the Caputo sense. In the proposed algorithm, we use a special case of front-fixing method supplemented by the iterative procedure, which allows us to determine the position of the moving boundary. The presented method is an extension of a front-fixing method for the one-phase problem to the two-phase case. The novelty of the method is a new discretization of the partial differential equation dedicated to the second phase, which is carried out by introducing a new spatial variable immobilizing the moving boundary. Then, the partial differential equation is transformed to an equivalent integro-differential equation, which is discretized on a homogeneous mesh of nodes with a constant spatial and time step. A new convergence criterion is also proposed in the iterative algorithm determining the location of the moving boundary. The motivation for the development of the method is that the analytical solution of the considered problem is impossible to calculate in some cases, as can be seen in the figures in the paper. Moreover, the change of the boundary conditions makes obtaining a closed analytical solution very problematic. Therefore, creating new numerical methods is very valuable. In the final part, we also present some examples illustrating the comparison of the analytical solution with the results received by the proposed numerical method.

The transient interaction of a rigid convex indenter with elastic half-plane boundary is investigated in this paper. At the initial time point, the rigid indenter and half-plane have some distance between them. Indenter moves towards the half-plane on arbitrary law of motion. The indenter and half-plane interaction is considered in two stages: contactless interaction, which includes only adhesive forces, and the stage with mechanical contact between indenter and half-plane’s boundary. On the second stage, the adhesive force also takes place. In this paper the first stage of interaction is considered. To obtain the normal displacement of the half-plane, the superposition principle is used. For this method, the Lamb problem solution is considered as a Green function. However, the adhesive force function’s support is unknown. In this article the original numerical and analytical algorithm is constructed and realized, the solution for considered problem is obtained. Graphical results for half-plane boundary normal displacements space-time distribution are presented. Also graphical results for adhesive force support boundary position and velocity on time dependence are shown.

Prime end boundaries $\partial_P\Omega$ of domains $\Omega$ are studied in the setting of complete doubling metric measure spaces supporting a $p$-Poincar\'e inequality. Notions of rectifiably (in)accessible- and (in)finitely far away prime ends are introduced and employed in classification of prime ends. We show that, for a given domain, the prime end capacity of the collection of all rectifiably inaccessible prime ends together will all non-singleton prime ends is zero. We show the resolutivity of continouous functions on $\partial_P\Omega$ which are Lipschitz continuous with respect to the Mazurkiewicz metric when restricted to the collection $\partial_{SP}\Omega$ of all accessible prime ends. Furthermore, bounded perturbations of such functions in $\partial_P\Omega\setminus\partial_{SP}\Omega$ yield the same Perron solution. In the final part of the paper, we demonstrate the (resolutive) Kellogg property with respect to the prime end boundary of bounded domains in the metric space. Notions given in this paper are illustrated by a number of examples., Comment: 23 pages, 3 figures

This paper investigates regularity in Lorentz spaces for weak solutions of a class of divergence form quasi-linear parabolic equations with singular divergence-free drifts. In this class of equations, the principal terms are vector field functions that are measurable in ($x,t$)-variable, and nonlinearly dependent on both unknown solutions and their gradients. Interior, local boundary, and global regularity estimates in Lorentz spaces for gradients of weak solutions are established assuming that the solutions are in BMO space, the John–Nirenberg space. The results are even new when the drifts are identically zero, because they do not require solutions to be bounded as in the available literature. In the linear setting, the results of the paper also improve the standard Calderón–Zygmund regularity theory to the critical borderline case. When the principal term in the equation does not depend on the solution as its variable, our results recover and sharpen known available results. The approach is based on the perturbation technique introduced by Caffarelli and Peral together with a “double-scaling parameter” technique and the maximal function free approach introduced by Acerbi and Mingione.

