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The paper provides data on morphology, ecology, differentiation and distribution of the crustose, epiphytic and epixylic lichen Rinodina sibirica in Eurasia. An anatomical and morphological description of R. sibirica is provided based on 138 specimens studied. Based on these records, we show that the distribution of the species from the Russian Far East is ranging from the Kamchatka Peninsula to the Mongolian border in the south and the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Tyumen Region in the west. Current data suggest that R. sibirica is an American-Asian species with a wide Amphiberingian range, only slightly extending to Europe in the Ural Mts.

Seven genera new to science, i.e.: Helmutiopsis, Huriopsis, Johnsheardia, Klauskalbia, Kudratovia, Kurokawia and Poeltonia of the Physciaceae are proposed for the ‘Rinodina’ atrocinerea, the ‘Rinodina’ xanthophaea, the ‘Rinodina’ cinnamomea, the ‘Heterodermia’ obscurata, the ‘Rinodina’ straussii, the ‘Anaptychia’ isidiata and the ‘Physconia’ grisea groups consequently that all form strongly supported monophyletic branches in a phylogeny analysis based on a combined matrix of nrITS and mtSSU sequences. Phylogenetic positions of species belonging to the genera Kashiwadia s. l., Leucodermia, Mischoblastia,Oxnerella, Phaeorrhiza s. l., Polyblastidium and Rinodinella s. l. are discussed. Oxnerella afghanica which for the first time recorded as parasitic lichen species from both epiphytic and saxicolous crustose lichens is designated as type species for the genus Oxnerella. Sequences of the recently described Physcia orientostellaris as well as Huriopsis xanthophaea and additional sequences of Kashiwadia aff. orientalis and Mischoblastia aff. oxydata are submitted to the GenBank. The positions of Polyblastidium casaterrinum from Costa Rica, ‘Rinodina’ efflorescens from Białowieża, Poland, and ‘Mischoblastia’ confragosula from Cambodia in the Physciaceae are confirmed in a phylogeny analysis based on the nrITS sequences. The presence of ‘extraneous mycobiont DNA’ in lichen associations is exemplified with earlier incorrect identifications of Heterodermia, Kashiwadia, Kurokawia,Oxnerella and Poeltonia specimens. Fifty-six new combinations are presented: Helmutiopsis alba (for Rinodina alba Metzler ex Arn.), Helmutiopsis aspersa (for Lecanora aspersa Borrer), Helmutiopsis atrocinerea (for Parmelia atrocinerea Fr.), Huriopsis chrysidiata (for Rinodina chrysidiata Sheard), Huriopsis chrysomelaena (for Rinodina chrysomelaena Tuck.), Huriopsis lepida (for Lecanora lepida Nyl.), Huriopsis luteonigra (for Rinodina luteonigra Zahlbr.), Huriopsis plana (for Rinodina plana H. Magn.), Huriopsis thiomela (for Lecanora thiomela Nyl.), Huriopsis xanthomelana (for Rinodina xanthomelana Müll. Arg.), Huriopsis xanthophaea (for Lecanora xanthophaea Nyl.), Johnsheardia cinnamomea (for Rinodina mniaroea var. cinnamomea Th. Fr.), Johnsheardia herteliana (for Rinodina herteliana Kaschik), Johnsheardia jamesii (for Rinodina jamesii H. Mayrhofer), Johnsheardia reagens (for Rinodina reagens Matzer et H. Mayrhofer), Johnsheardia zwackhiana (for Lecanora zwackhiana Kremp.), Kashiwadia austrostellaris (for Physcia austrostellaris Elix), Kashiwadia jackii (for Physcia jackii Moberg), Kashiwadia littoralis for Physcia littoralis Elix), Kashiwadia nubila (for Physcia nubila Moberg), and Kashiwadia tropica (for Physcia tropica Elix), Klauskalbia crocea (for Heterodermia crocea R. C. Harris), Klauskalbia flabellata (for Parmelia flabellata Fée), Klauskalbia obscurata (for Physcia speciosa (Wulfen) Nyl. *obscurata Nyl.), Klauskalbia paradoxa (for Heterodermia paradoxa Schumm et Schäfer-Verwimp), Kudratovia bohlinii (for Rinodina bohlinii H. Magn.), Kudratovia candidogrisea (for Rinodina candidogrisea Hafellner, Muggia et Obermayer), Kudratovia luridata (for Buellia luridata Körb.), Kudratovia metaboliza (for Rinodina metaboliza Vain.), Kudratovia pycnocarpa (for Rinodina pycnocarpa H. Magn.), Kudratovia roscida (for Lecanora roscida Sommerf.), Kudratovia straussii (for Rinodina straussii J. Steiner), Kudratovia terrestris (for Rinodina terrestris Tomin), Kurokawia bryorum (for Anaptychia bryorum Poelt), Kurokawia isidiata (for Anaptychia isidiata Tomin), Kurokawia mereschkowskii (for Physcia mereschkowskii Tomin), Kurokawia palmulata (for Psoroma palmulatum Michx.), Kurokawia runcinata (for Lichen runcinatus With.), Kurokawia stippea (for Parmelia aquila var. stippea Ach.), Lecania safavidiorum (for Oxnerella safavidiorum S. Y. Kondr., Zarei-Darki, Lőkös et Hur), Leucodermia erinacea (for Lichen erinaceus Ach.), Mischoblastia confragosula (for Lecanora confragosula Nyl.), Mischoblastia destituta (for Lecidea destituta Nyl.), Mischoblastia moziana (for Lecanora moziana Nyl.), Mischoblastia moziana subsp. parasitica (comb. et stat. nova for Rinodina moziana var. parasitica Kaschik et H. Mayrhofer), Mischoblastia ramboldii (for Rinodina ramboldii Kaschik), Mischoblastia vezdae (for Rinodina vezdae H. Mayrhofer), Oxnerella afghanica (for Rinodina afghanica M. Steiner et Poelt), Oxnerella castanomelodes (for Rinodina castanomelodes H. Mayrhofer et Poelt), Physciella nigricans (for Lecanora nigricans Flörke), Poeltonia elegantula (for Physconia elegantula Essl.), Poeltonia grisea (for Lichen griseus Lam.), Poeltonia isidiomuscigena (for Physconia isidiomuscigena Essl.), Poeltonia perisidiosa (for Physcia perisidiosa Erichsen), Poeltonia venusta (for Parmelia venusta Ach.), and Polyblastidium albicans (for Parmelia albicans Pers.) are proposed.

