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Acer triflorum Komarov is an important ornamental tree, and its seasonal change in leaf color is the most striking feature. However, the quantifications of anthocyanin and the mechanisms of leaf color change in this species remain unknown. Here, the combined analysis of metabolome and transcriptome was performed on green, orange, and red leaves. In total, 27 anthocyanin metabolites were detected and cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside, pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, and peonidin 3-O-gluside were significantly correlated with the color development. Several structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis process, such as chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), were highly expressed in red leaves compared to green leaves. Most regulators (MYB, bHLH, and other classes of transcription factors) were also upregulated in red and orange leaves. In addition, 14 AtrMYBs including AtrMYB68, AtrMYB74, and AtrMYB35 showed strong interactions with the genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, and, thus, could be further considered the hub regulators. The findings will facilitate genetic modification or selection for further improvement in ornamental qualities of A. triflorum.

Michelia champaca var. champaca is an ornamentally important tree in Magnoliaceae. The paper reported the complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of M. champaca var. champaca and its basic annotated information. The size of cpDNA is 160,008 bp, with a typical quadripartite structure of a large single-copy (LSC) region of 88,037 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,809 bp separated by a pair identical inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 26,581 bp each. The genome contained 131 genes (113 unique), including 86 protein-coding genes (80 unique), 37 tRNA genes (29 unique), and eight rRNA genes (four unique). Phylogenetic analysis showed that M. champaca var. champaca is affinal to M. baillonii and they form a nomophyletic group with other eight Michelia species. This Michelia clade is sister to the Aromadendron cathcartii clade with high support. All genera mentioned in this analysis are nomophyletic under the system of Magnoliaceae by Sima and Lu.

Bauhinia monandra Kurz (Fabaceae) is an ornamental leguminous tree from Africa. Its leaf has been proven to be hypoglycaemic, and are a source of lecithin BmoLL, providing this species with great medicinal potential. Curiously, there are no reports of the anatomical description of the leaf of this species. The present work aimed at describing the leaf anatomy of B. monandra, and make histochemical inferences. To this end, anatomical procedures in light and scanning electron microscopy were performed from different parts of the leaves of plants growing in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The leaf is amphistomatous. It possesses papillate epidermis, nonglandular and navicular trichomes, and the mesophyll is dorsiventral. The central vein is distinct from the others of the first degree. The first, second, and third-degree veins possess thick fibre bundles with associated monocrystals. The other veins are a little fibrous and excessively reduced. The petiole vascularisation consists of circularly arranged collateral bundles, plus two accessory bundles. The pulvinus have a wide parenchymatic cortex with abundant druses and vascularisation restricted to the central region, surrounded by a crystalline sheath and by a starch sheath. The motile cushion has the vascular bundles arranged in series. Associated with the phloem from the pulvinus vascular bundles and the motile apparatus, occur non-lignified septate fibres that confer flexibility to these organs. The absence of lateral projections and the arrangement of vascular bundles in the petiole was the most distinctive anatomical features and of the greatest taxonomic potential observed in the leaf of B. monandra.

Two new (1 and 2) and 10 known (3−12) acylated iridoid diglycosides were isolated from the twigs and leaves of the cultivated endangered ornamental plant Gmelina hainanensis. Based on spectroscopic data interpretation and chemical transformation, the new triacyl and the new diacyl iridoid diglycosides were established to be 6-O-α-L-(2″,3″-di-O-acetyl-4″-O-cis-cinnamoyl)rhamnopyranosylcatalpol (1) and 6-O-α- l -(2″,4″-di-O-trans-cinnamoyl)rhamnopyranosylcatalpol (2), respectively. All the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B) enzyme.

Lagerstroemia villosa is a kind of ornamental tree with surprising potential for applying in the landscape. We characterized the complete chloroplast genome of this scarce species and analyzed its phylogeny within Lythraceae. The result showed that the genome possessed a typical quadripartite structure, in more detail, a lager single-copy region (LSC, 88,702bp), a small single-copy region (SSC, 18,255bp), and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb, 26,906 bp). 78 protein-coding genes, four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes were detected. Phylogenetic analysis based on maximum likelihood (ML) supported the closest relationship between L. villosa and Lagerstroemia limii plus Lagerstroemia subcostata.

Michelia compressa is an evergreen ornamental tree species. The high-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence and assemble the chloroplast genome of Michelia compressa. Results showed that the chloroplast genome is 160,061 bp in length, of which the inverted repeats sequence (IRs) is 26,581 bp, the large single-copy region (LSC) and the small single copy region (SSC) are 88,097 bp and 18,802 bp, respectively. The GC content of the plastome was 39.2%, with 43.2%, 37.9% and 34.2% in IRs, LSC and SSC, respectively. A total of 132 genes are annotated, 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. This study enriched the Michelia compressa genomic information which provides the basis for rational exploitation and utilization of germplasm resources.

Koelreuteria bipinnata is an important ornamental tree with attractive flowers and fruits. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing technology to obtain the complete chloroplast genome of K. bipinnata. The entire genome was determined to be 163,863 bp in size, harboring a typical quadripartite structure with a large single copy (LSC) region of 90,240 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,883 bp, and a pair of 27,370 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The genome was predicted to contain 132 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of K. bipinnata chloroplast genome was 37.29%. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete chloroplast genome sequences indicated that K. bipinnata was closely related to K. paniculate. This study would be useful for future population genetics studies and phylogenetic analysis of K. bipinnata.

Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby is a popular ornamental tree as well as a traditional medical plant in Cameroon. In this study, we sequenced and annotated the complete chloroplast geno...

Acer tutcheri Duthie is a popular ornamental tree with reddish leaves and bright red fruits. In this study, we report the complete chloroplast genome of it. The cp genome was determined to be 156,973 bp in length, containing a large single copy (LSC) region of 85,356 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,111 bp and two separated inverted region of 26,753 bp, respectively. It encodes a total of 132 unique genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that A. tutcheri is sister to A. wilsonii Rehd.

Bauhinia variegata L. var. variegata is a popular ornamental tree in the tropical and subtropical region. We herein report and characterize the complete plastid genome of B. variegata var. variegat...

Catalpa ovata is an ornamental tree species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family and also a valuable wood production plant. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of C. ovata a...

Acer ginnala is a woody Acer plant with high ornamental value. In the present study, the chloroplast genome of A. ginnala was determined, annotated, and analyzed phylogenetically. The total chloroplast genome was 156,184 bp in length, consisting of a large single-copy region (86,525 bp), a small single-copy region (18,947 bp), and two inverted repeat regions (25,356 bp). The complete chloroplast genome contains 133 genes, including 90 protein-coding genes, 36 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of 49 common proteins from 25 species demonstrated a close relationship between A. ginnala and three others Acer plants species including A. truncatum, A. miaotaiense, and A.catalpifolium. This study will help to understand the phylogenetic position of A. ginnala in genus Acer.

Plants are a great and irreplaceable source of medicines, fuel, food, energy and even cosmetics. Since prehistory, humans have learned to use plants for survival, growth and proliferation and still today it relies on natural and cultivated vegetables for food and the source of novel compounds with pharmacological activity. Not only herbs and flowers, but also trees are used. Indeed, Erythrina suberosa Roxb. is a deciduous tree of the family Fabaceae, common in Southeast Asia. In India, E. suberosa is called the “corky coral tree” or simply the “Indian coral tree”, given its peculiar red-orange flowers that can flower throughout the year and its corky irregular bark covered by prickles. It is a plant commonly used as an ornamental tree, but it also holds ethnopharmacological and socioeconomic uses. This article explored phytobiological features of E. suberosa, analysing its taxonomy, examining its traditional and common uses and investigating its bioactive components and pharmacological properties.

Prunus campanulata Maxim. also known as Taiwan cherry is a broadleaf tree native to Taiwan and is highly valued as an ornamental tree. Terpenoids are one of the most important sources of plant secondary metabolites with many functions such as attracting pollinators, defending against herbivores, and acting as anti-bacterial agents. Here, the terpene synthases (TPSs) that produce small and volatile monoterpenes or sesquiterpenes were focused. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, we obtained nine full-length cDNAs from P. campanulata which were predicted to encode TPSs. The predicted proteins possessed typical characteristics of TPSs, such as the highly conserved RRX8W and DDXXD motifs. To identify the functions of these TPSs, the recombinant proteins were reacted with the substrate to produce corresponding monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Analysis results revealed that the eight TPSs produced their corresponding major monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, except for one TPS gene that lacks a part of the N-terminus sequence. MeJA treatment (10 mM) resulted in differential expression of these nine TPSs, suggesting that they may have different regulation mechanisms with different functions in plants.

Mimosa, Albizia julibrissin, is an ornamental tree that thrives in Greece under difficult urban environmental conditions and is prized for its ability to create alleys. In 1991, at Kalamaria municipality, Thessaloniki, mimosa trees were found with symptoms of a Fusarium wilt disease and many trees were already dying or dead. The first symptom was a characteristic yellowing and wilting of foliage. Leaves on symptomatic trees fell prematurely and eventually the defoliated portion of crowns died. Numerous adventitious branches on the stems also developed wilt symptoms and died. When stems were cross-sectioned, a brownish discoloration in the spring wood vessels of the outer annual ring could be observed. In the more advanced stages of the disease, dark sap exudations flowed out of bark cracks. Orange-pink sporodochia with masses of conidia developed in bark cracks and lenticels. Of 1,520 trees examined for external symptoms in the autumn of 1991, 1,339 (88.2%) were apparently healthy, 96 (6.3%) had symptoms, and 85 (5.6%) were dead. In autumn 1992, the same trees were examined and the respective values were 1,276 (83.9%), 130 (8.6%), and 114 (7.5%). Wood samples from the most recent annual ring taken from 30 infected and 30 apparently healthy trees were plated on potato dextrose agar. Fusarium oxysporum was recovered from 93% of the symptomatic trees and only 7% of the asymptomatic ones. Since 1992, the disease has spread within the area where it was first found but has not been observed anywhere else in Greece. A disease of mimosa with similar symptoms was first reported by Hepting (1) in 1936 from North Carolina. The associated fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. perniciosum was described by Hepting (2), who also demonstrated its pathogenicity. The disease has also been previously reported in Russia. This is the first report of mimosa wilt disease in Europe. References: (1) G. H. Hepting. Plant Dis. Rep. 20:177, 1936. (2) G. H. Hepting. USDA Circ. 535, 1939.

