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A soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] mutant line producing deep purple flowers (E013-C-1) was developed from an ethylmethane sulfonate-treated population of the cultivar ‘Bay’, which has purple flowers. Genetic analysis was performed on a cross between ‘E013-C-1’ and the cultivar ‘Clark’ that had purple flowers. F₁ plants had purple flowers whereas F₂ plants segregated into a 3:1 purple/deep purple ratio. The results suggest that a single gene controls flower color and that purple color is dominant to deep purple. F₃ plants derived from F₂ plants with deep purple flowers were fixed for deep purple flowers. F₃ plants derived from F₂ plants with purple flowers segregated into two families segregating for flower color and one family that was fixed for purple flower color. The results confirmed that a single gene controls flower color and its recessive allele is responsible for deep purple flower color. The gene was designated Wd. Linkage mapping with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers suggested that the Wd gene was located between Satt612 and Sct_199 in chromosome 18. Deep purple petals contained 50% higher levels of anthocyanins than purple petals. The vacuolar pH of deep purple flowers was similar to that of purple ones. These results suggest that the Wd gene controls the amount of anthocyanins and it is responsible for the development of deep purple flowers.

Characters on hypocotyl dan cotyledon are very potential used for effective and efficient morphology marker for some crop plants. However, the information about the inheritance of qualitative and quantitative characters on hypocotyl and cotyledon of chili pepper was not available. The aim of this research was to determine the inheritance of qualitative and quantitative characters on hypocotyl and cotyledon of chili pepper. This research used purple chili pepper (P1 (IPB C20)), green chili pepper (P2 (IPB C2)), F1, F1R, BCP1, BCP2, and F2 populations. Analysis for qualitative characters used mendelian genetics analysis, whereas model genetic prediction for quantitative characters used join scaling test analysis. The result showed that hypocotyl and cotyledon color of chili pepper controlled by single gene. The gene controlling purple color was dominant than the gene controlling green color on hypocotyl, whereas the gene controlling green color was dominant than the gene controlling purple color on cotyledon. The additive-dominant genetic model with influence of additive-additive and additive-dominant interaction was suitable for hypocotyl length. The additive-dominant genetic model with influence of additive-dominant and dominant-dominant interaction was suitable for hypocotyls diameter. The additive-dominant genetic model with influence of additive-additive and dominant-dominant interaction was suitable for cotyledon width and cotyledon length. Keywords: genetic model, morfology marker, natural cross-pollination

Ascorbic acid plays an important role in the growth and immunity of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, a valuable commercial species in China, South Korea, and Japan. In this study, we investigated the dietary ascorbic acid requirements of two newly discovered color morphs of A. japonicus, white and purple, and compared them with that of the common green morph. Six test diets were formulated containing 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per kg, as l-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate. The color morphs were fed the test diets for 60 days, and their growth, energy budget, and immunological performance recorded. Dietary ascorbic acid levels had a significant effect on the growth of A. japonicus (P

The main floral scent compounds and the dynamic changes in the flower opening process of Symplocos decora, S. botryantha, and S. paniculata were analyzed by SPME and GC-MS techniques. The results showed that terpenes and alcohols are the main floral scent compounds in S. decora with purple color, whereas in S. decora with white color, there is considerable relative content of aldehydes and ketones except terpenes and alcohols. Aldehydes and alcohols are the main floral scent compounds in S. botryantha and S. paniculata. Among the major compounds, l-verbenone is the specific volatile compound in S. decora, while 2-ethylbutanal is the specific volatile compound in S. botryantha. Generally speaking, the varieties of floral scent compounds are increasing with the development of flower stages and attain the largest numbers at fullopening stage. The differences in the kinds of main floral scent compounds and the relative content of them may be the main reason for the fragrance difference among these thr...