Three new genera Coppinsidea, Vandenboomia and Wolseleyidea are described and the genera Ivanpisutia, Lecaniella and Myrionora are resurrected on the basis of a phylogenetic analysisof multi-locus sequence data of the Ramalinaceae including the nuclear protein-codingmarker rpb2, the internal transcribed spacer and a fragment of the small mitochondrialsubunit. The genus Hertelidea was positioned within the Ramalina clade of the phylogenetic tree of the Ramalinaceae. Bacidia sipmanii, Phyllopsora chlorophaea, P. castaneocincta and Ramalina subbreviuscula were recorded from South Korea for the first time here confirming by molecular data, too.Forty-eight new combinations are proposed: Bacidia alnetorum (basionym: Biatoraalnetorum S. Ekman et Tonsberg), Biatora amazonica (basionym: Phyllopsora amazonica Kistenich et Timdal), Biatora cuyabensis (basionym: Lecidea cuyabensis Malme), Biatora halei (basionym: Pannaria halei Tuck.), Biatora kalbii (basionym: Phyllopsora kalbii Brako), Biatora subhispidula (basionym: Psoroma subhispidulum Nyl.), Coppinsidea alba (basionym: Catillaria alba Coppins et Vězda), Coppinsidea aphana (basionym: Lecidea aphana Nyl.), Coppinsidea croatica (basionym: Catillaria croatica Zahlbr.), Coppinsidea fuscoviridis (basionym: Bilimbia fuscoviridis Anzi), Coppinsidea pallens (basionym: Bilimbia pallens Kullh.), Coppinsidea ropalosporoides(basionym: Gyalidea ropalosporoides S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkos et J.-S. Hur), Coppinsidea scotinodes (basionym: Lecidea scotinodes Nyl.), Coppinsidea sphaerella (basionym: Lecidea sphaerella Hedl.), Ivanpisutia hypophaea (basionym: Biatora hypophaea Printzen et Tonsberg), Ivanpisutia ocelliformis (basionym: Lecidea ocelliformis Nyl.), Lecaniella belgica (basionym: Lecania belgica van den Boom et Reese Naesb.), Lecaniella cyrtellina (basionym: Lecanora cyrtellina Nyl.), Lecaniella dubitans (basionym: Lecidea dubitans Nyl.), Lecaniella erysibe (basionym: Lichenerysibe Ach.), Lecaniella hutchinsiae (basionym: Lecanora hutchinsiae Nyl.), Lecaniella naegelii(basionym: Biatora naegelii Hepp), Lecaniella prasinoides (basionym: Lecania prasinoides Elenkin), Lecaniella sylvestris (basionym: Biatora sylvestris Arnold), Lecaniella tenera (basionym: Scoliciosporum tenerum Lonnr.), Mycobilimbia albohyalina (basionym: Lecidea anomala f. albohyalina Nyl.), Mycobilimbia cinchonarum (basionym: Triclinum cinchonarum Fee), Mycobilimbia concinna (basionym: Phyllopsora concinna Kistenich et Timdal), Mycobilimbia ramea (basionym:Bacidina ramea S. Ekman), Mycobilimbia siamensis (basionym: Phyllopsora siamensisKistenich et Timdal), Myrionora australis (basionym: Biatora australis Rodr. Flakus et Printzen), Myrionora ementiens (basionym: Lecidea ementiens Nyl.), Myrionora flavopunctata (basionym: Lecanora flavopunctata Tonsberg), Myrionora globulosa (basionym: Lecidea globulosa Florke), Myrionora hemipolia (basionym: Lecidea arceutina f. hemipolia Nyl.), Myrionora lignimollis (basionym: Biatora ligni-mollis T. Sprib. et Printzen), Myrionora malcolmii (basionym: Phyllopsora malcolmii Vězda et Kalb), Myrionora vacciniicola (basionym: Lecidea vacciniicola Tonsberg), Phyllopsora agonimioides (basionym: Coenogonium agonimioides J. P. Halda, S.-O. Oh et J.-S. Hur), Phyllopsora sunchonensis (basionym: Agonimia sunchonensis S. Y. Kondr. etJ.-S. Hur), Vandenboomia chlorotiza (basionym: Lecidea chlorotiza Nyl.), Vandenboomia falcata (basionym: Lecania falcata van den Boom, M. Brand, Coppins, Magain et Serus.), Wolseleyidea africana (basionym: Phyllopsora africana Timdal et Krog), Wolseleyidea byssiseda (basionym: Lecidea byssiseda Nyl. ex Hue), Wolseleyidea canoumbrina (basionym: Lecidea canoumbrina Vain.), Wolseleyidea furfurella (basionym: Phyllopsora furfurella Kistenich et Timdal), Wolseleyidea ochroxantha (basionym: Lecidea ochroxantha Nyl.), and Wolseleyidea swinscowii (basionym: Phyllopsora swinscowii Timdal et Krog). The combination Biatora longispora (Degel.)Lendemer et Printzen is validated here. The new names Biatora vezdana for Lecaniafurfuracea Vĕzda and Coppinsidea vainioana for Lecidea sphaeroidiza Vain. are proposed. The phenomenon of presence of ‘extraneous mycobiont DNA’ in lichen association, i.e. DNA, belonging neither to mycobiont nor photobiont or to endophytic fungi is for the first time illustrated. So the presence of nrITS and mtSSU sequences of crustose lichen Coppinsidea ropalosporoides in thalli of crustose Verrucaria margacea and foliose Kashiwadia orientalis, as well as nrITS of Phyllopsora sp. KoLRI in Agonimia pacifica and Biatora longispora, or nrITS and mtSSU of Biatora longispora in thalli of Agonimia pacifica, Oxneriopsis oxneri and Pyxine limbulata, Ivanpisutia oxneri in thalli of Rinodina xanthophaea, etc. is documented. Scarce cases of presence of ‘extraneous mycobiont DNA’ in representatives of the Teloschistaceae, Physciaceae known from literature data are discussed, too.

van den Boom, P. P. G., Elix, J. A. & Giralt, M. 2020. Lichen diversity of crustose Caliciaceae and Physciaceae from Alentejo, the Azores and Madeira (Portugal) including the new Amandinea madeirensis. – Herzogia 33: 420 – 431.Examination of crustose Caliciaceae and Physciaceae from Portugal (Alentejo, Madeira and the Azores) revealed the new corticolous species, Amandinea madeirensis, characterized by 16-spored asci and small Physconia-type ascospores. The new species is compared with the other known corticolous species of Buellia s. lat. with polyspored asci and a key to these species is provided. Additional information is given for a further 49 species, of which Amandinea polyspora, Rinodina teichophila and the lichenicolous fungus Wernerella maheui are new records for Portugal. The following are new records for the regions studied: Buellia mediterranea and B. caloplacivora are new to the Azores, Buellia uberiuscula and Rinodina guzzinii are new to Madeira, while most records from Alentejo are new for the province. An additional record of the rare species Buellia indissimilis, hitherto known only from two localities (including the type) in northern Portugal, is included.