In Hindu Bali, coconut trees near human settlements exhibit a particular silhouette. To understand the relationship between human activity and the landscape created by plant usage, we analyzed the extent of the cut-leaved coconut canopies and consumption pattern of coconut leaflets for religious purposes on Bali Island. Cut-leaved coconut canopies were identified in 78% of the 18 sites investigated, and 22% of coconut trees had cut leaves. Coconut leaflets, young and old, were gathered from live trees and frequently used for many offerings such as canang, penjor, and sanggah cucuk for Dewi Sri as part of plant decorations made with various colorful flowers and ornamental tree leaves. Balinese people still make traditional offerings with intact plant materials, although recently coconut leaflets are increasingly sold in markets in urban areas. We conclude that this particular coconut silhouette is a result of human ritual activities stemming from the Balinese culture.

Crataeva L., an important genus of the Capparidaceae family, consists of medium-sized deciduous trees used in various medicinal systems. The attractive flowers also make it a novel ornamental tree for gardening and landscaping. In vitro propagation strategies are useful for large-scale propagation and standardization of plant material and, once an effective tissue culture system has been established, can be used for long-term preservation of important germplasm through cryopreservation. This review provides up-to-date information on micropropagation studies of Crataeva species and perspectives for their conservation.

Malus baccata var. xiaojinensis belonging to Rosaceae is not only an ornamental tree but also an apple genotype that is highly tolerant to Fe deficiency. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of M. baccata var. xiaojinensis using ILLUMINA sequencing. The whole cp genome is 160,067 bp in length, containing a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 26,358 bp, a large single copy (LSC) region of 88,157 bp and a small single copy (SSC) region of 19,194 bp. And, the overall GC content of the cp genome was 36.56%. A total of 110 unique genes were found in the cp genome. 17 genes were duplicated in the IRs, including six protein-coding genes, seven tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Fourteen genes contained one intron, whereas three genes (rps12, clpP, and ycf3) contained two introns. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a close relationship between M. baccata var. xiaojinensis and Malus hupehensis.

Osmanthus fragrans is valued for its beauty and fragrance. Here, we characterized the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of O. fragrans using next generation sequencing. The circular complete cp geno...

Paulownia elongata (Paulowniaceae) is an ornamental tree native to Asia. In this study, the chloroplast (cp) genome of P. elongata was assembled using genome skimming sequencing, and the phylogeny ...

The complete chloroplast sequence of Acer coriaceifolium H. Lev., an ideal ornamental tree species that is attractive by its colorful fruits, was determined in this study. The plastome consists of ...

Ilex integra Thunb. is an ornamental tree distributed in Korea, Taiwan, mid-Southern China, and Japan. To understand the genetic differences between I. integra and I. cornuta, we presented complete...

Bauhinia variegata and B. variegata var. candida, commonly known as orchid trees, are small sized trees widely used for urban forestry and landscaping. Adult plants grow under full sun; in Brazil, however, seedlings are generally cultivated in commercial nurseries under natural half-shading. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different colored shade nets and light conditions on the initial growth of B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida. The influence of six light conditions (red net with 50% shading; blue net with 50% shading; black net with 70% shading; black net with 50% shading; black net with 30% shading; and full sun) on the initial growth of B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida were evaluated along 160 days, and growth relationships were calculated. Seedlings showed more efficiency on the use of photoassimilated compounds when grown under full sun. Such condition is the most appropriate for seedling production of B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida, contradicting what has been performed in practice. Bauhinia variegata e B. variegata var. candida, popularmente conhecidas como pata-de-vaca, são árvores de porte baixo muito usadas na arborização urbana e no paisagismo. Plantas adultas crescem sob sol pleno; no Brasil, no entanto, mudas são geralmente cultivadas em viveiros comerciais sob meia-sombra. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes telas coloridas e condições de luminosidade no crescimento inicial de mudas de B. variegata e B. variegata var. candida. A influência de seis condições de luminosidade (tela vermelha com 50% de sombreamento, tela azul com 50% de sombreamento, tela preta com 70% de sombreamento, tela preta com 50% de sombreamento, tela preta com 30% de sombreamento e a sol pleno) no crescimento inicial das mudas foi avaliada ao longo de 160 dias, e relações de crescimento foram calculadas. As mudas foram mais eficientes no uso dos fotoassimilados quando cultivadas a sol pleno. Essa condição é a mais apropriada para a produção de mudas de B. variegata e B. variegata var. candida, contrariando o que vem sendo feito na prática.

