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The type specimen and date of publication of the basionym for each of Neomyrtus pedunculata (Hook.f.) Allan and its synonym Neomyrtus vitis-idaea (Raoul) Burret are clarified to establish that the ...

A cordycipitoid fungus infecting Hepialidae sp. in Nepal was supposed to be identical to Cordyceps liangshanensis, originally described from southwestern China, and thus, transferred to the genus Metacordyceps or Papiliomyces in previous studies. However, our multi-gene (nrSSU-nrLSU-tef-1α-rpb1-rpb2) phylogenetic and morphological studies based on the type specimen and additional collections of C. liangshanensis revealed that the fungus belongs to the genus Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae). Therefore, a new combination O. liangshanensis was made, and a detailed description of this species was provided.

Seven species and two varieties belonging to the genus Boehmeria Jacq. (Urticaceae) are known to be distributed in Korea. Among them, B. spicata, B. tricuspis, and B. tricuspis var. unicuspis were subjected to an external morphological study. Among the individuals believed to exhibit variations in the leaf shape, B. gracilis and B. silvestrii were newly recognized. Unlike related taxa, B. gracilis has middle leaves with an elliptic, broadly elliptic, ovate, or broadly depressed ovate shape, a regular and serrulate-dentate margin, and an unlobed and short caudate or cuspidate apex. Boehmeria silvestrii has middle leaves with 5-angled ovate, orbicular ovate or broadly ovate shapes, and 3- or 5-lobed and caudate apices. Therefore, we assigned the corresponding names ‘Top-geo-buk-kko-ri’ and ‘Cham-geo-buk-kko-ri’. Meanwhile, the B. spicata complex (B. gracilis, B. silvestrii, B. spicata, and B. tricuspis var. unicuspis) is very closely related in terms of the morphological characters, whereas B. tricuspis exhibits no relationship. Furthermore, because the scientific name and type specimen of B. tricuspis var. unicuspis (Pul-geo-buk-kko-ri) are problematic, the correct name B. paraspicata Nakai and corresponding holotype are presented. Additionally, lectotypes of B. gracilis and B. silvestrii are newly designated here. A taxonomic treatment, descriptions, a key, photographs, type specimens, and leaf variation images of the B. spicata complex are provided in this study.

Species of Ulva Linnaeus are nearly impossible to identify using morpho-anatomy due to their simple thallus structure and phenotypic plasticity. The current solution to this problem is to sequence ...

Most species of Candolleomyces have brown or dark brown spores. Although pale-spored members are rare in the genus we frequently collected two such species from many Provinces during our investigations in subtropical China from 2016–2020. As revealed by morphological characterisation and multigene phylogenetic analyses (ITS LSU β-tub and tef-1α) these species which we have named C. subcacao and C. subminutisporus are unique and distinct from known taxa. In addition a new combination C. cladii-marisci is proposed on the basis of ITS sequence analysis of the type specimen. Detailed descriptions colour photos illustrations and a key to related species are presented.

A collection of a volvarioid species with whitish, medium-sized basidiomes and distinctive grooved stipe was found in sandy soil in the Sonoran Desert, northwest of Mexico. After a morphological comparison with the type specimen of Volvariopsis canalipes from Florida, USA, we found that both materials share a similar set of taxonomic characters that supports considering them to be conspecific. Some species formerly placed in Volvariella but characterized by a gelatinous pileipellis and large basidiospores (such as V. canalipes) are currently recognized in Volvopluteus. A phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU sequences obtained from the Sonoran material, inferred its position in Volvopluteus and sister to Vp. gloiocephallus. Based on morphological and molecular information, the new combination Volvopluteus canalipes is proposed. This corresponds to the second record of this species after its original publication. A description of the Mexican collection accompanied with photographs and line drawings is included and complemented with a taxonomic discussion.

Gloeocantharellus andasibensis sp. nov. is recognized by orange-red basidiomata with a convex to plane, innately fibrillose and viscid pileus, ellipsoid to amygdaliform, small, verrucose basidiospores, and a distinct nrITS sequence. This is the first record of the genus from Madagascar. To improve the understanding of the nomenclature of the genus, the type specimen of G. okapaensis and specimens of G. lateritius and G. corneri accessioned in the fungarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew were also sequenced.