Oran, S. 2020. Additions to the lichen biota of the Kaz Mountains (Canakkale-Balikesir, Turkey). – Herzogia 33: 432– 446.In the present paper, 195 lichen taxa and one lichenicolous fungus are reported from the Kaz Mountains. Rhizocarpon jemtlandicum and Rinodina moziana are new to Turkey.

Bu çalışmada Bursa ilinin Büyükorhan ve Harmancık ilçelerinin liken çeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 2014-2015 yılları arasında yapılan arazi çalışmalarında 64 farklı lokaliteden toplanan örneklerin değerlendirilmesi ile 54 cinse ait 94 liken taksonu tespit edilmiştir. Bu taksonlardan 10 tanesi Bursa ili için yeni kayıttır. Ayrıca, 41 tanesi Büyükorhan ilçesi, 67 tanesi Harmancık ilçesi için yeni kayıt durumundadır. Çalışma alanında içerdiği takson sayısı bakımından en zengin cinsler sırasıyla Lecanora, Ramalina, Physcia, Physconia ve Rinodina olarak bulunmuştur., In this study, the lichen diversity of Büyükorhan and Harmancık districts in the city of Bursa were investigated. 94 lichen taxa belonging to 54 genera were determined by evaluating samples collected from 64 different localities in field studies conducted between 2014 and 2015. 10 taxa for Bursa province are new records. In addition, 41 taxa for Büyükorhan district, 67 taxa for Harmancık district are new records. The richest genera in terms of the number of taxa included in the study area were found as Lecanora, Ramalina, Physcia, Physconia and Rinodina, respectively.

Among hitherto unidentified collections of lichens from Brazil and Venezuela, we have encountered several new taxa, twelve of which are described in the present paper, viz. Absconditella rosea, Absconditella viridithallina, Allographa hypostictica, Astrothelium miniannulare, Astrothelium rhinothallinum, Astrothelium trematum, Chiodecton graphidastroides, Graphis halonata, Lecanactis malmideoides, Maronora cyanosora, Rinodina densisidiata and Rinodina maronisidiata. The new genus Maronora is described to accommodate an enigmatic species with Lecanora habitus but with a Fuscidea ascus.

Data on 54 new for China, India, Korea and Russia species of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi, including 22 new for science taxa of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi, i.e.: Acarospora ulleungdoensis, Amandinea trassii, Aspicilia geumodoensis, Biatora ivanpisutii, Caloplaca patwolseleyae, Catillaria ulleungdoensis, Coenogonium agonimieoides, Gyalidea austrocoreana, G. ropalosporoides, Opegrapha briancoppinsii, O. ulleungdoensis, Phyllopsora loekoesii, Psoroglaena coreana, Psorotichia gyelnikii, Rinodina oxneriana, Scoliciosporum jasonhurii, Staurothele oxneri, Stigmidium coarctatae, Thelocarpon ulleungdoense, Thelopsis loekoesii, Toninia poeltiana, Unguiculariopsis helmutii, and and 7 new species to China (Caloplaca ussuriensis, Megaspora rimisorediata, Rinodina xanthophaea, Rusavskia dasanensis, Xanthoria splendens, Zeroviella coreana, Z. esfahanensis), and 1 new species to India (Zeroviella esfahanensis), and 24 new species to Korea (Agonimia blumii, Arthonia rinodinicola, Buelliella minimula,...

Data on about 27 new for South Korea species of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi, including one new for science genus Verseghya and 11 new for science species, i.e.: Agominia loekoesii, Lecanora pseudosambuci, Nectriopsis verseghyklarae, Polysporina golubkovae, Protoparmeliopsis zerovii, Psoroglaena chirisanensis, Pyrenopsis chejudoensis, Ropalospora chirisanensis, Thelopsis chirisanensis, Trapelia coreana, and Verseghya klarae, as well as 27 taxa newly recorded for the country (Biatora aff. subduplex, Buellia cf. uberior, Caloplaca kedrovopadensis, Catillaria chalybaea, Coenogonium isidiatum, Dibaeis yurii, Halecania australis, H. lobulata, Intralichen christiansenii, Ivanpisutia oxneri, Lecania cf. olivacella, Lecanora lojkahugoi, L. sulphurea, Lecidella mandshurica, Lichenoconium erodens, Micarea lithinella, M. aff. stipitata, Muellerella pygmaea var. pygmaea, Oxneria alfredii, Pertusaria aff. flavocorallina, Phaeosporobolus alpinum, Polycoccum innatum, Porina fluminea, Rinodina xanthophaea, Ropa...

Urbanavichus, G., Vondrak, J., Urbanavichene, I., Palice, Z. & Malicek, J. 2020. Lichens and allied non-lichenized fungi of virgin forests in the Caucasus State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Western Caucasus, Russia). – Herzogia 33: 90 –138.We report on 659 epiphytic and epixylic species recorded from seven one-hectare plots established along an altitudinal gradient in a virgin forest of the Caucasus State Nature Biosphere Reserve. A total of 564 species are lichens, 61 are lichenicolous fungi and 34 are allied non- or facultatively lichenized fungi. one hundred forty – nine species (116 lichens, 17 lichenicolous and 16 saprophytic fungi) are new to the Northern Caucasus, including 133 species (104 lichens, 15 lichenicolous and 14 saprophytic fungi) that are new to the Caucasus Mountains. Fifty species are reported from Russia for the first time: 37 lichens (Andreiomyces obtusaticus, Bacidina mendax, Biatora aegrefaciens, B. bacidioides, B. chrysanthoides, Biatorella dryophila, Buellia iberica, Cliostomum haematommatis, Endohyalina ericina, Fellhanera christiansenii, Gyalidea minuta, Japewia aliphatica, Lecanora barkmaniana, L. subravida, Lecidea strasseri, Leptogium hibernicum, Lithothelium hyalosporum, L. phaeosporum, L. septemseptatum, Loxospora cristinae, Melanelixia epilosa, Micarea nowakii, M. perparvula, Opegrapha trochodes, Orcularia insperata, Parvoplaca servitiana, Phylloblastia inexpectata, Psoroglaena stigonemoides, Ptychographa xylographoides, Ramonia dictyospora, R. luteola, Rinodina polysporoides, Thelopsis flaveola, Topelia jasonhurii, Verrucaria hegetschweileri, Wadeana minuta, Waynea giraltiae), nine lichenicolous fungi (Arthonia vorsoeensis, Didymocyrtis melanelixiae, Epigloea urosperma, Muellerella polyspora, Phacographa zwackhii, Pronectria pilosa, Rhymbocarpus pubescens, Taeniolella friesii, Unguiculariopsis acrocordiae) and four non-lichenized saprophytic fungi (Cyrtidula major, Karschia cezannei, Kirschsteiniothelia recessa, Pseudotryblidium neesii).The ratio of macrolichens ranges between 26.5 – 40 % and rises with elevation. Lichens with a trentepohlioid photobiont are represented by 15 –51 species per plot and their species richness decreases with elevation. The species richness of cyanolichens is substantial in all plots (15 –28 species) reflecting a negligible effect of acidification/air pollution. Low species richness and low abundances of nitrophilous species indicate insignificant uptake of nitrogen emissions. Beech and fir are the most preferred phorophytes, but the vast majority of lichen species have low substrate specificity. Species richness per plots ranged between 236 and 379. The highest richness was found in a plot outside the Caucasian Reserve and we recommend its inclusion into the protected area.

