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RESUMO O banco e chuva de sementes podem ser indicadores utilizados para avaliar o potencial de recuperação de uma área que sofre influência antrópica. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram quantificar o número de sementes viáveis e estimar a diversidade de espécies do banco e chuva de sementes, a fim de conhecer o potencial de recuperação de uma área inserida em uma matriz agrícola. Foram instalados 40 coletores para avaliar a chuva de sementes, bem como coletadas amostras de solo, para caracterizar o banco de sementes. Na chuva de sementes, foram encontradas 2.079 sementes, pertencentes a 43 espécies, sendo as famílias Lauraceae e Fabaceae as mais representativas. No banco de sementes, germinaram 69 indivíduos pertencentes a 23 espécies, sendo a família Asteraceae a mais representativa. Observou-se elevada diversidade de espécies na chuva de sementes (H’= 2,34 nats ind-1), em que as sementes das espécies secundárias tardias foram as mais abundantes, enquanto no banco de sementes, as espécies pioneiras. Em conclusão, o fragmento florestal encontrava-se em estágio sucessional avançado, o que pode garantir estabilidade ao sistema diante da influência antrópica. ABSTRACT The seed bank and seed rain can be used as indicators to evaluate the recovery potential of an anthropic area. Our aims were quantify the number of viable seeds and estimate species diversity of bank and seed rain to assess the recovery potential of an area surrounded by agriculture. We installed 40 collectors to evaluate seed rain and collected soil samples for seed bank quantifications. We found 2,079 seeds in seed rain, comprising 43 species, being Lauraceae and Fabaceae the most abundant families. Seed bank was represented by 69 seeds of 23 species, predominating Asteraceae family. We observed high species diversity in seed rain (H’= 2.34 nats ind-1). Secondary species predominated in seed rain, while pioneer species in seed bank. In conclusion, forested area is in an advanced successional stage indicating a potential capacity of system under anthropogenic pressures.

Obtaining reliable and representative mushroom production data requires time-consuming sampling schemes. In this paper, we assessed a simple methodology to detect mushroom emergence by trapping the fungal spores of the fruiting body community in plots where mushroom production was determined weekly. We compared the performance of filter paper traps with that of funnel traps and combined these spore trapping methods with species-specific quantitative real-time PCR and Illumina MiSeq to determine the spore abundance. Significantly more MiSeq proportional reads were generated for both ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal species using filter traps than were obtained using funnel traps. The spores of 37 fungal species that produced fruiting bodies in the study plots were identified. Spore community composition changed considerably over time due to the emergence of ephemeral fruiting bodies and rapid spore deposition (lasting from 1 to 2 weeks), which occurred in the absence of rainfall events. For many species, the emergence of epigeous fruiting bodies was followed by a peak in the relative abundance of their airborne spores. There were significant positive relationships between fruiting body yields and spore abundance in time for five of seven fungal species. There was no relationship between fruiting body yields and their spore abundance at plot level, indicating that some of the spores captured in each plot were arriving from the surrounding areas. Differences in fungal detection capacity by spore trapping may indicate different dispersal ability between fungal species. Further research can help to identify the spore rain patterns for most common fungal species. IMPORTANCE Mushroom monitoring represents a serious challenge in economic and logistical terms because sampling approaches demand extensive field work at both the spatial and temporal scales. In addition, the identification of fungal taxa depends on the expertise of experienced fungal taxonomists. Similarly, the study of fungal dispersal has been constrained by technological limitations, especially because the morphological identification of spores is a challenging and time-consuming task. Here, we demonstrate that spores from ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal species can be identified using simple spore traps together with either MiSeq fungus-specific amplicon sequencing or species-specific quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, the proposed methodology can be used to characterize the airborne fungal community and to detect mushroom emergence in forest ecosystems. We are very grateful to the PNIN of Poblet for supporting the process of installing and maintaining the experimental plots. We also thank Katarina Ihrmark and Johanna Boberg for providing the protocol and for advice on how to process and analyze the spore trap samples. We thank Josep Miró and Francesc Bolaño for their assistance with collecting the spore trap and fruiting body samples. We thank Caroline Woods for linguistic revision and for helping to clarify the manuscript. This work was supported by an STSM grant from COST Action FP1203 and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through the projects MICOGEST AGL2012-40035-C03 and MYCOSYSTEMS AGL2015-66001-C3. Carles Castaño received the support of the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya through the program of Doctorats Industrials. José Antonio Bonet is supported by the Serra-Hunter fellowship, and Josu G. Alday is supported by the Juan de la Cierva fellowship (IJCI-2014-21393). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, and interpretation, or in the decision to submit the work for publication.