This paper is a follow-up to the recent paper of Pillichshammer and Sonnleitner (2020) [12] . We show that the isotropic discrepancy of a lattice point set is at most d 2 2 ( d + 1 ) times its spectral test, thereby correcting the dependence on the dimension d and an inaccuracy in the proof of the upper bound in Theorem 2 of the mentioned paper. The major task is to bound the volume of the neighbourhood of the boundary of a convex set contained in the unit cube. Further, we characterize averages of the distance to a lattice point set in terms of the spectral test. As an application, we infer that the spectral test – and with it the isotropic discrepancy – is crucial for the suitability of the lattice point set for the approximation of Sobolev functions.

This paper develops the analytical conditions for the existence of periodic solutions of a second-order,time-delayed, discontinuous dynamical system. A sample model consists of two linear delayed sub-systems with a switching boundary. The defined G-functions for the delayed, discontinuous systems are introduced, and sufficient and necessary conditions for a flow crossing, sliding and grazing along the switch boundary are developed for such a delayed, discontinuous system. Furthermore, nine (9) regular basic mappings in phase plane and thirty-three (33) delay-related mappings for the second-order, time-delayed, discontinuous systems are classified. Constraint equations are predicted analytically for two periodic orbits with initial functions provided posteriorly. Finally, three numerical examples are illustrated to verify the existence of generalized slowly oscillating periodic orbits without and with sliding portions. This paper improves and extends motion switchability conditions at the boundary in discontinuous dynamical systems without delay.

Asymptotic solutions of the wave equation degenerating on the boundary of the domain (where the wave propagation velocity vanishes as the square root of the distance from the boundary) can be represented with the use of a modified canonical operator on a Lagrangian submanifold, invariant with respect to theHamiltonian vector field, of the nonstandard phase space constructed by the authors in earlier papers. The present paper provides simple expressions in a neighborhood of the boundary for functions represented by such a canonical operator and, in particular, for the solution of the Cauchy problem for the degenerate wave equation with initial data localized in a neighborhood of an interior point of the domain.

We show in this paper a Lipschitz stability result for a crack inverse problem in half space. The direct problem is a Laplace equation with zero Neumann condition on the top boundary. The forcing term is a discontinuity across the crack. This formulation can be related to geological faults in elastic media or to irrotational incompressible flows in a half space minus an inner wall. The direct problem is well posed in an appropriate functional space. We study the related inverse problem where the jump across the crack is unknown, and more importantly, the geometry and the location of the crack are unknown. The data for the inverse problem is of Dirichlet type over a portion of the top boundary. We prove that this inverse problem is uniquely solvable under some assumptions on the geometry of the crack. The highlight of this paper is showing a stability result for this inverse problem. Assuming that the crack is planar, we show that reconstructing the plane containing the crack is Lipschitz stable despite the fact that the forcing term for the underlying PDE is unknown. This uniform stability result holds under the assumption that the forcing term is bounded above and the Dirichlet data is bounded below away from zero in appropriate norms., Comment: 1 figure

In this paper, a localized boundary knot method is proposed, based on the local concept in the localized method of fundamental solutions. The localized boundary knot method is formed by combining the classical boundary knot method and the localization approach. The localized boundary knot method is truly free from mesh and numerical quadrature, so it has great potential for solving complicated engineering applications, such as multiply connected problems. In the proposed localized boundary knot method, both of the boundary nodes and interior nodes are required, and the algebraic equations at each node represent the satisfaction of the boundary condition or governing equation, which can be derived by using the boundary knot method at every subdomain. A sparse system of linear algebraic equations can be yielded using the proposed localized boundary knot method, which can greatly reduce the computer time and memory required in computer calculations. In this paper, several cases of simply connected domains and multi-connected domains of the Laplace equation and bi-harmonic equation are demonstrated to evidently verify the accuracy, convergence and stability of this proposed meshless method.

Aiming at car design, a parametric design method is proposed in this paper. There are two contents in this method, a novel parametric surface, a shape-adjustable automobile styling template, and a design method of integrating the two contents. The surface termed extended SQ-Coons surface constructed in this paper has the advantage of being fine adjusted while always interpolating at the given boundary curves, which is suitable for its application in automobile modeling design. Matching with the surface, a car model template built by multiple quadrilateral surfaces is proposed. The car models built by the template could achieve the parametric adjustability of all modeling features on the premise of maintaining G 1 continuity between subsurfaces. Finally, after the integration of the surface and the template, a whole set of parametric automobile surface modeling design method is proposed. In this method, the overall shape of the car body is determined through multi angle hand drawing, and curve control points, segmentation parameters, and shape parameters are used to adjust the detail modeling. The final results show that the novel surface and template proposed could be used to parametrically establish the vehicle models of various shapes and improve the design efficiency in the conceptual design stage.