Urbanavichus, G. & Urbanavichene, I. 2015. New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the NW Caucasus (Russia). — Herzogia 28: 185–192. Twenty-two noteworthy records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the northwestern Caucasus are listed, of which 11 are reported for the first time for Russia: Abrothallus acetabuli, Arthonia diploiciae, Dendrographa decolorans, Leptosphaeria ramalinae, Lecania sambucina, Polycoccum rinodinae, Rinodina fimbriata, Stigmidium clauzadei, Verrucaria corticola, V. phloeophila and V. schindleri. Brief taxonomic descriptions, comments, and notes on localities, habitat, substrata and distribution of the species are given.

Mayrhofer, H., Obermayer, W. & Wetschnig, W. 2014. Corticolous species of the genus Rinodina (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) in southern Africa. — Herzogia 27: 1–12.Four corticolous species of Rinodina are recorded from southern Africa: Rinodina albocincta, R. australiensis, R. capensis and R. ficta. Rinodina boleana is regarded as a synonym of R. ficta. A key to the species is provided. Characters, distribution and habitats are discussed.

Motiejūnaitė, J. & Grochowski, P. 2014. Miscellaneous new records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi. — Herzogia 27: 193–198. New localities for 8 species of lichens and 12 species of lichenicolous fungi are reported. New to Belarus is Cornutispora lichenicola, to Brazil — Pronectria subimperspicua, to Denmark — Lichenochora obscuroides. Diederichia pseudeverniae, Myriospora heppii and Tremella hypogymniae are reported for the first time for Latvia, Agonimia flabelliformis, Caloplaca chlorina, Chaenotheca laevigata, Cladonia cryptochlorophaea, Lecidea ahlesii, Pertusaria coronata, Polycauliona ucrainica, Pronectria minuta and Rinodina aspersa — for Lithuania, Rhymbocarpus aggregatus — for Lithuania and Portugal. New localities in Italy are reported for Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa, Briancoppinsia cytospora, Cornutispora lichenicola, Diederichia pseudeverniae, in Denmark — for Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum and Xanthoriicola physciae.

Alpsoy, L., A. Asian, E. Kotan, G. Agar & M. Anar. 2011. Protective role of two lichens in human lymphocytes in vitro. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 20(7): 1661–1666. Aptroot, A. 2011. Mossen en korstmossen op aangevoerde olijfbomen en geimporteerde stenige substraten [Mosses and lichens on introduced olive trees with notes on further introduced mosses]. Buxbaumiella 90: 31–37. [In Dutch with English abstract.] Armaleo, D., F. Lutzoni, F. Collart, S. Baker, J. Magnuson, O. Andresson, D. Auberry, D. Culley, F. Dietrich, I. Grigoriev, B. Hodkinson, S. Karpowicz, A. Kuo, P. Larsen, F. Martin, T. McDonald, S. Merchant, E. Morin, O. Mueller, E. Panisko, M. V. Sanchez, I. Small & B. B. Xavier. 2011. Systems Biology of Lichen Systems: Pure Cultures of Cladonia grayi and Lichen-Dominated Biological Soil Crusts. Pages 158–159. In DOE Genomic Science: Systems Biology for Energy and Environment. Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN. ———, X. Sun & C. Culberson. 2011. Insights from the first putative biosynthetic gene cluster for a lichen depside and depsidone. Mycologia 103(4): 741–754. Armstrong, R. A. 2010. Lobe formation and division in the foliose lichen Xanthoparmelia conspersa. Symbiosis 51(3): 227–232. Arslan, B., S. Ozturk & S. Oran. 2011. Lecanora, Phaeophyscia and Rinodina species new to Turkey. Mycotaxon 116: 49–52. Asplund, J. 2011. Chemical races of Lobaria pulmonaria differ in palatability to gastropods. The Lichenologist 43(5): 491–494. ———. 2011. Snails avoid the medulla of Lobaria pulmonaria and L. scrobiculata due to presence of secondary compounds. Fungal Ecology 4(5): 356–358. Aydin, E. & H. Turkez. 2011. Antioxidant and genotoxicity screening of aqueous extracts of four lichens collected from north east Anatolia. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 20(8A): 2085–2091. Azizuddin & M. I. Choudhary. 2011. Radical scavenging and lipoxygenase inhibition studies of the compounds isolated from a medicinal lichen, Usnea longissima. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 47(3): 481–484. Ballantyne, K. & E. Nol. 2011. Nesting habitat selection and hatching success of whimbrels near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Waterbirds 34(2): 151–159. Beeching, S. Q. 2009. ‘I Like You but What Can You Do, Can You be a Bird?’: Adventures in the Lichen Trade. Public Domain, Inc., Atlanta, GA. 185 pp. ———. 2011. The Licheniad. Squamules Unlimited, New York. 28 verses. [Available at http://squamules.blogspot.com/ 2011/02/licheniad.html.] ———. 2011. Three rhymes on the lichen symbiosis occasioned by a lichen video’s narrator having said that the lichen fungus eats the lichen algae. Squamules Unlimited, New York. 3 verses. [Available at http://squamules. blogspot.com/2011/01/poemules.html.] 1 Corresponding author: brendan.hodkinson@gmail.com The cumulative database for this series is available in searchable form on the World Wide Web at http:// www.nhm.uio.no/botanisk/lav/RLL/RLL.HTM; for more recent entries, full abstracts of electronically available articles will be databased along with the information published here. We owe thanks to Einar Timdal for his work on the RLL database, to James Lendemer for proofreading this manuscript, to Bill Buck for alerting us to some of the more obscure sources, to Jim Bennett for sharing his Scopus alerts, and to the cooperating authors who send reprints or electronic versions of their works to us for inclusion. DOI: 10.1639/007-2745-115.1.183

A new isidiate, xanthone-producing species,Rinodina chrysidiata, is described and compared in detail withR. xanthophaea, a species with which it co-occurs in eastern Asia. The two species have an identical chemistry but are clearly separated by their differing lichenized diaspores, thallus morphology and ascospore type.