The reproductive phenology of Gracilaria gracilis has been followed closely in a brackish water lake in Sicily. The life history of this red alga deviated from the typical Polysiphonia-type cycle and was characterized by the predominance of the tetrasporophytic phase over gametophytes, in situ development of germinated gametophytes and the presence of sterile pleustophytic thalli. Release of spherical agglomerates of cells produced by young tetrasporophytes was observed as well. Their ability to germinate forming new thalli appears to represent an alternative reproductive strategy of this organism. The population structure appears to reflect a predominance of the diploid phase except during the warmer summer season when only vegetative juveniles were found in the lake. Release and early stages of development of carpospores and tetraspores were critically observed in culture. A Dumontia type pattern of germination was observed for both types of spores, showing an erect thallus arising from a multicellular basal disk. Compared to tetraspores, carpospores are less readily released resulting in a subsequent delay in the development of new gametophytes.

The effect of density on the growth, recruitment of new ramets, biomass allocation, rhizome spacer length and rhizome branching of the submersed macrophyte Potamogeton perfoliatus L. was experimentally evaluated in a mesocosm with three different initial shoot densities. The findings suggest that the number of primary shoots available in the beginning of the season can strongly influence patterns of growth and clonal reproduction. In contrast to many studies that found decreasing production parameters with plant density, ramet and biomass production of Potamogeton perfoliatus plants were highest at medium plant density. This is probably due to negative feed-back through crowding at high density and unclear negative effects at low density. Shoot allocation tended to increase with density, rhizome allocation tended to decrease with density and root biomass remained unchanged. At low density Potamogeton perfoliatus produced longer rhizome spacers and more branchings than at higher densities. Shorter rhizome spacers at high plant density probably restrict patch expansion and cause discrete patch shapes. A likely mechanism for plastic changes in clonal architecture is increasing competition for light at increasing density, but other density-dependent factors may also contribute. Investigations on propagule numbers of tubers and turions show that self-regulation of ramet number was associated with self-regulation of propagule number in both Potamogeton perfoliatus and Potamogeton pectinatus , with higher densities producing less propagules per plant.

Euphorbia davidii Subils, es una maleza anual que está presente en la zona centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se realizaron estudios para determinar el banco de semillas de esta especie y su distribución vertical. En lotes agrícolas de las localidades de Azul y Olavarría se extrajeron muestras de suelo provenientes de 60 puntos distribuidos al azar a 4 niveles de profundidad: 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm y 15-20 cm. Las extracciones se realizaron dos veces al año, en el mes de mayo y en septiembre. Las muestras fueron procesadas y los propágulos separados. Se evaluó germinación y la viabilidad mediante la prueba de trifeniltetrazolio. Se cuantificaron 30.000 y 15.000 semillas/m2, para las localidades de Azul y Olavarría, respectivamente. En Olavarría, el 79% de las semillas se encontraron de 0-5 cm, el 14% en la profundidad de 5-10 cm y el 7% restante de 10-20 cm. En Azul se observó una distribución vertical más homogénea. El 55 % de las semillas se encontró de 0-5 cm, un 24% en la profundidad de 5-10 cm, el 16% de 10-15 cm y el 5% en el muestreo más profundo. Las diferencias en la distribución se asociaron al manejo de los lotes. En ambos sitios la viabilidad de semillas provenientes del estrato superficial superó el 70%. Las semillas de estratos superficiales recolectadas en el lote Olavarría inmediatamente después de producida la dehiscencia presentaron dormición, no observada en las provenientes del lote de Azul para el mismo momento de muestreo. Euphorbia davidii Subils a summer annual weed, that is present in the center of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Field studies were conducted to determine the seed banks and the vertical distribution of this specie in agricultural lots, in Azul and Olavarría. Two hundred forty soil samples, from 60 randomly distributed points were extracted at four soil depths: 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 cm. Extractions were carried out twice a year, in May and September. Samples were processed and seeds separated by wet sieving. Germination and viability were assessed by triphenyltetrazolium test. Were quantified 30,000 and 15,000 seeds m-2 in Azul and Olavarria, respectively. In Olavarria, 79% of the seeds were found of 0-5 cm depth, 14% of 5-10 cm and the remaining 7% of 10-20 cm depth. In Azul a more homogeneus vertical distribution was observed. The 55% of seeds were found at 0-5 cm, 24% depth; 24% at 5-10 cm, 16% at 10-15 cm and 5% in the deepest sampling. Differences in distribution were related to flock management. In both sites the viability of seeds from the surface layer exceeded 70%. In Olavarria seeds collected of superficial layers immediately after dehiscence showed dormancy. In return, in seeds from Azul collected at the same time of sampling. Dormance was not be observed. Fil: Núñez Fré, F. R.. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Juan, Victor Fabian. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia; Argentina Fil: Chantre Balacca, Guillermo Ruben. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina

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