The classical Stefan problem is one of the most studied free boundary problems of evolution type. Recently, there has been interest in treating the corresponding free boundary problem with nonlocal diffusion. We start the paper by reviewing the main properties of the classical problem that are of interest for us. Then we introduce the fractional Stefan problem and develop the basic theory. After that we center our attention on selfsimilar solutions, their properties and consequences. We first discuss the results of the one-phase fractional Stefan problem which have recently been studied by the authors. Finally, we address the theory of the two-phase fractional Stefan problem which contains the main original contributions of this paper. Rigorous numerical studies support our results and claims., 27 pages, 5 figures

In this paper, we study algorithmic problems for automaton semigroups and automaton groups related to freeness and finiteness. In the course of this study, we also exhibit some connections between the algebraic structure of automaton (semi)groups and their dynamics on the boundary. First, we show that it is undecidable to check whether the group generated by a given invertible automaton has a positive relation, i.e., a relation p = 1 such that p only contains positive generators. Besides its obvious relation to the freeness of the group, the absence of positive relations has previously been studied by the first two authors and is connected to the triviality of some stabilizers of the boundary. We show that the emptiness of the set of positive relations is equivalent to the dynamical property that all (directed positive) orbital graphs centered at non-singular points are acyclic. Our approach also works to show undecidability of the freeness problem for automaton semigroups, which negatively solves an open problem by Grigorchuk, Nekrashevych and Sushchansky. In fact, we show undecidability of a strengthened version where the input automaton is complete and invertible. Gillibert showed that the finiteness problem for automaton semigroups is undecidable. In the second part of the paper, we show that this undecidability result also holds if the input is restricted to be bi-reversible and invertible (but, in general, not complete). As an immediate consequence, we obtain that the finiteness problem for automaton subsemigroups of semigroups generated by invertible, yet partial automata, so called automaton-inverse semigroups, is also undecidable.

Работа посвящена исследованию спектральных асимптотик эллиптических операторов произвольного четного порядка в ограниченной области со степенным вырождением вдоль всей границы. Исследуемые операторы порождаются с помощью полуторалинейных форм, которые могут не удовлетворять условию коэрцитивности. Основная часть опубликованных работ по этому направлению относится к случаю, когда коэффициенты исследуемых операторов представимы в виде произведения ограниченной функции и степени расстояния до границы. В отличие от этого здесь изучаем эллиптические операторы, младшие коэффициенты которых принадлежат некоторым L_p-пространствам со степенным весом. Ранее во многих работах, где изучалась оценка резольвенты несамосопряженных операторов, порожденных с помощью полуторалинейных форм, доказывалось неравенство вида (A-lambda E)-1leq Mlambda-1/2. Здесь доказано одно представление резольвенты исследуемого оператора A, которое позволяет получить неравенство такого типа с показателем 1 вместо 1/2. На основе таких неравенств можно исследовать вопросы суммируемости в смысле Абеля Лидского системы корневых вектор-функций оператора A. Также доказывается, что оператор A имеет дискретный спектр, и изучается асимптотика функции N(t), указывающей число собственных значений оператора A, не превосходящих по модулю t, с учетом их алгебраических кратностей., The paper is devoted to the study of the spectral asymptotics of elliptic operators of arbitrary even order in a bounded domain with power degeneration along the entire boundary. The operators under study are generated by sesquilinear forms that may not satisfy the coercivity condition. The main part of the published papers in this area refers to the case when the coefficients of the studied operators can be represented as a product of a bounded function and the degree of distance to the boundary. In contrast, here we study elliptic operators whose lower coefficients belong to certain L_p-spaces with power weights. Earlier, in many papers, where the estimation of the resolvent of non-self-adjoint operators generated by sesquilinear forms was studied, the inequality of the form (A-lambda E)-1leq Mlambda-1/2 was proved. Here we prove one representation of the resolvent of the operator A that allows us to obtain an inequality of this type with 1 instead of 1/2. On the basis of such inequalities, we can investigate the summability in the AbelLidskiy sense of the system of root vector functions of the operator A. It is also proved that the operator A has a discrete spectrum, and the asymptotics of the function N(t), the number of eigenvalues of the operator A whose magnitude is at most t, taking into account their algebraic multiplicities, is studied., №4(104) (2020)

