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With the change to one scientific name for fungal taxa, generic names typified by species with sexual or asexual morph types are being evaluated to determine which names represent the same genus and thus compete for use. In this paper generic names of the Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota) were evaluated to determine synonymy based on their type. Forty-seven sets of sexually and asexually typified names were determined to be congeneric and recommendations are made for which generic name to use. In most cases the principle of priority is followed. However, 16 generic names are recommended for use that do not have priority and thus need to be protected: Aleurocystis over Matula; Armillaria over Acurtis and Rhizomorpha; Asterophora over Ugola; Botryobasidium over Acladium, Allescheriella, Alysidium, Haplotrichum, Physospora, and Sporocephalium; Coprinellus over Ozonium; Coprinopsis over Rhacophyllus; Dendrocollybia over Sclerostilbum and Tilachlidiopsis; Diacanthodes over Bornetina; Echinoporia over Echinodia; Neolentinus over Digitellus; Postia over Ptychogaster; Riopa over Sporotrichum; Scytinostroma over Artocreas, Michenera, and Stereofomes; Tulasnella over Hormomyces; Typhula over Sclerotium; and Wolfiporia over Gemmularia and Pachyma. Nine species names are proposed for protection: Botryobasidium aureum, B. conspersum, B. croceum, B. simile, Pellicularia lembosporum (syn. B. lembosporum), Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Polyporus metamorphosus (syn. Riopa metamorphosa), Polyporus mylittae (syn. Laccocephalum mylittae), and Polyporus ptychogaster (syn. Postia ptychogaster). Two families are proposed for protection: Psathyrellaceae and Typhulaceae. Three new species names and 30 new combinations are established, and one lectotype is designated.

Mushrooms named Gymnopilus spectabilis and G. junonius have been reported widely in North America on both dead hardwood or dead or living conifers. Based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and large ribosomal subunit (LSU), we found that although Gymnopilus junonius (= G. spectabilis s. auct.) is widespread in Europe, South America, and Australia, none of the limited sequences available from North America represent this species. We report five species of this group from North America, including three previously described species, G. luteus, G. subspectabilis, and G. ventricosus, and two new species, Gymnopilus voitkii and Gymnopilus speciosissimus. We recognize a sister species to G. luteus, based on sequences previously reported as G. spectabilis from China, Japan, and the Russian Far East, but, lacking material to describe it as a new species, we give it an informal clade name, /sororiluteus. Another new species in this complex is described from Japan, as Gymnopilus orientispectabilis. Species in this group may be distinguished by their ITS sequences as well as by macro- and micromorphology, substrate, and geography.

It is now a decade since The International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) produced an overview of requirements and best practices for describing a new fungal species. In the meantime the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp) has changed from its former name (the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) and introduced new formal requirements for valid publication of species scientific names, including the separation of provisions specific to Fungi and organisms treated as fungi in a new Chapter F. Equally transformative have been changes in the data collection, data dissemination, and analytical tools available to mycologists. This paper provides an updated and expanded discussion of current publication requirements along with best practices for the description of new fungal species and publication of new names and for improving accessibility of their associated metadata that have developed over the last 10 years. Additionally, we provide: (1) model papers for different fungal groups and circumstances; (2) a checklist to simplify meeting (i) the requirements of the ICNafp to ensure the effective, valid and legitimate publication of names of new taxa, and (ii) minimally accepted standards for description; and, (3) templates for preparing standardized species descriptions.

The genus Amanita has been divided into two monophyletic taxa, Amanita, an ectomycorrhizal genus, and Aspidella, a saprotrophic genus. The controversies and histories about recognition of the two genera based on trophic status are discussed. The name Aspidella E.-J. Gilbert is shown to be illegitimate and a later homonym of Aspidella E. Billings, a well-known generic name for an enigmatic fossil sometimes classified as a fungus or alga. The name Saproamanita is coined to replace Aspidella E.-J. Gilbert for the saprotrophic Amanitas, and a selection of previously molecularly analyzed species and closely classified grassland species are transferred to it along with selected similar taxa. The type illustration for the type species, S. vittadinii, is explained and a subgeneric classification accepting Amanita subgen. Amanitina and subgen. Amanita is proposed. Validation of the family name, Amanitaceae E.-J. Gilbert dating from 1940, rather than by Pouzar in 1983 is explained.