Rinodina campestris, R. megistospora and R. terricola are described as new to science. Rinodina boleana is recorded for the first time from North America and is compared in detail to R. pyrina and R. imshaugii and all are shown to possess Dirinaria-type spores.

46 Species of lichenized fungi are reported from Kopet Dagh and Ala Dagh in northern Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan, Iran. Among these Diplotomma pharcidium, Lecanora subrugosa, Rinodina zwackhiana and Seirophora austroarabica are newly recorded for Iran and eight species newly for the respective provinces. A north-eastern element in the Iranian lichen flora is postulated, including Anaptychia roemeri and Seirophora orientalis.

Seven species of lichenized fungi (Carbonea vorticosa, Gregorella humida, Porpidia tuberculosa, Protomicarea limosa, Rinodina turfacea, Solenopsora holophaea, and Thelenella modesta) are new to Turkey. Gregorella humida is also new to Asia. For each a short description is presented.

While working with herbarium material of Rinodina xanthophaea (Nyl.) Zahlbr. the authors studied structure and distribution features of the species. Since no description or information on distribution of R. xanthophaea is cited in the Vol. 10 of the «Handbook of the Lichens of Russia», we summarize published and original data in the paper.

Malicek* J., Palice Z. & Vondrak J. 2018: Additions and corrections to the lichen biota of the Czech Republic. – Herzogia 31: 453–475.This contribution presents new records of lichenized and “lichen-allied” fungi for the Czech Republic and a list of all recently published species missing in the last national checklist (Liska & Palice 2010). Lecanora tephraea is supposed to be synonymous with L. cenisia and the lectotype is designated here. Polyblastia brunnensis is synonymized with Thelidium zwackhii. Caloplaca fiumana, lectotypified here, was found to be an older name of the recently described taxon Caloplaca substerilis subsp. orbicularis. Candelariella subdeflexa is replaced by C. blastidiata in the national checklist; Lecanora reagens is excluded from the Czech lichen biota. Twenty nine species are published as new to the Czech Republic: Absconditella rubra, Alyxoria ochrocheila, Aspicilia verrucigera, Blastenia hungarica, Carbonicola anthracophila, Chaenothecopsis montana, C. savonica, Epigloea pleiospora, E. urosperma, Gyalecta ophiospora, Lecanora epibryon, L. flavoleprosa, L. silvae-nigrae, L. stenotropa, Leptorhaphis maggiana, Micarea tomentosa, Myriolecis perpruinosa, Ochrolechia mahluensis, Parmelia serrana, Peltigera ponojensis, Pertusaria borealis, Placynthium caesium, Protoblastenia lilacina, Ramalina europaea, Rinodina trevisanii, Strigula glabra, Verrucaria subcincta, Xanthomendoza huculica and Xylographa soralifera. Including the cited taxa, the lichen biota of the Czech Republic currently comprises 1691 taxa.

Well-developed ascospores ofRinodina flavosoraliferahave been observed for the first time. The ascospores are described and illustrated and new data on the chemistry and distribution of this species are provided. New chorological data onRinodina disjunctaare also included.

Buellia nordinii , a new muscicolous or lignicolous species characterized by a blastidiatethalluscontainingatranorin,apotheciawithafinegranularsurface,markedlyenlargedparaphysestipsand large triseptate ascospores is described from Venezuela. The species grows in very humidsituations near the ground in open paramo vegetation at high elevations. It is compared with otherknown asexually reproducing and triseptate Buellia taxa. Key words: Lecanoromycetes, lichenized fungi, Physciaceae , South America, taxonomy Introduction A very characteristic specimen of Buellia wasfound growing with Rinodina fuscoisidiata Giralt et al . (2010: 3, sub Buellia aff. proxi-mata ), an isidiate, muscicolous taxon re-cently described from high altitudes in theParamo vegetation of Venezuela (Giralt et al .2010).Thepresenceofadditionalspecimensintheherbariumofthesecondauthor(hb.K.Kalb) allowed detailed morphological andchemical studies which have shown that theycan be clearly distinguished from all otherknown triseptate

A comparative study of the morphology, anatomy and chemistry of Buellia lindingeri and Rinodina hallii clearly shows that these taxa are very closely related but not conspecific. The unique epihymenia distinguishes them from most species of both Buellia and Rinodina but, as they are more closely related to Rinodina, Buellia lindingeri is transferred to that genus.

Rinodina fuscoisidiata, a muscicolous isidiate species with large isidia andPachysporaria-type ascospores is described from Venezuela. This species contains an unknown terpene as a major secondary metabolite in addition to traces of atranorin. It is compared with the four known isidiateRinodinataxa.

The genus Endohyalina is characterized by crustose, autonomous, or obligately lichenicolous thalli, lecideine apothecia with a hymenium often more or less inspersed with oil droplets and a brown hypothecium, Bacidia-type asci, small Dirinaria-type ascospores developing with type B ontogeny, bacilliform conidia and containing diploicin as the major secondary metabolite. The genus is based on four species previously included in Rinodina—R. ericina s. lat., R. insularis, R. interjecta and R. kalbii—and on two lichenicolous species from the Canary Islands described here as new, Endohyalina brandii and E. diederichii. The generic type, Endohyalina rappii, is reduced to synonymy with E. ericina whereas E. circumpallida is excluded from the genus and returned to Buellia s. lat. Except for the thalline growth form and the common lichenicolous habit, the diagnostic characters of Endohyalina are akin to those of Diploicia. New chemical data on Endohyalina insularis and E. kalbii are reported, and a simple method for determining the secondary chemistry of lichenicolous fungi is provided.

The silicicolous lichen species,Rinodina etayoiGiralt & van den Boom, is described as new from inland localities of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (Canary Islands). It is characterized by a crustose, whitish thallus containing atranorin, zeorin, chloroatranorin and stictic acid, hemispheric pseudolecanorine apothecia containing, a proper exciple inspersed with numerous and large oil drops, and by ascospores of theMischoblastia-type. The joint occurrence of pannarin, stictic acid andMischoblastia-type ascospores makesR. etayoiunique within the genus.