Platymiscium floribundum Vog., pertencente à família Fabaceae, pode ser utilizada no paisagismo, em reflorestamentos e na recomposição de áreas degradadas e de preservação permanente. Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da posição da semente e da profundidade de semeadura na emergência e crescimento inicial de plântulas de P. floribundum. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, utilizando-se diferentes posições das sementes no substrato areia: hilo voltado para baixo (HB), hilo voltado para o lado, formando um ângulo de 90° em relação ao eixo imaginário com o substrato (HL) e hilo voltado para cima (HC), nas profundidades de semeadura de 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6cm. Avaliou-se a porcentagem, primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas, assim como o comprimento e massa seca das plântulas normais. Para o teste de emergência de plântulas de P. floribundum, a semeadura deve ser na profundidade de até 2,0cm com o hilo voltado para baixo. Platymiscium floribundum Vog. belonging to the Fabaceae family is an ornamental tree that can be used in landscaping, reforestation, restoration of degraded areas and permanent preservation. Thus it aimed at verifying the effect of seed position and sowing depth on emergence and initial growth of P. floribundum seedlings. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design using different seeds positions in the substrate sand: hilum facing down (HD), hilum facing side, forming an angle of 90° with respect to the imaginary axis with substrate (HS) and hilum facing upwards (HU) in the sowing depth of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6cm. It evaluated the percentage, the first count and emergence speed index, as well as length and dry mass of seedlings. To test the emergence of P. floribundum sowing should be at a depth of 2.0cm with the hilum facing down.

Tree root systems are inherently dynamic in their distribution within a soil volume. Analysis of tree root system space occupation through time can improve not only our implicit understanding of a virtually hidden portion of a plant, but influence future management decisions through a more thorough understanding of root placement within a soil volume. We compared root standing crop populations of four ornamental tree species including Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’ (Acer), Carpinus betula L. ‘Columnaris’ (Carpinus), Gleditsia tricanthos L. var. inermis ‘Skycole’ (Gleditsia), and Quercus rubra L. ‘Rubrum’ (Quercus) grown in a nursery mix substrate within large 57-L containers using an X-ray computed tomography (CT) approach through time. Individual root identification was performed manually on two-dimensional slices of CT scans. Our data show high variation in species total root number through time with Carpinus exhibiting the largest root population throughout the study period. However, species exhibited differences in root distribution patterns as exemplified by the shallow and horizontally more uniform rooting pattern of Acer in comparison with the highly plastic root distribution in space through time in Gleditsia. Root frequencies within 1-mm root diameter class distributions shifted by species with the most drastic differences found between high frequencies of relatively small diameter roots in Acer vs. pronounced shifts in dominate root diameter size class as found in Gleditsia and lesser so in Carpinus during a growing season. Our findings demonstrate differences in whole tree root systems space occupation non-destructively through time and highlight a disparity in how species fill a container volume during growth.

Ligustrum lucidum is a species of privet native to the southern half of China. It is often used as an ornamental tree, sometimes as a cultivar. In present study, we reported the Ligustrum lucidum chloroplast (cp) genome. The total chloroplast genome size of L. lucidum was 154,793 bp. In total, 124 genes were identified, including 81 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 35 tRNA genes. Twenty genes contained introns (clpP and ycf3 contained two introns) and 17 genes had two copies. The overall GC content of this genome was 38.2%. A further phylogenomic analysis of Oleaceae, including 21 taxa, was conducted for the placement of genus Ligustrum. The complete plastome of L. lucidum will provide a valuable resource for further genetic conservation, phylogenomic, and evolution studies of the genus and the family.

The begomovirus infection in plants has been widely reported throughout the world. The chief carrier of this virus is the whitefly. All of the reports, however, concern plants that grow at a stumpy height from the ground; moreover, the whitefly transmits the begomovirus infection to plants at this low height only by residing under their leaves. To date, there has been no record of the begomovirus infection in trees as the prevalence of the whitefly at tree level is unlikely. For this reason, this study focuses on and presents the first report of airborne begomovirus infection in an ornamental tree—the Melia azedarach (or Pride of India) found on the Indian subcontinent.

Six species, distributed in four genera of Proteaceae are native to Chile. Among them, Embothrium coccineum, is grown as an outstanding ornamental tree, whereas Gevuina avellana is used as a nut species, as well as a source of cut greens, similar to Lomatia ferruginea. The three species are distributed in south-central Chile and Argentina. Cutting propagation was assessed by using differential IBA concentrations ranging from 0 to 5000 ppm for E. coccineum or 0 to 4000 ppm for G. avellana and L. ferruginea, in different substrates, under high humidity conditions. Best rooting (62%) for E. coccineum were obtained with low IBA concentrations (300-600 ppm). Up to 78% rooting was achieved in G. avellana with cuttings taken in summer and 4000 ppm IBA, while 67% and up to 10 roots per cutting were observed in L. ferruginea without hormonal treatments. Different growing conditions are discussed for these species.

In this study,LI-6400XT portable photosynthesis test system was employed to observe physiological indicators of 8 widely used species of Sha river′s plant corridor in Chengdu.Furthermore,the carbon sequestration,oxygen release capacity,cooling and humidification effects were also evaluated.Our results indicated: The capacity of carbon sequestration,oxygen release,cooling and humidification effect per unit of leaf area was in the order of summer autumn spring.The order of daily carbon sequestration and oxygen release capability per unit of leaf area from strong to weak was O.fragrans,S.babylonica,C.camphora,F.virens,E.sylvestris,G.biloba,C.pedunculatum and M.glyptostroboides;and the order of annual carbon sequestration and oxygen release capability per unit of leaf area from strong to weak was S.babylonica,C.camphora,F.virens,G.biloba,O.fragrans,C.pedunculatum,M.glyptostroboides and E.sylvestris.The capabilities of daily cooling and humidification effect per unit leaf area of the trees pecies from strong to weak was S.babylonica,E.sylvestris,M.glyptostroboides,C.pedunculatum,F.virens,C.camphora,G.biloba and O.fragrans.It was estimated that the total amount of annual carbon sequestration of trees in Sha river was about 5.87×104 t and the oxygen release was about 4.27×104 t.Based on the above analysis of the main tree species,it was suggested that S.babylonica,O.fragrans,E.sylvestris,and C.camphora should be taken as the priority tree species.Due to the weak C sequestration oxygen release and cooling and humidification effect,G.biloba should not be virescenced in a large area,but could be used as a longevous and ornamental tree species.

