1. Phenotypic, functional and plasticity features of human PBMCs induced by venom secreted PLA 2 s.
- Author
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Lopes JA, Boeno CN, Paloschi MV, Silva MDS, Rego CMA, Pires WL, Santana HM, Chaves YO, Rodrigues MMS, Lima AM, Setúbal SDS, Soares AM, and Zuliani JP
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Antivenins, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Snake Venoms, Polyesters, Snake Bites, Phospholipases A2, Secretory, Bothrops, Crotalid Venoms toxicity
- Abstract
Bothrops venom contains a high amount of secreted phospholipase A
2 (sPLA2 s) enzymes responsible for the inflammatory reaction and activation of leukocytes in cases of envenoming. PLA2 s are proteins that have enzymatic activity and can hydrolyze phospholipids at the sn-2 position, thereby releasing fatty acids and lysophospholipids precursors of eicosanoids, which are significant mediators of inflammatory conditions. Whether these enzymes have a role in the activation and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is not known. Here we show for the first time how two secreted PLA2 s (BthTX-I and BthTX-II) isolated from the venom of Bothrops jararacussu affect the function and polarization of PBMCs. Neither BthTX-I nor BthTX-II exhibited significant cytotoxicity to isolated PBMCs compared with the control at any of the time points studied. RT-qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine changes in gene expression and the release of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β and IL-10) cytokines, respectively, during the cell differentiation process. Lipid droplets formation and phagocytosis were also investigated. Monocytes/macrophages were labeled with anti-CD14, -CD163, and -CD206 antibodies to assay cell polarization. Both toxins caused a heterogeneous morphology (M1 and M2) on days 1 and 7 based on immunofluorescence analysis, revealing the considerable flexibility of these cells even in the presence of typical polarization stimuli. Thus, these findings indicate that the two sPLA2 s trigger both immune response profiles in PBMCs indicating a significant degree of cell plasticity, which may be crucial for understanding the consequences of snake envenoming., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest, (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
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