Two new species of yellow Cantharellus and a new record of Cantharellus tabernensis associated with tropical species of Quercus are presented, based on the taxonomic study of fresh specimens and in a phylogenetic analysis of transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1α) and the large subunit of the ribosome (nLSU) sequences. One of the new species proposed here, corresponds to a choice edible mushroom, which, in our molecular phylogeny, resulted in it being related to the group of species around C. lateritius and sister with Craterellus confluens type specimen. This latter is here formally transferred to Cantharellus and consequently a new name, Cantharellus furcatus, is proposed to replace the homonym Cantharellus confluens (Schwein.) Schwein. 1834 a later synonym of Byssomerulius corium. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions accompanied with illustrations and a taxonomic discussion are presented for each species.

Our examination of the type specimen of Blumea hunanensis shows that its phylliaries are not imbricate nor in 3–4 series, demonstrating that it may not belong to Blumea. Further examination of more specimens and in vivo observations show that B. hunanensis is conspecific with Synotis nagensium in all fundamental characters and thus is here treated as a synonym of the latter.

W.C.Cheng did not clearly indicate the herbarium repository of the type specimen (Y.Tsiang 7712) when he described Tsuga longibracteata W.C.Cheng. Later, researchers suggested that the type is either in NAS or in PE. However, we found more than one duplicate of the type collection in both NAS and PE. Following the Shenzhen Code, we lectotypify the name T. longibracteata with Y.Tsiang 7712 (PE00003223) that bears a handwritten identification of W.C.Cheng.

Ceratocystis accommodates many important pathogens of agricultural crops and woody plants. Ceratocystis fimbriata, the type species of the genus is based on a type that is unsuitable for a precise application and interpretation of the species. This is because no culture or DNA data exist for the type specimen. The aim of this study was to select a reference specimen that can serve to stabilize the name of this important fungus. We selected a strain, CBS 114723, isolated from sweet potato in North Carolina, USA, in 1998 for this purpose. The strain was selected based on the availability of a living culture in a public depository. A draft genome sequence is also available for this strain. Its morphological characteristics were studied and compared with the existing and unsuitable type specimen as well as with the original descriptions of C. fimbriata. The selected strain fits the existing concept of the species fully and we have consequently designated it as an epitype to serve as a reference specimen for C. fimbriata.

Inocybe similis, a very rare smooth-spored species originally described from Italy by Bresadola, is illustrated. Based on sequence generated from the type specimen, freshly collected specimens from five sites, Grado in north-east Italy, Tolmin in Slovenia, Forchach and Rieden in Austria and Füssen in Gemany could be asigned to I. similis and a more detailed description is provided here. The macro- and micromorphological features of I. similis suggest this species should be placed in Inocybe sect. Splendentes according to Singer´s classification. In contrast, our phylogenetic analyses support instead that I. similis belongs to Inocybe sect. Marginatae. From a morphological point of view, I. similis is close to I. vulpinella, but it is phylogenetically close to I. flavobrunnescens in sect. Marginatae.

Lecanographa farinosa was considered to be a lichen inhabiting coastal rocks of the Mediterranean region and to possess psoromic and conpsoromic acids as major secondary metabolites. A revision of its type specimen from Germany proved that the species has been misunderstood. In this paper, L. farinosa is shown to have a thallus containing confluentic and 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acids and to have a different ecology and distribution. A revision of previous reports of L. farinosa from continental Portugal and the study of recent specimens of Lecanographa cf. farinosa from the Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde and continental Portugal revealed a new species described as L. atlantica. Moreover, reports of L. dialeuca from France (Brittany) and of L. subgrumulosa from the Azores are considered misidentifications of L. atlantica. This latter has thus a widespread distribution ranging from the Azores to the Atlantic coast of the European continent where it inhabits volcanic rocks near the sea. Lecanographa atlantica is characterized by a whitish to cream coloured thallus, usually rounded or oblong to shortly lirelliform and white pruinose ascomata with a widely exposed hymenial disc and thin margin, (3–)5–7-septate ascospores of (16–)18.9–23(–26) × (3–)3.4–4(–4.5) µm, and a chemistry including at least 2’-O-methylperlatolic acid but lacking confluentic and 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acids. Psoromic acid is sometimes present in L. atlantica but its origin is unclear. Phylogenetic analyses using nuLSU sequences place L. atlantica as sister to L. hypothallina.