There are 11 recognized Cercis L. species, but identification is problematic using morphological characters, which are largely quantitative and continuous. Previous studies have combined morphological and molecular data to resolve taxonomic questions about geographic distribution of Cercis species, identifying botanical varieties, and associations between morphological variation and the environment. Three species have been used in ornamental plant breeding in the United States, including three botanical varieties of C. canadensis L. from North America and two Asian species, C. chingii Chun and C. chinensis Bunge. In this article, 51 taxa were sampled comprising eight species of Cercis and a closely related species, Bauhinia faberi Oliv. Sixty-eight polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers were used to assess genetic relationships between species and cultivars. For all samples the number of alleles detected ranged from two to 20 and 10 or more alleles were detected at 22 loci. Average polymorphic information content was 0.57 and values ranged from 0.06 to 0.91 with 44 loci 0.50 or greater. Cross-species transfer within Cercis was extremely high with 55 loci that amplified at 100%. Results support previously reported phylogenetic relationships of the North American and western Eurasian species and indicate suitability of these markers for mapping studies involving C. canadensis and C. chinensis. Results also support known pedigrees from ornamental tree breeding programs for the widely cultivated C. canadensis and C. chinensis species, which comprised the majority of the samples analyzed.

Clitoria fairchildiana R. A. Howard, belonging to the family Fabaceae is a fast-growing ornamental tree, with potential for use in reforestation for heterogeneous vegetation reconstruction and recovery of degraded areas. Storage is aid in quality programs, which allows the preservation of the quality of seeds, however, the water content of the same is a crucial factor in its preservation, because it is high may cause deterioration and death of seeds stored. In this way the objective to evaluate the germination and vigor of seeds of C. fairchildiana stored with different levels of water. That’s way was an experiment in completely randomized design in a factorial 5 x 7 (water levels and periods of storage). Before storage for 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 days, the seeds were subjected to drying in an oven at 40 °C for 0, 6, 12, 18 and 12:0 am, to obtain the following water levels: TA 1 = 19.05, TA 2 = 13.60, TA 3 = 11.99%, TA 4 = 10.51% and TA 5 = 8.70%, respectively. After each interval of storing seeds were subjected to the following evaluations: determination of the moisture content, germination and vigor tests (emergency, first count of germination and emergence and germination speed index and emergence, seedling dry mass and length). The reduction of water content of seed C. fairchildiana to 10.5 and 8.7% (TA 4 TA 5 and, respectively) resulted in greater preservation during storage, giving Orthodox behavior for stand drying until it reaches the water content of around 8%.

Senna multijuga Rich. I. & B. (Caesalpinaceae) is an ornamental tree common in southeastern Brazil. To quantify the seed damage of bruchine species in this host plant, fruits were collected from 31 March to 30 May 2000 and stored in greenhouse, until emergence of the bruchines, which were then identified. Emerged beetles in these samples were 67% Sennius crudelis Ribeiro-Costa & Reynaud, 20% Sennius puncticollis (Fahraeus) and < 1% Sennius nappi Ribeiro-Costa & Reynaud. Finally, 62% of seeds were undamaged, 26% were empty, 12% were damaged and the sum of empty and damaged seeds was 38%. Considering that other factors decrease seed germination, as pathogens and unfavorable weather conditions, this last pencentage may be very expressive. On the other hand, S. multijuga probably is related with strategies of dispersion and escape from predators as the small and numerous seed crops, which can minimize the losses caused by insect seed eaters. Here we highlight the need to study more fruitfication phases and to conduct germination seed tests to better understand the influence of Bruchinae predation on the S. multijuga reproductive capacity.

Senna multijuga (Rich.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby (Caesalpinaceae) é uma planta ornamental comum no sudeste do Brasil, suscetível ao dano por bruquíneos predadores de sementes. Com o objetivo de identificar os predadores de suas sementes e determinar seus ciclos populacionais, frutos de cinco árvores foram coletados em 2000 e 2001 e acondicionados em casa de vegetação até a emergência de adultos. Os bruquíneos foram identificados como Sennius crudelis Ribeiro-Costa & Reynaud, 1998, S. puncticollis (Fåhraeus, 1839) e S. nappi Ribeiro-Costa & Reynaud, 1998. Sennius crudelis foi a espécie mais abundante em 2000, seguida por S. puncticollis e S. nappi. Em 2001, Sennius crudelis foi seguida por S. nappi e S. puncticollis. Diferenças foram observadas entre as árvores com relação ao período de frutificação, refletindo na oviposição. O período de emergência dos adultos se inicia em julho tanto em casa de vegetação quan-to no campo. Os resultados demonstraram que as dinâmicas populacionais dos bruquíneos são complexas e a compreensão desses processos contribui para responder a muitas outras questões ecológicas do grupo.