In this paper, we prove the boundary Lipschitz regularity and the Hopf Lemma by a unified method on Reifenberg domains for fully nonlinear elliptic equations. Precisely, if the domain $\Omega$ satisfies the exterior Reifenberg $C^{1,\mathrm{Dini}}$ condition at $x_0\in \partial \Omega$ (see Definition 1.3), the solution is Lipschitz continuous at $x_0$; if $\Omega$ satisfies the interior Reifenberg $C^{1,\mathrm{Dini}}$ condition at $x_0$ (see Definition 1.4), the Hopf lemma holds at $x_0$. Our paper extends the results under the usual $C^{1,\mathrm{Dini}}$ condition., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1812.11357

This paper is devoted to the study of a class of hypoelliptic Visik–Ventcel’ boundary value problems for second order, uniformly elliptic differential operators. Our boundary conditions are supposed to correspond to the diffusion phenomenon along the boundary, the absorption and reflection phenomena at the boundary in probability. If the absorbing boundary portion is not a trap for Markovian particles, then we can prove two existence and uniqueness theorems of the non-homogeneous Visik–Ventcel’ boundary value problem in the framework of $$L^{2}$$ Sobolev spaces. Moreover, if the absorbing boundary portion is empty, then we can prove a generation theorem of analytic semigroups for the closed realization of the uniformly elliptic differential operator associated with the hypoelliptic Visik–Ventcel’ boundary condition in the $$L^{2}$$ topology. As a by-product, this paper is the first time to prove the angular distribution of eigenvalues, the asymptotic eigenvalue distribution and the completeness of generalized eigenfunctions of the closed realization, similar to the elliptic (non-degenerate) case.