Specimens of Nectria spp. and Nectriella rufofusca were obtained from the fungarium of Pier Andrea Saccardo, and investigated via a morphological and molecular approach based on MiSeq technology. ITS1 and ITS2 sequences were successfully obtained from 24 specimens identified as ' Nectria ' sensu Saccardo (including 20 types) and from the type specimen of Nectriella rufofusca. For Nectria ambigua, N. radians and N. tjibodensis only the ITS1 sequence was recovered. On the basis of morphological and molecular analyses new nomenclatural combinations for Nectria albofimbriata, N. ambigua, N. ambigua var. pallens, N. granuligera, N. peziza subsp. reyesiana, N. radians, N. squamuligera, N. tjibodensis and new synonymies for N. congesta, N. flageoletiana, N. phyllostachydis, N. sordescens and N. tjibodensis var. crebrior are proposed. Furthermore, the current classification is confirmed for Nectria coronata, N. cyanostoma, N. dolichospora, N. illudens, N. leucotricha, N. mantuana, N. raripila and Nectriella rufofusca. This is the first time that these more than 100-yr-old specimens are subjected to molecular analysis, thereby providing important new DNA sequence data authentic for these names.

The taxonomic identity of recently described Alysicarpus pokleanus is resolved here as synonym of A. hamosus. The image of type specimen of A. hamosus and A. pokleanus along with colour photographs of fresh collection of A. hamosus from the type locality are also provided. Further, the inconsistencies in the protologue of A. pokleanus are discussed in the present paper.

Type specimen of Lachnum japonicum Syd. & P. Syd. was discovered in the National Museum of Nature and Science (TNS). Based on the morphological reexamination of it, the species was transferred to the genus Trichopezizella. Trichopezizella japonica comb. nov. was proposed and the specimen was designated as lectotype.

Avena breviaristata, collected only once (1882) in Algeria and never re-collected since, is a very mysterious grass species because unfortunately even the type specimen got lost 60--80 years ago. Morphological information on this species was thus based on a few published descriptions, which made it difficult, however, to correctly infer the genus affiliation of this morphologically odd species.Avena breviaristatabecame affiliated in the past with various oat-like genera (Avenula,Helictotrichon,Tricholemma). Due to the recent rediscovery of the type specimen at the P herbarium and the opportunity to study this specimen, we report here on the morphological characters ofA. breviaristataunderpinned by meaningful illustrations. They are discussed in comparison with the morphology of representative species of the above-mentioned genera. Uncommon characters of the spikelets (type of disarticulation of the rachilla, lemma structure, lodicules) and to some extent of the inflorescences, leaves and leaf sheaths support the inclusion ofA. breviaristatain the North African genusTricholemma. Considering biogeography,T. breviaristatumfrom the arid Hauts Plateaux in Algeria is a highly xeromorphic counterpart of the mesomorphic speciesT. jahandiezii, which is confined to higher altitudes of the rather humid Moyen Atlas in Morocco. This underlines the status ofTricholemmaas a relic endemic. Our morphological survey supports the classification ofAvenula(onlyA. pubescens) as separate fromHelictotrichons.str. andHelictochloa. Moreover, morphological evidence does not support an origin ofA. pubescensby intergeneric hybridization between the latter genera as hypothesized in some prior studies. Especially the glabrous palea, the special shape of the lodicules and the structure of the awn show no intermediacy. The complicated history of the type collection ofT. breviaristatumand the role of botanical authors are given.