The rust species Puccinia graminis and P. striiformis sensu stricto are important cereal pathogens, most well-known for causing the diseases stem rust and stripe rust on wheat and generating significant yield losses. Early and accurate detection of the pathogens would facilitate effective control of the diseases. In the present study, we developed real-time PCR assays to detect the specific lineages that include the wheat pathogens for each species complex, as identified using multi-gene DNA sequence analyses. Four DNA loci, for a comprehensive set of target and closely related fungi collected from diverse hosts and geographic regions, were explored to search for suitable lineage-specific probes: β-tubulin (BT), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI), rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). Four TaqMan® real-time PCR assays were designed based on either the BT or RPB2 genes: one targeting Puccinia Series Striiformis (PSBT), one targeting P. striif...

Niu-chang-chih, a medicinal polypore restricted to Taiwan on the endemic tree species Cinnamomum kanehirae, currently goes by the names Antrodia cinnamomea T.T. Chang &W.N. Chou, A. camphorata (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu & al., and Taiwanofungus camphoratus (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu & al., the latter two based on Ganoderma camphoratum M. Zang & C.H. Su. The basidiocarps on the holotypes for the two basionyms Antrodia cinnamomea and Ganoderma camphoratum are of niu-chang-chih. The first validly published name that was applied to this species was G. camphoratum M. Zang & C.H. Su published in 1990. However, the original type of G. camphoratum consisted of mixed material, consisting chiefly of a basidiocarp of niu-chang-chih but also of the spores of another unrelated fungus. The two elements are represented in the original description and accompanying illustrations. Later Chang & Chou (2004) lectotypifed G. camphoratum limiting it to the spores described and illustrated by Zang and Su, the only portion of the original type that Chang and Chou believed to belong in Ganoderma, and applied the name Antrodia cinnamomea Chang & Chou (1995) to niu-chang-chih. Many, however, reject Chang and Chou's conclusions and continue to apply the name Ganoderma camphoratum, and combinations based on it (i.e., Antrodia camphoratum,Taiwanofungus camphoratus), to niu-chang-chih, relegating Antrodia cinnamomea to synonymy. Based on careful examination of the type of G. camphoratum, it is concluded that the spores upon which Chang and Chou's lectotype is based are a minor admixture with the original gathering of the niu-chang-chih specimen and thus cannot serve as the lectotype for the name Ganoderma camphoratum. Ganoderma camphoratum is lectotypified here so as to exclude the spores present in the original holotype that are not from niu-chang-chih. Furthermore, since this conclusion could be subject to challenge and the species is exceptionally important medicinally and economically, we also propose to conserve the name with a conserved type that is consistent with the lectotype effected herein. An overview of the taxonomy of niu-chang-chih is also provided and a new combination, Taiwanofungus salmoneus, for a related species is effected.

(2049-2050) Proposals to conserve the name Wickerhamomyces against Hansenula and to reject the name Saccharomyces sphaericus (Ascomycota: Saccharomycotina) : Saccharomycotina)

Proposals to conserve the names Cantharellus lutescens Fr.: Fr. and C. tubaeformis Fr.: Fr. (Basidomycota) with conserved types.

Agaricus vittadinii Moretti (1826a: 66) is a striking species traditionally ascribed to the genus Amanita Pers. (1797: 65) (Bas 1969; Traverso 1998; Neville & Poumarat 2004). Amanita is one of the most widespread, species-rich ectomycorrhizal genera (Yang 1997; Yang et al. 1999; Neville & Poumarat 2004; Tulloss 2000; Kirk et al. 2008; Tulloss & Yang 2015), characterized by usually agaricoid basidiomata (including sequestrate forms) with a pallid spore print, a hemiangiocarpic schizohymenial development, presence of both universal and partial veils, and usually white and free lamellae (Bas 1969; Neville & Poumarat 2004; Justo et al. 2010). Microscopically, diagnostic characters are amyloid or inamyloid spores, bilateral hymenophoral trama and longitudinally acrophysalidic stipe tissue, which consists of clavate, usually terminal elements, longitudinally oriented on a diffuse system of narrow, branching hyphae (Corner & Bas 1962; Bas 1969; Jenkins 1986; Yang 1997, 2005; Traverso 1998; Neville & Poumarat 2004).