Plants with purple abaxial leaf surfaces are very common in nature but the ecophysiological aspects of this phenotype are not well known. We have shown that the purple color of the abaxial surfaces generates an interesting contrast between the color of the stomata arranged on the epidermis, generally green, and the purple color of the pavement. This contrast makes the stomata completely visible to optic microscopy of the extant plants. This phenomenon made possible the proposition of a strategy to measure the distance between the stomata of the layer. The measurement of the distance between stomata generates accurate information of the distribution of stomata on the epidermis of living purple plants. In future ecophysiological inferences will be established from the information brought about by the measurements of the distance between stomata in purple plants.

This study focuses on the characterization of morphological and anatomical traits of Orthosiphon stamineus which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Orthosiphon stamineus, better known as “Misai Kucing” or “cats whiskers” by the locals, contained active phenolics compounds such as flavanoids. Despite its wide usage as a medicinal plant, information regarding Orthosiphon stamineus specific developmental stages is relatively scarce. Furthermore, to date, no anatomical data of this plant is available. Therefore, this study aims to systematically identify the developmental stages and its anatomy which may provide more insight to its medical application. The result showed some distinct morphological and anatomical characteristics. In the morphological study, it was observed that Orthosiphon stamineus is a herbal shrub with well-developed creeping rootstock. The leaves are simple, green, and arranged in opposite pairs. The stem is approximately 28 cm in height at the stage (12 days). The flowers have long wispy stamens shaped with pale purple color. In anatomical study, the cross sections of the stem for tow stage (32) and (62) days of this plant were examined. All the detailed systematic study of this plant has not worked earlier.

The purple pericarp color in rice was controlled by two dominant complementary genes, Pb and Pp. Crossing black rice ‘Heugnambyeo’ variants with three varieties of white pericarp rice gave a segregation ratio of 9 purple: 3 brown: 4 white. The Pp genes were segregated by homozygous PpPp alleles for the dark purple pericarps, heterozygous Pppp alleles for the medium and mixed purple pericarps, and homozygous pppp alleles for either brown or white pericarps with a 1 PpPp: 2 Pppp: 1 pppp segregation ratio, indicating that the Pp allele in rice is incompletely dominant to the recessive pp allele. Among the purple seeds, the amount of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was higher in the dark purple seeds (Pb_PpPp) than in the medium purple seeds (Pb_Pppp). Moreover, no cyanidin-3-glucoside was detected in brown (Pb_pppp) or white pericarp seeds (pbpbpppp). These findings indicated that the level of cyanidin-3-glucoside was determined by the copy number of the Pp allele. Further genotype investigation of the F3 progeny demonstrated that the dominant Pb allele was present in either purple or brown pericarp. A 2-bp (GT) deletion from the DNA sequences of the dominant and functional Pb was found in the same DNA sequences of the recessive and non-functional pb allele. These findings suggested that the presence of at least a dominant Pb allele was an essential factor for color development in rice pericarps. In conclusion, the Pp allele in rice is incompletely dominant to the recessive pp allele; thus, the number of dominant Pp alleles determines the concentration of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in black rice.

The potential of SCAR marker for discrimination of a Thai jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. KDML 105) mutant, BKOS6, obtained from ion-beam-induced mutation, was evaluated. The improved rice variety, BKOS6, exhibited many remarkable characteristics which fitted the multiple cropping system characteristics of progressive agriculture including photoperiod insensitivity, early flowering, short in stature, and purple pigment accumulation in pericarp. The BKOS6 rice grain extract has already been proved that it exhibited higher antioxidant properties than the KDML 105 and other tested rice grain extracts. In this study, the BKOS6 specific SCAR marker was developed by HAT-RAPD analysis of rice genomic DNA. The marker was successfully used to identify BKOS6 variety and its hybrid varieties containing purple pigment accumulation in plant tissues. Moreover, it was found that this marker could be used to detect other purple pigmented rice varieties that genetically related to Thai jasmine rice. Recently, a wide variety of anthocyanin-based foods are believed to provide significant potential health benefits, and become more attractive. KDML 105 is also a Thai premier fragrant rice variety which is one of the main varieties of country’s rice export. Thus this molecular marker could be useful for commercial and breeding purposes of BKOS6 mutant and other developed varieties from KDML 105 which contain anthocyanin accumulation.