Sematophyllum latifolium Brotherus (1911: 362), known only from the type collection, was originally described by Brotherus (1911) based on a collection made by C.C. Hosseus from Mt. Doi Suthep (Doi Sutäp), in northern Thailand. Pollawatn (2008) revised the family Sematophyllaceae s.l. in Thailand but did not see the type specimen of S. latifolium. During the study of Hosseus’s collections, however, we found two duplicates of type specimens of S. latifolium one located in H-BR and one in M. We found that several critical features of S. latifolium, such as the 1) irregular-pinnately branching habit with the erect flagelliform branches (Fig. 1A), 2) stem and branch leaves strongly differentiated (Fig. 1B−F), and 3) brotherelloid type alar cells often divided into larger hyaline cells towards leaf margins (Fig. 1G), were indistinguishable from those in the type material of Wijkia surcularis (Mitten 1859: 112) Crum (1971: 173), a common species found growing from India to Indochina (Gangulee 1980; Tan & Iwatsuki 1993; Tan & Jia 1999; Jia et al. 2005). Thus, we here propose S. latifolium as a new synonym of W. sucularis. In the protologue, Brotherus (1911) did not designate the holotype, therefore, it is necessary to select a lectotype for S. latifolium ((see Art. 9.11 of the Shenzhen Code (Turland et al. 2017)). We designate Hosseus’s collection (Hosseus s.n.) in H-BR (H) as the lectotype of the name S. latifolium.

Acanthocalyx (DC.) Tiegh. (1909: 199) is a small genus in Caprifoliaceae Jussieu (1789: 210), endemic to the Chinese Hengduan Mountains and adjacent montane regions, yet represents the family’s most characteristic alpine herbaceous perennials in the region. With only three species recognized (A. alba, A. delavayi, A. nepalensis), the taxonomy of Acanthocalyx has not been fully disentangled, and this is particularly due to problem related to the typification of A. delavayi (Franch.) Cannon & Cannon (1984: 14).

The present paper describes Trichomerium bhatii, a new species in the family Trichomeriaceae (Chaetothyriales, Ascomycota). This taxon was isolated as epiphyte from dead bark of Prunus cerasoides collected from North-Western Himalayan region of India. The identity of isolate was based on asexual-morphs, cultural characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of partial nuclear ribosomal 28S large subunit and complete internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence data with high statistical support value. The new taxon has turned out to be distinct from other known species in the genus showing 95.26% (624/655 bp) identity with closely related T. gloeosporum MFLUCC10-0087 on the basis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer region. A brief description of asexual-morph of T. bhatii with morphological and molecular data is provided. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on this genus from India. The type specimen is deposited in the Ajrekar Mycological Herbarium (as voucher culture) and ex type cultures are deposited in Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC-WDCM 430), New Delhi, and National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI-WDCM 932).

A worldwide taxonomic revision and the relevant lectotypifications of Zoegea L. (Asteraceae) are presented. The recognized taxa, the relevant synonyms, type details, images of the type specimen, examined specimen lists, and a taxonomic key are provided for this genus. The geographic distribution of all recognized taxa is presented and tabulated. Zoegea leptaurea L. subsp. leptaurea for the floras of Iran and Saudi Arabia and also Z. purpurea Fresen. for the flora of Iraq are reported as new here.

Polygonatum is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, especially in eastern Asia. There has been no comprehensive taxonomic study of Taiwanese taxa for some time, and researchers could not agree on a consistent treatment of the genus. Therefore, we revised the genus by literature review and type specimen examination along with comparison of morphology, karyotype and pollen characteristics. Only one species P.arisanense Hayata was recognized in this study. P.chingshuishanianum Ying and P.formosanum (Hayata) Masamune & Simada are regarded as varieties of P.arisanense and are here presented as two new combinations, P.arisanensevar.chingshuishanianum and P.arisanensevar.formosanum.

Species delimitation remains a challenge worldwide, but especially in biodiversity hotspots such as the Amazon. Here, we use an integrative taxonomic approach that combines data from morphology, phylogenomics, and leaf spectroscopy to clarify the species limits within the Protium heptaphyllum species complex, which includes subsp. cordatum, subsp. heptaphyllum, and subsp. ulei. Molecular phylogeny indicates that populations of subsp. cordatum do not belong to the P. heptaphyllum clade, while morphology and near-infrared spectroscopy data provide additional support for the recognition of a separate taxon. Protium cordatum (Burseraceae) is reinstated at species rank and described in detail. As circumscribed here, P. cordatum is endemic to white-sand savannas located in the Faro and Tucuruí Districts, Pará State, Brazil, whereas P. heptaphyllum is a dominant and widespread plant lineage found in Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We present an identification key to P. cordatum and closely related lineages and a detailed taxonomic description of P. cordatum, including habitat and distribution, a list and images of diagnostic features. This study demonstrates the importance of using multiple tools to characterize and distinguish plant species in highly diverse tropical regions. © 2019 International Association for Plant Taxonomy.