The originally monotypic genus Rhacophyllus was conceived for an agaric-like fungus that bore sheets of miniature sclerotium-like bodies (lysomeres) in place of lamellae. Subsequently it was demonstrated that a "normal" Coprinus-like teleomorph exists as an alternative state (morph). Following this discovery, most authors have treated Rhacophyllus as an anamorph. Ontogenetic studies indicate that the Rhacophyllus state is a variation on basidiome production. Rhacophyllus apparently was rediscovered and redescribed as a new genus Zerovaemyces, for which a new family, Zerovaemycetaceae, and a new order, Loculomycetes, were also described, all as teleomorphs. Nomenclatural application of these names are analysed, and it is concluded that Rhacophyllus (and Zerovaemyces, Zerovaemnycetaceae) are best considered to be nomina anarmorphosium. These decisions affect the naming of other taxa newly resolved molecularly. An analogous second case of modified basidiomes involves the anamorph Decapitatus gen. nov., described here for the well-known gemmiferous state of Mycena citricolor, Decapitatus flavidus comb. nov. (= Stilbum flavidum).

A new species, Flammulina mexicana, grows on woody Senecio cinerarioides at high elevation on Mexican volcanoes. A tetrapolar mating system and other cultural features are described. Flammuli- na mexicana is compared to its closest ally, E callis- tosporioides, based on type studies. Both species have hymeniform pileipelli and gelatinized subhymenia.

Recently published taxonomic circumscriptions for taxa withinFlammulina encouraged mating studies to confirm or reject these names or taxa. Three categories of pairing experiments were performed: 1) self-crosses of monokaryon isolates of examplars of various putative taxa; 2) inter-exemplar pairings among exemplar strains; and 3) pairings between examplars and 87 unidentified strains which were grouped on this basis. Mating experiments could distin-guishF. velutipes from other taxa, but not among infraspecific taxa ofF. velutipes (vars.velutipes, lactea, andlupinicola) and monokaryons of all these taxa were partially compatible with those ofF. ononidis. Likewise, isolates ofF. rossica andF. elastica were partially compatible with one another but incompatible with those of other taxa. All other taxa (F. mexicana, F. stratosa, F. populicola, F. fennae) appeared to be genetically isolated. Low levels of interspecific hybridization betweenF. velutipes andF. populicola, and betweenF. velutipes andF. rossica/elastica were also noted.

A new species, Flammulina stratosa Redhead, Petersen & Methven, sp.nov., is described from living Nothofagus from New Zealand. It is characterized by a thick, gelatinized mediopellis that virtually replaces all other pilear tramal tissues and is comparable with Flammulina similis. Cultures and mating systems are described.Key words: tetrapolar, conidia, southern hemisphere.

The invalid combination Omphalina rosella is validated. A new variety 0. rosella var. vinacea is described from western North America. It is illustrat? ed and compared to 0. rosella var. rosella from Europe and North Africa, and an unnamed variety from Baja California, Mexico. Omphalina rosella is an anomalous species intermediate between Omphalina and Ricke- nella.

Fungal biodiversity studies on the Olympic peninsula, Washington, have uncovered the key to understanding one of the most enigmatic mushroom genera worldwide. Discovery of a mushroom (Squamanita contortipes) on another grossly distorted but identifiable agaric (Galerina sp.), which retained partial fertility and morphology, provides documentation of parasitism and gall formation by the genus Squamanita. This revelation leads to a reinterpretation of all Squamanitas as commingled hosts and parasites and supplies a simple explanation for anatomical mixtures of tissues erroneously cited as evidence linking the Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae, and Amanitaceae. It also resolves six decades of controversy over the identity or function of enlarged bases that often bear chlamydospores. Parasitism of mushroom fruit bodies by other mushrooms is a rare phenomenon (

Authors (including some of us) have incorrectly cited as basionyms names treated by Fries in 1863 that were actually originally published by him in 1861. As these basionym citation errors mean that the intended new combinations are not validly published, the following combinations are again proposed as new: Chromosera cyanophylla, Mythicomyces corneipes, Tephrocybe misera, T. tesquorum. Three other intended combinations are noted as also not validly published, but the species are currently treated under the different (and validly published) names Haasiella venustissima, Phaeoclavulina curta, and Rhodonia placenta .