Abdulla, S. T., H. Hamid, M. Ali, S. H. Ansari & M. S. Alam. 2007. Two new terpenes from the lichen Parmelia perlata. Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section B, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry 46(1): 173–176. [Two new terpenes also showed antimicrobial activity.] Adler, M. & S. Calvelo. 2007. Ampliacion de las distribuciones de especies de Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota liquenizados) en la Republica Argentina. Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 42(1–2): 1–11. [Notes on distribution of 18 spp. in 7 genera in Argentina and elsewhere. In Spanish with English abstract.] Alcantara, G. B., N. K. Honda, M. M. C. Ferreira & A. G. Ferreira. 2007. Chemometric analysis applied in H HRMAS NMR and FT-IR data for chemotaxonomic distinction of intact lichen samples. Analytica Chimica Acta 595(1–2): 3–8. [‘‘In comparison to other traditional techniques, H HR-MAS NMR and FT-IR [H high resolution magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared] allied with chemometrics provided a fast and economic method for lichen chemotaxonomy.’’] Anderson, F. 2007. An assessment of the status of cyanolichens in Nova Scotia. Evansia 24(2): 23–24. [New conservation analysis using General Status assessment process.] Aptroot, A., W. Saipunkaew, H. J. M. Sipman, L. B. Sparrius & P. Wolseley. 2007. New lichens from Thailand, mainly microlichens from Chiang Mai. Fungal Diversity 24: 75– 134. [300+ spp. new to Thailand. New: Bacidina penicillata Aptroot, Caceres, Lucking & Sparrius sp. nov., Bactrospora inspersa Aptroot sp. nov., Brigantiaea lobulatisidiata Aptroot sp. nov., Enterographa inthanonensis Sparrius sp. nov., Gassicurtia clathrisidiata Aptroot sp. nov., Haematomma parda Aptroot sp. nov., Hypoflavia crustosa Aptroot sp. nov., Lopezaria isidiza (Makhija & Nagarkar) Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., Malcolmiella aurigera (Fee) Aptroot comb. nov., Phaeographopsis indica (Patw. & Nagarkar) Sipman & Aptroot comb. nov., Pyrenula aurantiopileata Aptroot sp. nov., Pyrrhospora fuscisidiata Aptroot & Wolseley sp. nov., P. luminescens Aptroot & Wolseley sp. nov., Rinodina citrinisidiata Aptroot & Wolseley sp. nov., Septotrapelia Apotroot & Chaves gen. nov., S. triseptata (Hepp) Aptroot comb. nov., S. glauca Aptroot & Chaves sp. nov., and Triclinum sorediatum Aptroot & Sparrius sp. nov.] ———, H. F. van Dobben, P. A. Slim & H. Olff. 2007. The role of cattle in maintaining plant species diversity in wet dune valleys. Biodiversity and Conservation 16(5): 1541–1550. [33 year study of permanent plots on the Wadden Sea, The Netherlands. ‘‘The total vascular plant, moss and lichen diversity of the dune ecosystem can be maintained by a combination of extensive cattle grazing and a regular but limited re-creation of pioneer situations.’’] Archer, A. W. 2007. Additional lichen records from Australia 63. Graphis cleistoblephara Nyl. and Graphis plagiocarpa Fee. Australasian Lichenology 61: 6–7. [Specimens from Queensland and corrections of previous reports.] ——— & J. A. Elix. 2007. New species and new reports in the Australian Graphidaceae. Telopea 11(4): 451–462. [New: Anomomorpha roseola sp. nov. (New South Wales), Fissurina praetermissa sp. nov. (New South Wales), Graphis eimeoensis sp. nov. (Queensland), G. gloriosensis sp. nov. (Queensland, New South Wales); 9 other taxa are new to Australia.] ——— & ———. 2007. Two new species in the Australian Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina). Australasian Lichenology 61: 18–20. [New: Acanthothecis borealis sp. nov. and Graphis cyasicola sp. nov. (both Northern Territory).] Arguello, A., A. Crespo & D. L. Hawksworth. 2007. Neoand epitypifications to fix the application of the names * The cumulative database for this series is available in searchable form on the World Wide Web at http://www.nhm.uio.no/botanisk/bot-mus/ lav/sok_rll.htm. I owe special thanks to Bill Buck for providing copies of papers by other authors, which were otherwise unavailable to me, and to the cooperating authors who send reprints or electronic versions of their works to me for inclusion in this series.

AHMADJIAN, V. 2002. Trebouxia: reflections on a perplexing and controversial lichen photobiont, pp. 375–383. 4 figs. In J. Seckbach (ed.), Symbiosis: Mechanisms and Model Systems. Cellular Origin and Life in Extreme Habitats 4. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London. AHTI, T. & P. DEPRIEST. 2005. (1657–1665) Proposals to conserve eight names and reject one species name in Cladoniaceae (Fungi). Taxon 54: 183–188. [Proposed for conservation: Baeomyces bacillaris Ach., Cenomyce coniocraea Florke, C. polydactyla Florke, C. stellaris Opiz, Cladonia macilenta Hoffm., C. ochrochlora Florke, C. rangiformis Hoffm., C. transcendens (Vainio) Vainio. Proposed for rejection: Lichen monocarpus Ach.] ANZAI, T. & H. HARADA. 2004. On prefectural red lists of lichens in Japan. Lichenology 3: 71–73. 1 tab. [In Japanese.] APTROOT, A. 2004. Redisposition of some, mostly pyrenocarpous, lichens described by Zahlbruckner from Taiwan. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 34: 31–38. 4 figs. [New: Fissurina micromma (Zahlbr.) comb. nov., Staurothele desquamescens (Zahlbr.) comb. nov.] APTROOT, A. 2004. [Review] C. Roux & E. Serusiaux. Le genre Strigula (Lichens) en Europe et en Macaronesie. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 90. 96 pp. J. Cramer, Berlin. 2004. Mycotaxon 90: 479–480. APTROOT, A. & L. B. SPARRIUS. 2003. New microlichens from Taiwan. Fungal Diversity 14: 1–50. 14 figs. [Reports 288 spp. new to Taiwan. New: Arthonia parantillarum Aptroot sp. nov. (Taiwan), Buellia obscurior (Stirton) comb. nov., Rimularia gyromuscosa Aptroot sp. nov. (Taiwan), Rinodina placynthielloides Aptroot sp. nov. (Taiwan), R. pluriloculata sp. nov. (China, Yunnan), R. punctosorediata sp. nov. (Taiwan), Vezdaea flava sp. nov. (Taiwan).] APTROOT, A., L. SPARRIUS & L. SPIER. 2004. Lichens in the Noordoostpolder (Netherlands, Prov. Flevoland). Aktuelle Lichenologische Mitteilungen, NF 13: 12–16. APTROOT, A., C. M. VAN HERK, L. B. SPARRIUS & J. L. SPIER. 2004. Checklist van de Nederlandse korstmossen en korstmossparasieten [Checklist of the lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Netherlands]. Buxbaumiella 69: 17–55. [Lists 871 spp., including 100 lichenicolous fungi and 14 related non-lichen fungi.] ARCHER, A. W. 2004. Pertusariaceae, pp. 116–172. In P. M. McCarthy & K. Mallett (eds.), Flora of Australia. Volume 56A, Lichens 4. ABRS/CSIRO Australia, Melbourne. [Treatment of the genus Pertusaria (119 spp.).]