Another multifunctional type of leaf coloration is that of red leaf margins. The leaf margins of many plant species of various plant families and life history types, belonging to the floras of several continents, produce a conspicuous but sometimes very thin band of red/purple color around their periphery (Fig. 20.9). Common explanations for defensive leaf coloration such as plant camouflage or undermining herbivorous insect camouflage do not seem to explain the repeated evolution of this color pattern. Despite the widespread distribution of this leaf trait, very few studies have proposed, discussed, or tested hypotheses to explain its probable defensive significance. Hughes and Lev-Yadun (2015) reviewed previous studies and further explored this topic.

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the major limiting factor of plant growth and production in acid soils. The target of Al toxicity is the root tip, which affects mainly on root growth inhibition. The aim of this research was to study the uptake and distribution of Al in root apices of two rice varieties IR64 (Al-sensitive) and Krowal (Al-tolerant), which were grown on nutrient solution containing 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 ppm of Al. The root growth was significantly inhibited in both rice varieties at as low as 15 ppm Al concentration. The adventive roots of both varieties showed stunted growth in respons to Al stress. There was no difference in root growth inhibition between both rice varieties as well as among Al concentrations. Al uptake on root apices was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Histochemical staining of roots using hematoxylin showed dark purple color on 1 mm region of Al-treated root apices. Rice var. IR 64 tended to take up more Al in root tip than Krowal did. However, there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.176) in root Al content of both varieties in response to different concentration and period of Al treatments. Al distribution in root apices was found in the epidermal and subepidermal region in both rice varieties. Based on those results, rice var. Krowal that was previously grouped as Al-tolerant variety has similar root growth and physiological response to Al stress as compared to Al-sensitive variety IR64. Key words: aluminum, uptake, distribution, root, rice

Justicia wynaadensis locally known as Moddu Soppu belongs to the family Acanthaceae. The aqueous bluish purple color extracted from the leaves and stems of Justicia is used in the preparation of a sweet dish by the natives of Kodagu district, Karanataka, India, exclusively during the monsoons. This traditional practice is believed to keep the people healthy throughout the year. Owing to its potential to be used as a natural colorant there is a strong need to develop efficient extraction method for maximum yield of colorant and preliminary scientific study of stability. Microscopy was carried out to find out the location of purple color in both leaves and stem and to study the anatomical details. An optimized microwave extraction method for extraction of colorant from Justicia has been developed. The microwave oven extraction yield of colorant is 9.41 % (±0.8598) under the optimized conditions of extraction time 30 min., extraction temperature 150 °C and ratio of liquid to solid 30 ml/g. The study demonstrated that the purple extract of the plant was stable against pH range 6.0–8.0, low temperature (4 °C), high temperature (≥50 °C) and sensitive to light. Thus these observations recommend the use of J. wynaadensis extract as a food colorant in neutral or slightly alkaline products (bakery, milk, egg etc.) and could be the potential source for the food colorant market.

The inheritance of stem, petiole and bract tip color was studied in the cross cms-103A × PFNB-2. F1 studies revealed that purple color of stem, petiole and bract tip is dominant over green color of these plant parts. Complementary gene action was observed for these characters in F2. The genes governing the inheritance of stem, petiole and bract tip colors were designated as Ptla and Psmb, Ptla and Ptlb, Ptla and Pbtb, respectively, the gene Ptla being common to all three traits.