The aim of this paper is to characterise theairborne behaviour of an allergenic andabundant pollen type, Platanus, in sevensites of the Aerobiological Network ofCatalonia (Xarxa Aerobiologica deCatalunya, XAC). In Catalonia, the mostextended Platanus species is Platanus × hybrida Brot., widely planted inforestry and as ornamental tree in streets andgardens. Naturalised specimens can also befound along river banks.The pollen records analysed are from differentperiods comprised between 1994 and 2000 inBarcelona, Bellaterra, Cambrils, Girona,Lleida, Manresa and Tarragona. All data wereobtained using seven-day volumetric spore Hirsttraps.Platanus pollination is concentrated in afew weeks, between March and April. Platanus pollen is present in all theatmospheric pollen spectra for the sitesmentioned above. In Barcelona, Platanuspollen attained the highest concentrations,with an extreme annual index (sum of the meandaily concentrations) of 25790 in 1997, and amaximum daily concentration of 2567 P/m3on 15th March 2000. The lowest annual index(647) corresponds to Cambrils, 2000, and thelowest maximum daily concentration (74P/m3) was registered on 7th April1996, in Manresa.The interannual variation of Platanuspollen values can be explained not only bymeteorological parameters and the endogenousfactors of the tree, but also by human activitysuch as elimination, pruning and watering.

Millingtonia hortensis L.f. (Bignoniaceae) a native deciduous tree and is often cultivated as an ornamental tree in yards, garedens and avenues. The aim of the study to analyse bioactive phytoconstituents of flower extract of Millingtonia hortensis by GC-MS. The identified major compounds are Aspidoseprmidin 17-ol, 1-acety-19, 21epoxy-15, 16-dimethoxy (R.T: 27.90); 2-methyltetracosane (R.T: 28.24); Alfaxalone (R.T: 29.17); cis-13, 16-Docasdienoic acid (R.T: 30.86); Olean-12-ene-3, 15, 16, 21, 22, 28-hexol (R.T: 33.14); Stigmasta-5, 22-dien-3ol, acetate, (3β) (R.T: 34.20); β-Sitosterol (R.T: 35.72); Stigmasta-5, 24(28)-dien-3-ol, (3β) (R.T: 36.10); Betulin(R.T: 37.86). Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrate, phenolic compound and reducing sugar.

Taxodium distichum (L.) Richard var. mexicanum Gordon (syn. T. mucronatum), Montezuma cypress, is a valuable ornamental tree species tolerant of a wide range of cultural conditions. However, little is know about the propagation requirements of this species. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the effect of previously recommended seed treatments for baldcypress (T. distichum (L.) Richard var. distichum) or pondcypress (T. distichum (L.) Richard var. imbricarium (Nutt.) Croom; syn. T. ascendens, T.d. var. nutans) on Montezuma cypress seeds, and 2) to determine the effects of stratification in combination with pre-germination treatments on germination of Montezuma cypress seeds. Open pollinated seeds were collected from a single tree in Southmost, TX (25° 52.576’ N, 97° 27 .083’ W, elevation 4.5 m, USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9b). Seven pre-germination treatments and three stratification periods were applied to the seeds. If immediate germination of ripe seed is desired, then the best treatments are the citric acid soak and the hot water baths, however, if seeds can be stratified, then no pre-germination seed treatment is needed. Citric acid scarification and hot water baths produced the best germination. Stratification hastened germination rates and cumulative mean germination percentages. Stratification for 45 d appears to be sufficient, although for the best pre-germination treatments stratification requirements were less pronounced.

Cornus stolonifera is a ornamental tree species which was introdced to China in 1982. During the period of ten-year experiment a complete and systematic study on its botanical features, biological charcteristics, growth rhythm and propagation techniques was carried out on basis of the comparison withthe native speciesCorrns alba. The research results showedthatCornus stolonifera has many advantages overCornus alba in those such as fast growing, cold endurance, drought resistance, easy propagation.disease and pest-resistance, beautiful tree form, bright colour branches, long florescence, persistant fruits and integrate visual effects. Practice has proved that it is reslly a fine species for tree-planting. Not only does it have the function of water conservation, but also its branches can be used as a fine weaving material. Up to the present, about ten thousand plant stocks have been planted by more than 30 units in 11 cities of 6 provinces and it has been well recieved by people.

Commonly used ornamental tree Aesculus hippocastanum has been successfully used for planting for a long time in Lithuania. Data of the state of A. hippocastanum were assessed in 55 cities and settlements of the country during 1992–2009. The changing state of A. hippocastanum was recorded to begin to deteriorate in 1995–1997 when the species was affected by fungi diseases caused by Guignardia aesculi, Erysiphe flexuos and Schizophyllum commune. Horse-chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella has been the most harmful pest over all territory of Lithuania since 2005–2007. Effectiveness of natural predators and different means for C. ohridella control as well as for spread of fungal diseases were analyzed and discussed. Keywords: environment, Aesculus hippocastanum, diseases, pests

Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. is a species belonging to the family Fabaceae, and is known popularly as golden shower tree. Its wood has multiple uses in reforestation programs and as an ornamental tree, and is also considered an endangered species, requiring studies that assist in its preservation. The present work was conducted with the objective of determine the ideal substrate type and temperature to perform germination and vigor tests with P. dubium seeds. The experiment was carried out at the Seed Analysis Laboratory (Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidade Federal Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba, Brazil), in a completely randomized design. The treatments were distributed in a 4 x 6 factorial scheme; temperatures (constant temperatures of 25, 30 and 35°C; and alternate temperatures of 20- 30°C) and substrate (paper towel, over blotting paper, in sand, in vermiculite, Bioplant ® and Plantmax ® ) on four replications of 25 seeds. The following parameters were analyzed: germination percentage, germination speed index, first germination count, length and dry mass of seedlings. The constant temperature of 30°C and 20-30°C alternate, and the substrates into sand and paper towel can be recommended for germination and vigor tests of P. dubium seeds. The temperature of 25°C should not be used in germination and vigor tests of P. dubium seeds in any of the tested substrates.

International audience; Prunus cerasifera (Ehrh.) (cherry or Myrobalan plum) is a diverse species with several recognized subspecies and natural forms. It is used as rootstock or as an ornamental tree, and is considered to be one progenitor of the garden plum (Prunus domestica L.). This study considers the genetic relationships among different P. cerasifera clones, including horticultural cultivars. Twenty nine P. cerasifera accessions of the Prunus Genetic Resources Collection of INRA were analysed using morphological traits, maternally inherited chloroplastic DNA (cpDNA) markers, and biparentally inherited microsatellite (SSR) markers. Ploidy information was obtained by flow cytometry. Multiple factorial correspondence analysis of morphological descriptors shows important differences between some clones, but most of the samples are grouped. Fifteen haplotypes of cpDNA were identified and clustered into three groups after statistical parsimony analysis. SSR markers revealed a total of 74 alleles, with a mean value of 10.6 alleles per locus. After analysis of ploidy level, P. cerasifera subsp. caspica was shown to have a hexaploid genome. Morphological and molecular data suggest that the taxonomic classification of some subspecies and of P. cerasifera subsp. caspica may need to be revised after analysis of additional individuals.; Prunus cerasifera (Ehrh.) (prunier Myrobolan) est une espèce diversifiée avec plusieurs sous-espèces ou formes naturelles reconnues. Il est utilisé comme porte-greffe ou plante ornementale. Le prunier Myrobolan est supposé avoir participé à l’origine du prunier domestique (Prunus domestica L.). Cette étude présente les relations génétiques entre différents clones de P. cerasifera, dont certaines accessions sont cultivées à des fins horticoles. Vingt-neuf accessions de P. cerasifera provenant de la Collection des Ressources Génétiques Prunus de l’INRA ont été analysées à l’aide de descripteurs morphologiques, de marqueurs de l’ADN chloroplastique (ADNcp) ayant une hérédité maternelle et de marqueurs microsatellites (SSR) à hérédité biparentale. L’information sur le niveau de ploïdie a été obtenue par cytométrie en flux. Selon l’analyse factorielle de correspondances multiples des données morphologiques, la majorité des clones est groupée, même si certains d’entre eux présentent des différences importantes. Quinze haplotypes de l’ADNcp ont été identifiés et forment trois groupes distincts après analyse de parcimonie statistique. Les marqueurs SSR ont révélé 74 allèles au total, avec une moyenne de 10,6 allèle par locus. L’analyse du niveau de ploïdie a montré que P. cerasifera subsp. caspica présentait un génome hexaploïde. Les données morphologiques et moléculaires plaideraient pour la révision de la situation taxonomique de certaines sous-espèces et P. cerasifera subsp. caspica, à condition d’analyser quelques individus supplémentaires appartenant à ces sous-espèces.

O salix é uma árvore ornamental adaptada a terrenos úmidos, sendo considerada uma espécie importante para a recomposição de áreas ciliares degradadas. A madeira pode ser empregada na indústria em geral. Apesar de produzir grande quantidade de sementes, estas não possuem alta percentagem de germinação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o estabelecimento in vitro de salix através da indução e formação de calos friáveis em explantes foliares, visando a uma posterior regeneração de plantas para a propagação massal desta espécie. Explantes foliares foram inoculados em meio de cultura MS (MURASHIGE & SKOOG, 1962), acrescido de diferentes concentrações de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0; 8,0; 10,0 e 12,0mg L-1) e combinações entre ácido naftalenoacético e benzilaminopurina, ambos em concentrações de 0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0mg L-1. Os resultados demonstram que explantes inoculados na ausência de reguladores de crescimento não apresentam a formação de calos friáveis. Significativa produção de calos friáveis (90%) é obtida utilizando-se 6,0mg L-1 de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético. A utilização de concentração individual de ácido naftalenoacético ou benzilaminopurina, além de induzir a calogênese também foi capaz de promover rizogênese. Salix is an ornamental tree adapted to humid soils being considered an important species used in depleted areas. Its wood may be used in all kinds of industries. Although the production of seeds is large, the germination is reduced. The objective of this work was to establish salix in vitro through the induction and formation of friable callus of leaf explants to provide future regeneration of plants for mass propagation of the species. Leaf explants were inoculated in MS medium (MURASHIGE & SKOOG, 1962) supplemented with different concentrations of 2-4-diclorofenoxiacetic acid (0; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 6.0; 8.0 and 12.0mg L-1) and combinations of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine both with the concentrations of 0; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 e 8.0mg L-1. The results showed that explants inoculated in the absence of growth regulators had no formation of friable callus. Significant production of friable callus (90%) was obtained with 6.0mg L-1 of 2-4-diclorofenoxiacetic acid. Individual concentrations of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid or 6-benzylaminopurine induced callogenesis and rooting.