The Agaricales is the largest and most diverse order of mushroom-forming Basidiomycota, with over 100 natural groups recognized in recent Fungal Tree of Life studies. Most agarics are either saprotrophic or ectomycorrhizal fungi, but the family Hygrophoraceae is in part characterized by a unique and remarkable diversity of lichenized forms. The most familiar of these is the chlorolichen genus Lichenomphalia, whose phylogenetic position in the Agaricales has been established. Recent limited evidence suggested that Hygrophoraceae also contains cyanolichens in the genus Dictyonema, which indicates a remarkable concentration and diversity of lichen-formers in a single family of agarics. To demonstrate the relationships of lichen-formers to other fungi in the family, we assembled ribosomal sequences from 52 species representing recognized groups within the Hygrophoraceae, among them new sequences representing Acantholichen and most species and forms of Dictyonema. The molecular data were evaluated using parsimony, likelihood, Bayesian, and distance analyses, including coding of ambiguous regions by means of INAASE and ARC, all of which indicate that Dictyonema and Acantholichen form a monophyletic clade derived from the primarily bryophilous genus Arrhenia and sister to the enigmatic Athelia pyriformis, a species unrelated to the Atheliales for which we are proposing a new genus name Eonema. The chlorolichen genus Lichenomphalia may be polyphyletic. Fungi in the Dictyonema–Acantholichen clade are typically tropical, entirely lichenized, and associate with cyanobacterial photobionts. Our data indicate a transition from agaricoid–omphalinoid basidiomes observed in Arrhenia to stereoid–corticioid forms in Dictyonema, and also support a previous suggestion of a connection between loss of clamp connections and lichenization. The diverse basidiome and thallus morphologies and nutritional ecologies of these fungi indicate a remarkable evolutionary flexibility that appears to have developed in part as a consequence of symbiosis.

The hymenochaetoid clade is dominated by wood-decaying species previously classified in the artificial families Corticiaceae, Polyporaceae and Stereaceae. The majority of these species cause a white rot. The polypore Bridgeoporus and several corticicoid species with inconspicuous basidiomata live in association with brown-rotted wood, but their nutritional strategy is not known. Mycorrhizal habit is reported for Coltricia perennis but needs confirmttion. A surprising element in the hymenochaetoid clade is a group of small white to brightly pigmented agarics earlier classified in Omphalina. They form a subclade together with some similarly colored stipitate stereoid and corticioid species. Several are associated with living mosses or one-celled green algae. Hyphoderma pratermissum and some related corticioid species have specialized organs for trapping and killing nematodes as a source of nitrogen. There are no unequivocal morphological synapomorphies known for the hymenochaetoid clade. However almost all species examined ultrastructurally have dolipore septa with continuous parenthesomes while perforate parenthesomes is the normal condition for other homobasidiomycete clades. The agaricoid Hymenochaetales have not been examined. Within Hymenochaetales the Hymenochaetaceae forms a distinct clade but unfortunately all morphological characters supporting Hymenochaetaceae also are found in species outside the clade. Other subclades recovered by the molecular phylogenetic analyses are less uniform, and the overall resolution within the nuclear LSU tree presented here is still unsatisfactory.

A fungus with gelatinous poroid fruiting bodies was found in Puerto Rico and determined by macro- and micromorphology to be most similar to members of the lamellate agaric genus Resupinatus. This species is described as a new species, Resupinatus porosus. Phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal DNA sequences support the inclusion of this fungus in the clade containing Resupinatus, and indicate that this monophyletic group also includes members of Asterotus and the cyphelloid genus Stigmatolemma. Resupinatus porosus is another example of tropical poroid representatives of lamellate agaric genera. Resupinatus is emended to include species with poroid (R. porosus) or merulioid (R. merulioides) hymenophore as well as those with laterally stipitate (Asterotus) or cyphelloid (Stigmatolemma) fruiting bodies. Seven new combinations in Resupinatus are proposed to accommodate well-known species of Stigmatolemma.

The leaf-spot pathogen Valdensiniaheterodoxa Peyronel is reported for the first time from the United States (Idaho, Washington, and Oregon), based on the recovery of the anamorph. Scanning electron micrographs illustrate anamorphic propagules collected from economically significant ericaceous hosts Gaultheriashallon Pursh, Vacciniumalaskaense Howell, and Vacciniummembranaceum Douglas.

( 1741 ) Pleurotus japonicus Kawam. in Bot. Mag., Tokyo 24: 278. 1910, nom. cons. prop. Typus: [icon in] Mitt. Med. Fac. Kaiserl.-Jap. Univ. Tokyo l:t. 8. 1889. (=) Agaricus guepiniformis Berk, in J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 16: 50. 1878 {'guepiniiformis'), nom. rej. prop. Typus: Japan, F. V Dickens 749 (KNo. 115062). (=) Pleurotus harmandii Har. & Pat. in Bull. Mus. Nati. Hist. Nat. 2: 131. 1902 {'HarmandV), nom. rej. prop. Typus: [Japan] For?t de Chuizuipi, Sept. 1890, Dr. Harmand (FH).