Avaliou-se a divergência genética de acessos de taro pertencentes ao Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da UFV por meio dos caracteres morfo-qualitativos de inflorescências. O experimento foi conduzido a campo em Viçosa, de setembro/2000 a julho/2001. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições e 36 tratamentos (clones), dos quais apenas 11 acessos (BGH 5920, BGH 5926, BGH 5927, BGH 6087, BGH 6089, BGH 6091, BGH 6093, BGH 6094, BGH 6136, BGH 6306 e BGH 6606) apresentaram florescimento espontâneo, passíveis de serem avaliados. A proporção entre o apêndice estéril e porção masculina foi em média de 1,02, variando de 0,4 (BGH 6136) a 1,4 (BGH 6087). A inflorescência é circundada por uma espata cuja coloração da parte superior (CL) varia do amarelo claro, com ou sem a presença de manchas vermelhas, ao amarelo alaranjado. A cor da porção inferior da espata, contendo as flores femininas (tubo da inflorescência), varia do verde, com ou sem raias ou manchas escuras a púrpura. A espata, na antese, apresenta-se na forma aplanada (BGH 5920, BGH 5926, BGH 6091, BGH 6093, BGH 6094 e BGH 6306) ou encapuchada (BGH 5927, BGH 6087, BGH 6089, BGH 6136 e BGH 6606), com a porção masculina exposta ou envolta, respectivamente. A cor da haste das inflorescências (pedúnculo) variou do verde claro ao púrpuro, com proporção entre comprimentos do pedúnculo e da inflorescência (PCPI) média de 1,8, variando de 1,1 (BGH 5927) a 2,3 (BGH 6089). As inflorescências saem em número de 1 a 5 por axila foliar (NIAF) e apresentam de 1 a 2 ramalhetes florais por planta (NRFP). Os acessos de taro, agrupados pelo método de Tocher, formaram quatro grupos: I (BGH 5920, BGH 6091, BGH 6093, BGH 6094, BGH 5926, BGH 6606 e BGH 6087), II (BGH 6089 e BGH 6306), III (BGH 6136) e IV (BGH 5927). Com base na dispersão dos últimos componentes principais, as variáveis NRFP, CL, PCPI e NIAF, demonstraram ser de pouca importância para a descrição da variabilidade de inflorescências de taro. The genetic diversity of taro of the Germoplasm Bank of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil, was evaluated, by analyzing morphological and quality characteristics of the inflorescence. Plants were grown from 19/09/00 to 13/07/01. Field plots were arranged in a randomized block design with five replicates containing 36 treatments (clones), in which only 11 accesses (BGH 5920, BGH 5926, BGH 5927, BGH 6087, BGH 6089, BGH 6091, BGH 6093, BGH 6094, BGH 6136, BGH 6306 and BGH 6606) flowered spontaneously. The ratio between sterile appendage and male portion was on average 1.02, varying from 0.4 (BGH 6136) to 1.4 (BGH 6087). The inflorescence is surrounded by a spathe with light yellow color at the upper part (LC), with or without spots of red, or yellow-orange color. The bottom portion of the spathe which contains the female flowers (inflorescence tube) varied from green, containing or not strips or spots dark to purple color. At anthesis, the spathe shows flat format (BGH 5920, BGH 5926, BGH 6091, BGH 6093, BGH 6094 and BGH 6306) or hooded (BGH 5927, BGH 6087, BGH 6089, BGH 6136 and BGH 6606), with the male portion exposed or enclosed, respectively. The color of flower stalk varied from pale green to purplish, and ratio between total and inflorescence stalk length (LSLIR) average was 1.8, varying from 1.1 (BGH 5927) to 2.3 (BGH 6089). Number of inflorescences (NI) ranged from 1 to 5 per leaf axis, composing 1 to 2 floral clusters per plant (NFCP). Based on flower morphology the accesses formed four groups by Tocher method: I (BGH 5920, BGH 6091, BGH 6093, BGH 6094, BGH 5926, BGH 6606 and BGH 6087), II (BGH 6089, BGH 6306), III (BGH 6136) and (BGH 5927). Based on dispersion analysis from the last main components, the variables LC, LSLIR, NI and NFCP, showed little influence on the variability description of the inflorescence.