Poriella subacida gen. & comb. nov., previously known as Perenniporia subacida, which causes white rot, has been documented in temperate and tropical forests. Specimens from Asia, North America, and Europe were examined, including the type specimen of Polylorus subacidus. Sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, the 28S rDNA, the mitochondrial rDNA small subunit (mtSSU), and the gene encoding the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1) were generated. In multigene phylogenies (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian inferences), “Perenniporia subacida” formed a well-supported lineage, distinct from the core “Perenniporia” clade (type species: “P. medulla-panis”), and sister to the “Yuchengia narymica” lineage. We therefore conclude that “P. subacida” should be placed in the new genus “Poriella”gen. nov. Morphologically, “Poriella” is characterized by a di- to trimitic hyphal system, non-truncate basidiospores, and strongly dextrinoid, cyanophilic skeletal hyphae.

Yellow chanterelles are one of the most common edible mushrooms found in Yunnan Province, China. Previous studies identified the species of these mushrooms as Cantharellus cibarius Fr. based on morphology alone. However, the diversity of yellow chanterelles comprises many species within the C. cibarius complex, including C. yunnanensis W.F. Chiu. We hypothesized that the latter species is widely marketed in Yunnan Province and does not actually belong to C. cibarius. Hence, to confirm the species identity, taxonomic re-evaluation using integrated taxonomic approaches is required. Herein, samples collected from different markets and from near the type locality were subjected to morphological and molecular analyses. We generated tef-1α sequences and analyzed them using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The study revealed that the specimens previously identified as C. cibarius with a wide distribution in southwestern China are indeed C. yunnanensis. Our morphological assessment was markedly influenced by the revision of the type specimen (C. yunnanensis) and its original description, as some characteristics of the specimen did not match the description (e.g., the size and shape of the spores). Similarly, our single-locus phylogenetic analysis strongly supported the identification of the marketed species in Southwestern China (Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces) as C. yunnanensis instead of C. cibarius. Following our findings, we epitypified C. yunnanensis. Additionally, we collected, identified, and confirmed the presence of C. cibarius in northeastern China.

Crocus adamioides Kernd. et Pasche, as it is currently known, was originally treated as C. biflorus Mill. subsp. adamii B. Mathew in the flora of Bulgaria by Mathew (1982) and verified by Rukšāns (2017). The taxon was afterwards described as a separate species (Kerndorff et al. 2012), the holotype being collected in Kırklareli Province, European Turkey. The species was for the first time mapped in two floristic regions of Bulgaria. The diagnostic characters based on the general morphology and leaf anatomy were defined from the natural populations of the species and compared to the type specimen and relevant data from the literature. The phylogenetic position of the species was clarified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS: ITS1 + 5.SsrDNA + ITS2) and comparison of the obtained sequence with those annotated in NCBI. A phylogenetic tree was built using Bayesian phylogeny. Results have shown the highest degree of phylogenetic similarity with C. adamioides from Turkey. The closest relative C. ranjeloviciorum Kernd., Pasche, Harpke et Raca remains in the proximity. Our morphological, anatomical and molecular analyses have revealed that the Bulgarian population shows a peculiar combination of characters specific to C. adamioides.

A new leafhopper species Watanabella curvatua sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Yunnan Province, China. New synonyms are revealed, Paramacrosteles Dai, Li & Chen, 2006 is a junior synonym of Watanabella Vilbaste, 1969 and Paramacrosteles nigromaculatus Dai, Li & Chen, 2006 is a junior synonym of Watanabella graminea Choe, 1981. A key is given to distinguish all species of the genus. The type specimen of the new species is deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).