A comparison of Buellia turgescens Nyl. ex Tuck. with B. badia (Fr.) A. Massal. demonstrates that the two taxa are identical. Both have very similar thalli, identical apothecial anatomy, identical size and structure of the ascospores, and bacilliform conidia. Consequently, B. turgescens should not be included in the genus Amandinea, which was erected to accommodate species of Buellia s.l. and Rinodina s.l. with filiform conidia. Thalli of B. badia show juvenile parasitism on foliose and crustose lichens, but with age become independent. The distribution of B. badia is shown in southwestern North America.

Fourteen new species are described from western North America– Rinodina aurantiaca, R. badiexcipula, R. boulderensis, R. californiensis, R. endospora, R. grandilocularis, R. innata, R. juniperina, R. lignicola, R. lobulata, R. macrospora, R. pacifica, R. perreagens, and R. verruciformis. Characters on which they are based are discussed in detail and a new spore type for Rinodina is introduced. The new species are compared to others, with which they might be confused and a key provided. Rinodina dolichospora is recorded for the first time from North America.

Biatora printzenii sp. nov. is described from eastern North America. Cheiromycina flabelliformis, Chrysothrix chrysophthalma, Opegrapha corticola, and Rinodina flavosoralifera are reported new to North America. The report in The Bryologist 99: 196 (1996) of Fuscidea lightfootii as new to North America was based on misidentifications.

Thirteen species and one variety of lichens, nine lichenicolous and two saprobic fungi are reported for the first time for St. Petersburg, the whole Leningrad Region or its western or eastern parts. The lichens Bacidina brandii, B. neosquamulosa, Porina leptalea, Rinodina aspersa and the lichenicolous fungus Scutula dedicata are reported for the first time for Russia, lichenicolous fungus Lichenoconium aeruginosum – for European Russia, the lichen Tetramelas chloroleucus , lichenicolous fungi Lichenoconium pyxidatae and Tremella cetrariicola are new for the North-Western European Russia. The most interesting records are briefly discussed.

A new corticolous lichen, Rinodina turfaceoides, is described from the Serra de Estrela (Portugal). It is characterized mainly by the blastidiate thallus, large apothecia covered by a thick, yellow-orange pruina, large Physcia-type ascospores and chemistry. The new species is compared with the closely related but mainly muscicolous, R. turfacea, as well as with other corticolous Rinodina species with vegetative propagules, including R. colobinoides and R. disjuncta. Habit photographs of the new species and illustrations of its ascospores are also provided.

A phylogenetic hypothesis based on nuclear ITS sequence data is presented for the family Physciaceae based on various representatives of foliose and fruticose groups and a number of species selected from the crustose genera Rinodina and Buellia s.l. The analysis supports the monophyly of the Physcia- and the Buellia- groups. This is in agreement with existing morphological evidence, particularly ascus characters. The Physcia group in the analysis includes the genera Anaptychia, Heterodermia, Hyperphyscia, Mobergia, Phaeophyscia, Phaeorrhiza, Physcia, Physconia, Rinodina, and Rinodinella, while the Buellia group includes Amandinea, Buellia and Diploicia. The genera Physcia, Phaeophyscia, Phaeorrhiza and Rinodinella were well supported as monophyletic groups. The support for Physconia is low. Rinodina and Buellia are not supported as monophyletic genera. In agreement with ascus and ascospore characters, Buellia lindingeri is placed within the Rinodina group, close R. lecanorina. The genus Amandinea as currently circumscribed was not supported as a monophyletic group. The analysis confirms results from other lichen families that foliose members have evolved more than once from crustose lichens. Rinodina and Rinodinella species without chemical compounds in their thalli form the sister group to Phaeophyscia, and both groups form a monophyletic assemblage. A more detailed analysis of the Physcia group is presented. Whilst several of the foliose genera were well supported, there is only poor support for traditionally accepted crustose genera. The taxonomic implications of these findings are discussed.

The identity of photobionts from 20 species of the Physciaceae from different habitats and geographical regions has been determined by ITS rDNA sequence comparisons in order to estimate the diversity of photobionts within that lichen group, to detect patterns of specificity of mycobionts towards their photobionts and as a part of an ongoing study to investigate possible parallel cladogenesis of both symbionts. Algal-specific PCR primers have been used to determine the ITS rDNA sequences from DNA extractions of dried lichens that were up to 5 years old. Direct comparisons and phylogenetic analyses allowed the assignment of Physciaceae photobionts to four distinct clades in the photobiont ITS rDNA phylogeny. The results indicate a diversity within the genus Trebouxia Puymaly and Physciaceae photobionts that is higher than expected on the basis morphology alone. Physciaceae photobionts belonged to 12 different ITS lineages of which nine could unambiguously be assigned to six morphospecies of Trebouxia. The identity of the remaining three sequences was not clarified; they may represent new species. Specificity at the generic level was low as a whole range of photobiont species were found within a genus of Physciaceae and different ranges were detected. The photobionts of Physcia (Schreb.) Michaux were closely related and represented one morphospecies of Trebouxia, whereas the algal partners of Buellia De Not and Rinodina (Ach.) Gray were in distant lineages of the ITS phylogeny and from several Trebouxia morphospecies. Photobiont variation within a genus of Physciaceae may be due to phylogeny, geographical distance or because photobionts from neighbouring lichens were taken (“algal sharing“). At the species level Physciaceae mycobionts seem to be rather selective and contained photobionts that were very closely related within one morphospecies of Trebouxia.

Thirteen lichen species are reported new for Washington State: Agonimia tristicula, Arthonia macounii, Fulgensia subbracteata, Hypocenomyce anthracophila, Lecanora albellula, Lecanora hybocarpa, Leptogium schraderi, Massalongia microphylliza, Physconia leucoleiptes, Rinodina calcigena, Solorina bispora, Thyrea confusa, and Toninia tristis var. scholanderi. These reports are from seven localities, mostly from the drier, eastern counties. I highlight the need for statewide conservation assessment of these species.

The lichen and lichenicolous fungi of Gevne Valley in the provinces of Konya and Antalya are presented. From 47 localities, 215 lichen and 18 lichenicolous fungi are reported for a total 233 infrageneric taxa. Four taxa are new records for Turkey: Lecanora flowersiana H. Magn., L. invadens H. Magn., Psora cerebriformis W.A. Weber, and Rinodina colobinoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Detailed information on these 4 taxa is provided along with photographs.