Contorted hazelnut is an ornamental tree introduced to North America from Europe. In the fall of 2004 and 2005, powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.:Fr.) Lév. was observed on contorted hazelnut (‘contorta’) located on the campus of Washington State University, Pullman, and on several C. avellana trees (unknown cultivar) on the campus of the University of Washington, Seattle. This report documents for the first time the occurrence of P. guttata on C. avellana in both eastern and western Washington. Accepted for publication 18 October 2005. Published 21 November 2005.

Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae), known as tallow tree (Fig. 1), originated in China and grows mainly in subtropical regions of the world. The tree usually grows up to ca. 15 m in height and is commonly used as a source of oil, which can be obtained from the seeds. The wax is extracted from the seeds by steaming without crushing, and it resembles cacao butter and is edible (Venketeswaran 1989). It is also used in the manufacture of candles, cosmetics, and soaps. The seed meal, after extraction of the oil, has a high content of protein and can be a valuable feed and fertilizer. This tree is also used as an indoor ornamental tree because the leaves turn beautiful autumn colors such as yellows, reds, and purples. The wood is also useful for biomass for making furniture, wood instruments, and similar products. Several approaches for mass (and rapid) propagation of this important biomass plant by tissue culture techniques have been undertaken (Venketeswaran and Gandhi 1982; Gandhi 1983; Kotwal et al. 1983; Mridula et al. 1983; Venketeswaran et al. 1983a, b, 1984). For details see Venketeswaran (1989).

The only species of Araucaria hardy in northern Europe is A. araucana, the monkey puzzle. This tree, introduced from South America, is common in parks and gardens.

Syringa oblata is an important ornamental tree widely grown in China. In September of 2008, S. oblata plants exhibiting symptoms of leafroll and yellowing were found in a garden on the Northwest A&F University campus. Samples were collected from this site. Total DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of phloem tissue from leaf midribs and stems of each sample. DNA samples were analyzed with a nested PCR assay using phytoplasma 16S rDNA universal primers R16mF2/R16mR1 followed by specific primers R16F2n/R16R2 (1), which amplified a 1,452- and 1,246-bp product, respectively. We tested all 30 lilac samples, 20 of which had symptoms of leafroll and yellowing. These produced the expected 1,452- and 1,246-bp PCR products In contrast, the remaining 10 samples from symptomless trees yielded no PCR products. We also surveyed another lilac variety (Syringa reticulata), which is widely grown on the campus, and tested 50 samples with the above method. Again, 1.4- and 1.2-kb PCR products were amplified from all 30 trees displaying leafroll and yellowing symptoms, but not from the other 20 samples from symptomless trees. A comparative analysis of sequences derived from the two hosts showed that the phytoplasmas infecting them were most similar (>99%) to paulownia witches'-broom (PaWB) phytoplasma (GenBank Accession No. EF199937). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the nested 1.2-kb 16S rDNA products with endonucleases AluI and MseI indicated that all symptomatic plants were infected by the phytoplasmas belonging to aster yellow group (16SrI) subgroup D (16SrI-D) PaWB phytoplasma (2). 16S rDNA sequence comparisons and RFLP analysis of the cloned 16S rDNA from S. oblata (GenBank Accession No. FJ445224) and S. reticulate (GenBank Accession No. FJ445225) indicated that the phytoplasmas infecting them were nearly identical (99.8% identity). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of the phytoplasma associated with a leafroll disease of S. oblata and S. reticulata in China. References: (1) D. E. Gundersen and I.-M. Lee. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 35:144, 1996. (2) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998.

Terminalia catappa L. (tropical almond), family Combretaceae, is a large deciduous tree, originally from India. It thrives as an ornamental tree in many tropical cities of the world. The present work highlights the use of the acidified methanol extract of the outer cover of Terminalia catappa fruits as an acid-base indicator in different types of acid-base titrations. It is found to be a very useful, economical, simple, and accurate indicator for said titrations.

Elaeocarpus yoga Merr. (Tiliaceae) is an attractive tree indigenous to the Mariana Islands and Palau. Recently its population has declined due to deforestation, typhoon damage, and pest problems. Stem cuttings of E. yoga were taken from hardwood, semihardwood, or softwood and treated with acid or salt forms of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at several concentrations. The cuttings were treated with on of the following: acid form at 0.5 mL·L-1 IBA + 0.25 mL·L-1 NAA; 1 mL·L-1 IBA + 0.5 mL·L-1 NAA, 2 mL·L-1 IBA + 1 mL·L-1 NAA; salt form at 1, 3, and 8 g·kg-1 IBA/. Rooting after 8 weeks was compared among treatments. The salt form of the IBA treatment at 3 g·kg-1 produced the greatest rooting percentage, root number and length. The acid form containing both IBA and NAA produced the smallest average rooting percentage.