The status of seriated Amathia species (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata) in Japan is reviewed. Several historical specimens and materials recently collected from several localities along the Japanese coast are examined in this study. Amathia acervata Lamouroux, 1824, collected from Japan by Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius in 1804, was examined and is redescribed from a reconstituted fragment of the sole type specimen. Material previously reported from Wakayama Prefecture is very similar to Amathia acervata, but differs in having fewer autozooid pairs per cluster, which spiral in different directions; the species is described as a new species Amathia brevisilva n. sp. Measurements of colony characters vary according to the effects of fixation, but stolon length, the ratio of autozooid clusters on stolons, spirality and pigmentation are useful characters for the identification of Japanese seriated Amathia. In addition, two new species are described, Amathia reptopinnata n. sp. and Amathia fimbria n. sp. Amathia reptopinnata n. sp. is characterized by its robust form, dark colour, dichotomous branching, long stolons, long autozooidal clusters and pinnately arranged prostrate zooids. Amathia fimbria n. sp. was found only in the Showa Emperor collection, and is characterized by its compact colony form, remarkably short internode length and trichotomous branching.

We resolve three problems concerning the three entire-leaved species of Neotropical Trema. 1) Phylogenetic and morphological results showed that T. integerrima (Beurl.) Standl., T. domingensis Urb., and T. laxiflora Lundell are a single species; therefore, we combine them under a single name. 2) The date of publication gives priority to T. integerrima, as the basionym Sponia integerrima Beurl. was published in 1856. However, the type specimen, Billberg 308 (S), is not a species of Trema but Pouzolzia obliqua (Wedd.) Wedd. (Urticaceae); therefore, Sponia integerrima Beurl. is a new synonym of P. obliqua. The next available name for the entire-leaved species is T. domingensis, published in 1912. 3) The type of T. domingensis, Fuertes 312, is a mixed collection. Specimens of Fuertes 312 held at B, NY, U, and USD are T. domingensis, while those at P, G, US, and Z are Celtis trinervia Lam. We provide a historical review to understand how these problems arose and persisted unnoticed for decades.

Two species of Mazus (Mazaceae) are naturalized in North America, Mazus pumilus and Mazus miquelii. A new guide for distinguishing these species is provided. Comparisons of North American plants with the type specimen of the name M. miquelii and with specimens from the native range of that species support the inclusion of the naturalized plants sometimes called Mazus reptans in M. miquelii.

The study of the type specimen of Bartramia minuta Taylor, a species described based on Ecuadorian samples that predates the recently resurrected Chilean Philonotis brevifolia Herzog shows that both names displayed the same set of diagnostic characters. In this contribution, P. minuta is proposed as the correct name of this taxon, a lectotype is selected, and its distribution is extended to North America, based on samples collected in California.

Relating type specimens to morphologically cryptic species is particularly vexing. When type specimens are small, fragmentary and sterile, resolution can seem intractable. In this study of the cryptic Plagiochila arbuscula complex, morphological evidence was reconsidered using geometric morphometric methods to gain insight into patterns of variation and differences in leaf shape between four phylogenetic lineages. The study had two aims: to achieve morphological circumscription of species and to attribute challenging type specimens to species. Considerable overlap in leaf shape among the four lineages was observed, but so were high levels of within-individual partitioning of leaf shape variation. Leaf shape exhibited a significant relationship with leaf size, and size was correlated with shoot order. The greatest leaf shape differences among species were manifest in leaves from primary shoots. In linear discriminant analysis, the highest cross-validation success rates for single leaves was achieved using primary shoot leaf shape and so for nine challenging type specimens, the shape of primary shoot leaves was used to assign them to species. Twelve of 15 sampled type leaves were attributed to a single species with high probability, in agreement with subjective assessment. In the Plagiochila arbuscula complex historical type specimens can be related to groups circumscribed by integrated molecular and morphological evidence using the minimum of morphological evidence: the shape of single leaves.