Christensen, S. N.: Lichens from thickets of Buxus, Carpinus and Juniperus on Mt Vourinos, Makedhonia, North Central Greece. — Willdenowia 30: 375–386. 2000. — ISSN 0511-9618. 76 taxa of mainly epiphytic and epigeous lichens are reported from Mt Vourinos in Makedhonia, Greece. 12 taxa are new to Greece, viz. Buellia erubescens, B. insignis, Caloplaca cerina var. muscorum, C. necator, Cladonia merochlorophaea var. novochlorophaea, Lecanora leptyrodes, Parmelia subargentifera, Physcia dubia, Ramalina fraxinea var. calicariformis, Rinodina conradi, R. septentrionalis and Scoliciosporum umbrinum var. corticola. Seven additional taxa are new to the Greek mainland, viz. Aspicilia cheresina var. justii, Caloplaca conglomerata, Candelariella reflexa, Cladonia symphycarpa, Parmelia pulla var. pokornyi, P. tinctina and Pertusaria rhodiensis. Ecological aspects are briefly discussed.

Rinodina dalmatica Zahlbr., an epiphytic lichen until now only known from Croatia, France, Greece, Italy and Portugal, is reported for the first time in Spain, in several southern localities. A short description of this species and a report of the differences observed in studied specimens with regard to previous descriptions are provided.

Rinodina peloleuca (Physciaceae) is an austral, maritime lichen species occurring in Tasmania and New Zealand, in southern South America, on subantarctic islands, and in maritime Antarctica. Together with other species, it indicates an austral connection in maritime lichens of the Southern Hemisphere. Chemically, the species is characterised by the presence of skyrin and triterpenes. Rinodina antarctica, R. deceptionis, R. endochrysodes, R. philomelensis, and, possibly, R. aspicilina are synonyms of R. peloleuca. The lichenicolous fungi Muellerella lichenicola, Polycoccum sp., Pyrenidium actinellum, and an unidentified coelomycete occur on the species.

Summary Six lichens [Candelariella viae-lacteae Thor & V. Wirth, Chrysothrix flavovirens Tonsberg, Psoroglaena stigonemoides (Orange) Henssen, Ramonia calcicela Canals & Gomez-Bolea, Rinodina malangica (Norman) Arnold, and Strigula calcarea Bricaud & Roux] are reported for the first time from Italy. A brief morpho-anatomical description of each species and critical notes on ecology and geographic distribution are given.

A revision of saxicolous species of the genus Rinodina (Ach.) Gray (lichenized Ascomycetes. Phvsciaceae) in southern Africa is presented. The study area covers the following countries: Angola. Namibia. Republic of South Africa. Lesotho.Swaziland, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. Fifteen Rinodina species are treated in detail, and three of them are new to science: Rinodina longisperma Matzer & H.Mayrhofer. R. scabridula Matzer & H.Mayrhofer, and R. striatitunicata Matzer &H.Mayrhofer. The general part of the study includes information on the most important characters of the species with a special focus on ascospore types and ontogeny, and biogeographical notes are also given. A key to the species is provided. All the species are described in detail with notes on their ascus characters, spermogonial apparatus, and chemical characteristics, and their substrate and general distribution are indicated. The descriptions are accompanied by illustrations of the ascospores. Except for Rinodina oxydata s.I., the distribution of all the species in southern Africa and other parts of Africa respectively, is mapped.Several names were referred into synonymy, including Rinodina almbornii H.Mayrhofer. a synonym of R. confragosula (Nyl. in Cromb.) Miill.Arg.. and R. depressa (Vain.) Zahlbr. and R. albicans H.Mayrhofer which are synonymous to R. huillensis Vain.A separate section encompasses nine excluded species.

A total of 230 taxa of lichenized fungi are reported from epiphytic habitats in Armenia based on field studies from 2011 to 2015 and evaluation of the available literature. For each species, notes on taxonomy, chemistry, ecology, and local, regional and world distribution are presented, as well as presence in the protected areas of the country. An identification key for all species is added. Of the total, 219 are specialized epiphytes, rarely found on other substrates, while 11 species occur only incidentally on bark and more usually on rock. The epiphytic lichenized fungi of Armenia belong to 13 orders, 34 families and 88 genera. The most species-rich higher taxa are Lecanorales ( Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, Teloschistaceae ), Arthoniales, Peltigerales and Pertusariales . Lecanora , Usnea and Phaeophyscia are the most species-rich genera. The following 28 taxa are new records for Armenia: Arthonia atra , Bacidia biatorina , Bacidina adastra , Biatora longispora , Bryoria fuscescens , Bryostigma muscigenum, Buellia erubescens , Candelariella efflorescens , Flavoparmelia soredians , Hypocenomyce scalaris , Lecidella cf. pulveracea , Lepraria jackii , Lepraria leuckertiana , Leptogium cyanescens, Ochrolechia pallescens , Pertusaria slesvicensis , Phaeophyscia endophoenicea , Phlyctis agelaea , Phlyctis argena , Placynthiella icmalea , Pyrrhospora quernea , Ramalina panizzei , Rinodina griseosoralifera , Rinodina polysporoides , Strigula stigmatella , Varicellaria hemisphaerica . Four genera are for the first time reported for the country, Hypocenomyce , Phlyctis , Pyrrhospora and Strigula . 188 species (82% of the epiphytic lichen mycobiota) were found in the Specially Protected Nature Areas of Armenia. The conservation status of 74 species has been evaluated following the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species categories and criteria. Among them we assessed 9 taxa as Critically Endangered, 5 taxa as Endangered, 2 taxa as Vulnerable, 4 taxa as Data Deficient and 54 taxa as Least Concern. Epiphytic lichens reported from Armenia showed predominantly holarctic distributional patterns. 187 species were found in the temperate deciduous and mixed forests, which dominate in Northern and Central Armenia, and 56 species in the open arid woodlands of Southern Armenia.

A new species, Rinodina canariensis (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae), is described. It usually grows parasitically on saxicolous crustose lichens in Macaronesia and in the Mediterranean region. It is well characterized chemically by the presence of gyrophoric acid. The characters of the new species are compared with those of other taxa of the genus Rinodina containing gyrophoric acid. Rinodina alba and R. atrocinerea are reported from the island of Madeira for the first time. A short survey of lichen-parasitic species of Rinodina is given.

Comparative studies in thePhysciaceae revealed that characters of the apical apparatus of asci differ between the various genera. Two major ascus types are observable in this family. They are found to correspond with certain ascospore types.