Descriptions and illustrations of Neolecta irregularis and N. vitelline from Canada are given. Amyloid ascus walls are reported for both species and conidia from N. vitelline. The Neolectaceae fam. nov. is created for Neolecta and is tentatively placed in the Lecanorales.

The Endomycetaceae is redefined and expanded to include yeasts and fungi bearing ascocarps or ascophores but is restricted to genera producing either galeate ascospores or other characteristics indicating affinities to the central genus Ceratocystis. The genus Endomyces is emended and a neotype is selected for the type species, E. decipiens. Endomyces cortinarii sp. nov. and Phialoascus borealis gen. et sp. nov. are described. A key to the genera admitted to the Endomycetaceae and listed below is included: Ambrosiozyma, Amorphotheca, Ascoidea, Botryoascus, Cephaloascus, Ceratocystiopsis, Ceratocystis, Endomyees, Europhium, Hansenula, Hormoascus. Pachysolen, Ophiostoma. Phialoascus, and Stephanoascus. Zendera gen. nov. (Schizosaccharomycetaceae) and Galactomyces gen. nov. (Onygenaceae) are described. The following new combinations are made: Zendera tetrasperma (Macy et Miller) comb, nov., Z. ovetensis (Peláez et Ramirez) comb, nov., Galactomyces geotrichum (Butler et Petersen) comb. nov., G. reesü (van der Walt) comb, nov., and Magnusiomyces magnusü (Ludwig) comb. nov.

Artificial "baits" were prepared for in situ baiting for water molds. The baits, consisting of dialysis tubing containing agar media, were submerged in an eutrophic pond in southern Illinois. When retrieved, after 2 wk to 2 mo, the baits contained sterile, unidentifiable hyphae of several types. Reproductive structures of some oomycetous fungi and those of species of Nowakowskiella, Anguillospora, and a Cylindrocarpon-like fungus also were found. Although there are problems in handling artificial baits their value as a known substrate cannot be overemphasized. The promise this research technique offers for critical in situ studies of aquatic fungi by both taxonomists and ecologists is immeasurable.

The causal agent of borde blanco disease of maize in Central America is identified as a new variety of Marasmiellus paspali. Marasmiellus paspali var. americanus differs from var. paspali by paler coloration of the pileus, lamellae and stipe. Marasmiellus paspali var. paspali is found in India, Sri Lanka and from an intercept in New Guinea. A third variety in west Africa is distinguished by the near absence of lamellae. Marasmiellus paspali sensu lato is known to colonize Zea mays, Paspalum dilatatum and Pennisetum leonis.

Strobilurus albipilatus, S. occidentalis, and S. trullisatus are described and illustrated from Canadian material. Strobilurus lignitilis, Marasmius uliginosus, and Prunulus myceliosus are considered to be synonyms of S. albipilatus. Strobilurus kemptonae is considered to be a synonym of S. trullisatus. Geographic and host ranges are expanded for all three species. Notes on extralimital species and a key to all recognized Strobilurus species are presented.

The genus Mitrula is monographed for North America. Endemic to North America are M. elegans, M. lunulatospora sp.nov., and M. borealis sp. nov. The last-named species also occurs in Europe, as does M. paludosa. Each species has a distinctive geographic range, sporulating period, and ascospore morphology.A neotype is chosen for Mitrula paludosa and both M. norvegica and M. omphalostoma are placed in synonymy with that species. Mitrula morchelloides is transferred to the genus Verpatinia. Mitrula gracilis is transferred to the genus Bryoglossum gen. nov.Each of the accepted species of Mitrula is illustrated and described, and a key to the species is given.

Using axenic cultures, Lyophyllum palustre and Galerina paludosa are shown to parasitize Sphagnum in two diferent ways. Other agaric–bryophyte relationships were examined in light of this information. Gemmae are documented for Sphagnum capillaceum.

(1979). Mycological Observations: 1, On Cristulariella; 2, On Valdensinia; 3, On Neolecta. Mycologia: Vol. 71, No. 6, pp. 1248-1253.