We identified and located the type specimen ofScolopendrium solitarium, which is the basionym to what for decades was commonly referred to as “Nilssoniopteris vittata” and is now known asNilssoniopteris solitaria(Phillips) Cleal et P.M.Rees. As Cleal and Rees (2003) never located and studied the type specimen ofScolopendrium solitariumand simply trusted Harris (1969), who includedScolopendrium solitariumin the synonymy ofNilssoniopteris vittata, it remained to be shown that this specimen indeed has bennettitalean affinities. Here we provide results of a cuticular analysis of the material and confirm the bennettitalean nature ofScolopendrium solitarium, and consequently that its placement inNilssoniopteris solitariais valid.Nilssoniopteris solitariais, as a senior synonym ofNilssoniopteris tenuinervis, the type species ofNilssoniopteris. The name “Nilssoniopteris vittata” should no longer be used because it was based onTaeniopteris vittata, which is the conserved type ofTaeniopteris, a genus in which taeniopterid fossils are placed if epidermal anatomy is unknown. Specimens identified as this species but yielding a bennettitalean cuticle should be referred to asNilssoniopteris solitaria.

Abelmoschus angulosus var. mahendragiriensis R.C.Misra var. nov., from a gorge in the Mahendragiri hills of Odisha in the Eastern Ghats is described and illustrated. Information about the type specimen, illustration, taxonomic affinities, distribution and ecology and field photographs showing vegetative and floral parts of the new variety along with an identification key with diagnostic characters in relation to other known varieties are provided.

Odoria (Meruliaceae, Basidiomycota) is described as a new genus established for the threatened old-growth forest polypore Phaeolus alborubescens that was previously discussed in Aurantiporus or Tyromyces. It is characterized by the annual pinkish white spongy basidiocarp with strong sweetish smell, turning pale brown when drying, and has a positive reaction with KOH solution, the lack of cystidia, and the monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae often covered with fine orange crystals. Multigene phylogenetic analyses based on a combined (5.8S–nucLSU–rpb1–rpb2) and a single locus (nrITS) dataset place Odoria in Meruliaceae (Phlebioid clade), close to Crustodontia, Sarcodontia, Luteoporia, and Phlebiporia. Molecular as well as anatomical study of the old type specimen of P. alborubescens is also provided.

Ascomycetes specialised to live on hardened plant exudates occur worldwide, but the number of species so far described is relatively small (c.30). Particularly within the genus Chaenothecopsis (Ascomycota:Mycocaliciales), many species produce their ascomata on hardened but still relatively fresh outpourings of conifer resin or angiosperm exudate. Temperate rainforests of New Zealand provide habitat for several endemic Chaenothecopsis species, including Chaenothecopsis schefflerae, which was previously known from a single sample collected from the exudate of Schefflera digitata (Araliaceae) in the early 1980s. Here we show that C.schefflerae is neither lost nor very rare, but occurs sporadically throughout New Zealand. The fungus does not primarily grow on Schefflera but on exudate of several species of Pseudopanax (Araliaceae),also endemic to the region. We compare the morphology of the new specimens to the type specimen of C. schefflerae and provide a detailed description of the new material. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ITS and LSU rDNA place C.schefflerae together with other morphologically similar Chaenothecopsis species growing on angiosperm exudates.

Asplenium richardii is a familiar and stable name that has been used for 160 years to identify an endemic New Zealand fern that occurs in montane and subalpine areas of the North and South Islands. However, re-examination of the holotype shows that it is actually a specimen of what is currently called A. gracillimum. It is shown that knowledge and interpretation of A. richardii has changed over time, and that the current concept of a montane to subalpine species is quite different to the original concept of a lowland species. This has been compounded by confusion in the identification of the type specimen. Following correct identification of the holotype, strict implementation of the Code would mean that the name A. richardii should be used for what is currently called A. gracillimum, and that the plant currently called A. richardii would require a new name. In addition, 10 different hybrids involving these two species would require new combinations. The changes would affect the floras of both New...

Summary The type specimen of Maesa camptobotrys is re-examined and morphology and characters are discussed. The specimen is a member of the genus Sabia (Sabiaceae) rather than the genus Discocalyx (Primulaceae) into which it was transferred; the name is formally placed as a synonym of Sabia pauciflora.