Исследуется вопрос об однозначной разрешимости первой смешанной задачи для вырождающегося параболического уравнения 2го порядка в случае, когда граничная и начальная функции принадлежат пространствам типа L2. Данная тематика берет начало с классических работ Ф. Рисса 1 и Литтлвуда и Пэли 2, посвященных граничным значениям аналитических функций. Дальнейшее развитие этой тематики для равномерно эллиптических уравнений получило в работах В. П. Михайлова, А. К. Гущина 3 9. Условие гладкости границы (Q C2) можно ослабить (см. 7). При наиболее слабых ограничениях на гладкость границы (и на коэффициенты уравнения) критерий существования граничного значения установлен в 7 9. При этом, как показано в работе 9, все направления принятия граничных значений для равномерно эллиптических уравнений оказываются равноправными, решение обладает свойством, аналогичным свойству непрерывности по совокупности переменных. В случае вырождения уравнения на границе области, когда направления не являются равноправными, ситуация более сложная. При этом постановка первой краевой задачи определяется типом вырождения. В случае, когда значения соответствующей квадратичной формы вырождающегося эллиптического уравнения на векторе нормали отличны от нуля (вырождение типа Трикоми), корректна задача Дирихле, и свойства такого вырождающегося уравнения весьма близки к свойствам равномерно эллиптического уравнения. В частности, в этой ситуации справедливы аналоги теорем Рисса 1 и Литтлвуда Пэли 2, 3. В случае вырождения типа Келдыша ситуация более сложная. Постановка первой краевой задачи и поведение решения вблизи границы определяются порядком вырождения уравнения, а в случае сильного вырождения коэффициентами при младших членах. Вопросам разрешимости первой краевой задачи для вырождающихся эллиптических и параболических уравнений посвящено большое число работ. Достаточно отметить работы Ф. Трикоми 10, М. В. Келдыша11, А. В. Бицадзе 12, С. А. Терсенова 13, И. М. Петрушко 14, 15, О. А. Олейник, Е. В. Радкевича 16, Г. Фикеры 17 и др. Из недавних работ можно отметить 18. В настоящей работе рассматривается случай сильного вырождения параболического уравнения 2го порядка, когда соответствующая квадратичная форма убывает как r(x) и постановка первой смешанной задачи определяется коэффициентом при первой производной по нормали., The paper investigates the question of the unique solvability of the first mixed problem for a degenerate secondorder parabolic equation in the case when the boundary and initial functions belong to spaces of type L2. This topic originates from the classical works of F. Riesz 1 and Littlewood and Paley 2 devoted to the boundary values of analytic functions. Under the weakest restrictions on the smoothness of the boundary (and on the coefficients of the equation), the criterion for the existence of a boundary value was established in 7 9. The boundary smoothness condition (Q C2) can be weakened (see 10). Moreover, as shown in 9, all directions of the adoption of boundary values for uniformly elliptic equations turn out to be equal the solution has the property similar to the property of continuity in the set of variables. In the case of degeneration of the equation at the boundary of the region, when the directions are not equal, the situation is more complicated. Moreover, the formulation of the first boundary value problem is determined by the type of degeneracy. In the case when the values of the corresponding quadratic form of the degenerate elliptic equation on the normal vector are nonzero (Tricomi type degeneracy), the Dirichlet problem is correct, and the properties of such degenerate equation are very close to the properties of a uniformly elliptic equation. In particular, in this situation, analogs of the Riesz theorems 1 and Littlewood Paley 2, 3 are valid. In the case of degeneracy of the Keldysh type, the situation is more complicated. The statement of the first boundaryvalue problem and the behavior of the solution near the boundary are determined by the order of degeneracy of the equation, and in the case of strong degeneracy, by the coefficients of the lower terms. A large number of papers have been devoted to the solvability of the first boundaryvalue problem for degenerate elliptic and parabolic equations. Note the works of F. Tricomi 11, M. V. Keldysh 12, A. V. Bitsadze 13, S. A. Tersenov 14, I. M. Petrushko 15, O. A. Oleinik and E. V. Radkevich 16, G. Fichera 17, etc. From recent works it is worth noting 18. In this paper, we consider the case of strong degeneracy of a secondorder parabolic equation when the corresponding quadratic form decreases as r(x) and the formulation of the first mixed problem is determined by the coefficient of the first normal derivative., №3(103) (2019)

The purpose of this document is to connect two maps related to certain graphs embedded in the disc. The first is Postnikov's boundary measurement map, which combines partition functions of matchings in the graph into a map from an algebraic torus to an open positroid variety in a Grassmannian. The second is a rational map from the open positroid variety to an algebraic torus, given by certain Plucker coordinates which are expected to be a cluster in a cluster structure. This paper clarifies the relationship between these two maps, which has been ambiguous since they were introduced by Postnikov in 2001. The missing ingredient supplied by this paper is a twist automorphism of the open positroid variety, which takes the target of the boundary measurement map to the domain of the (conjectural) cluster. Among other applications, this provides an inverse to the boundary measurement map, as well as Laurent formulas for twists of Plucker coordinates.

This paper is a continue work of [4,5]. In the previous two papers, we studied the Cauchy problem of the multi-dimensional compressible Euler equations with time-depending damping term - μ ( 1 + t ) λ ρ u , where λ≥0 and μ > 0 are constants. We have showed that, for all λ≥0 and μ>0, the smooth solution to the Cauchy problem exists globally or blows up in finite time. In the present paper, instead of the Cauchy problem we consider the initial-boundary value problem in the half space ℝ d + with space dimension d = 2,3. With the help of the special structure of the equations and the fluid vorticity, we overcome the difficulty arisen from the boundary effect. We prove that there exists a global smooth solution for 0 ≤ λ