Background: Neorautanenia is a small genus in the subtribe Glycininae within the tribe Phaseoleae in the family Fabaceae. It is distributed in southern and Tropical Africa. Historically, the genus is known to consist of three species, namely, N. brachypus, N. ficifolia and N. mitis ; morphological data suggest that these should be reduced to two. Objectives: The aim of this article is to formally sink N. brachypus into the synonymy of N. mitis and to provide the correct typification, diagnostic features, diagnostic key, distribution maps, as well as illustrations of the morphological features of the two species. Methods: Observations were made on herbarium specimens housed at PRE. Morphological features were studied and measurements of characters recorded. Results: Neorautanenia mitis is extremely variable morphologically, so that several authors recognised many different variants, some of these as distinct species, including N. brachypus . Examination of numerous specimens, however, indicates that these are merely morphological and/or geographical variants of N. mitis . This observation prompted Verdcourt to place this taxon as a synonym of N. mitis ; however, he reversed that decision 30 years later. It has become necessary to revert to the original decision. Conclusions: Neorautanenia brachypus is formally reduced to a synonymy of N. mitis and as a result the genus comprises only two species.

A new leafhopper species: Pachymetopius falcatus sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Guizhou Province, China. A key is given to distinguish all species of the genus. The type specimen of the new species is deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).

The taxonomy of Kalanchoe sexangularis N.E.Br. (Crassulaceae), a common southern Africa species, is clarified. We interpret K. sexangularis as consisting of two varieties, K. sexangularis var. sexangularis and K. sexangularis var. intermedia (R.Fern.) R.Fern. An amplified description is provided for the species and differences between the two varieties are noted. The type specimen, Thorncroft s.n. (K, holo-), which is to be associated with Kalanchoe sexangularis var. sexangularis, is established.

Three species of Goebeliella are here recognized on morphological evidence. The three species can be distinguished by a range of qualitative and quantitative characters, including width of the hyaline leaf-border, leaf lobe cell wall thickening and wall internal structure, horn shape and anatomy, and female bract shape and conformation. The type specimen of G. cornigera was collected in New Zealand, and agrees in all respects with other individuals from that country. Goebeliella cornigera is endemic to New Zealand. The other two species are endemic to New Caledonia, and both are present in the syntype material of G. bicornuta, which is reinstated and lectotypified. No other names have been published within Goebeliella, leaving the second species from New Caledonia without a name. The name Goebeliella glauca is proposed for this new species.

The first detailed illustration of the type specimen flower of Selenipedium chica since Reichenbach's description of this species is presented and the actual staminode shape of this species is described. The infraspecific variation of S. chica is discussed and a new subspecies within this taxon, S. chica subsp. buenaventuraem, is proposed. Additionally, two new species of Selenipedium, S. garayanum and S. olgae, are described and illustrated. A key to the species of Selenipedium is provided.

Erysiphe bulbouncinula (≡ Bulbouncinula bulbosa) on Koelreuteria paniculata is a powdery mildew native and endemic in China. Fresh samples of this species were collected on K. paniculata in Sichuan Province, China, in 2018. This is the fourth confirmed identification of this species. The original description in 1932 was based on one specimen from Hangzhou and then was described in Nanjing in 1990 and in Taiwan in 1993. The morphology of the new collections of this species is described and illustrated in detail, and agrees well with the original description of the type specimen except for the number of asci (8–16 asci per chasmothecia versus 7–9 asci in the type specimen). To explore the phylogenetic position of this poorly known species, three separate phylogenetic analyses, using partial 28S rDNA and the combination of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rDNA sequences, were conducted. The results clearly showed that E. bulbouncinula form a monophyletic clade with strong bootstrap (BS) support (MP = 100%) constituting a sister clade to E. gracilis s. lat., form a subclade with Erysiphe sect. Californiomyces and then form a big group with sect. Typhulochaeta and sect. Uncinula. Phylogenetic results confirm that E. bulbouncinula is more closely allied to Erysiphe than to Phyllactinia. Thus, this species can be maintained in Erysiphe in its current circumscription, confirming Bulbouncinula as a synonym of Erysiphe.

A new leafhopper species, Xenovarta lii sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Yunnan Province, China, and a key is given to separate species of this genus. A map showing the geographic distribution of the new species is also provided. The type specimen of the new species is deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).