Gulupa (Passiflora edulis Sims) is currently receiving increasing acceptance in European markets. However, its short postharvest life constitutes its main marketing limitation, and makes it necessary to characterize its ripening characteristics in order to assure that fruits reaching the consumer are of the best possible quality. Predictive models were fitted to estimate flesh carotenoid content from fruit age and color change. For this purpose, a research was conducted on plant material from the Colombian National Germplasm Bank, administered by Corpoica. Fruit samples of known age were subjected to CIE L* a* and b* space-based colorimetric determination, which confirmed the existence of appreciable color changes since 84 days after flowering (DAF). Deep purple color was reached at around 98 DAF and very dark purple color at 105 DAF. In fruits on the vine, luminosity (L*) was observed to decline, while the value of coordinate a* increased and that of coordinate b* decreased. These changes feature the fruit's characteristic color. A similar trend was observed in the evolution of color in fruits off the vine (harvested at 91 DAF). In both fruits on and off the vine, carotenoids were found to increase along with fruit age. Two regression models were adjusted to estimate carotenoid content: a multiple model with color coordinates as predictors, and a polynomial model based on fruit age. La gulupa (Passiflora edulis Sims) es un fruto aceptado en mercados europeos; pero, su corta vida en poscosecha limita la comercialización. Por lo tanto, es necesario, caracterizar algunos atributos de la maduración, para que el fruto mantenga las mejores condiciones de calidad. La investigación tuvo como objetivo estimar, a partir de los cambios de color del fruto y de su edad, la evolución de los carotenoides, mediante el uso de modelos que predijeran esta relación. Se utilizaron frutos con edad conocida para determinar el color con base en el espacio CIE L*, a* y b*. La colorimetría confirmó que hay evolución apreciable a partir de los 84 días después de floración (DDF), con color morado oscuro hacia los 98 DDF y púrpura muy oscuro a los 105 DDF. En frutos madurados en la planta, se apreció disminución en la luminosidad (L*), mientras que en las coordenadas a* el valor aumentó y el b* disminuyó, cambios que definen el color del fruto. Se observó una tendencia similar en frutos cosechados a partir de los 91 DDF. Tanto en los frutos madurados en la planta como en los cosechados, el contenido de carotenoides se incrementó a medida que la senescencia del fruto avanzaba. Modelos de regresión permitieron estimar el contenido de carotenoides: uno múltiple, con las coordenadas de color como predictoras y el otro polinomial, basado en la edad del fruto.

Three species of Agaricales from Japan are treated here. 1) From the examination of the types and additional specimens,Lyophyllum nigrescens is conspecific withHydropus nigrita from Cuba. 2)Hydropus kansaiensis sp. nov. from Otsu appears close to“Trogia” mellea from Malaysia. 3)Alnicola lactariolens sp. nov. from Otsu is a distinctive species in this genus because of the purple color of its spore print.

The phenomena following the transformation of the fungusCochliobolus lunatus by plasmid-encoded HmB resistance were investigated. All of the 16 tested transformants had markedly altered morphology. Unlike the untransformed fungus, the transformants produced both conidia and arthrospores, did not excrete slime, lost their purple color, and had an altered progesterone-bioconverting pathway.

Turnip (Brassica campestris, L. var. rapifera) roots were stored unwaxed and waxed with a water-miscible, carnauba-based wax in vented plastic bags or in cardboard produce boxes for 6 weeks. Packaging turnips in plastic bags reduced weight loss during storage more effectively than waxing or storing in boxes. The purple color of the turnips faded regardless of package used; waxing temporarily darkened and intensified the purple color. The white or cream portion of the roots was not affected by waxing but became light tan when roots were stored in boxes. The chroma of the white portion increased during storage regardless of package or wax treatment. These results indicate that the external purple color of the turnip root was unstable during storage and this color loss was independent of weight loss.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:47:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-29452008000200043.pdf: 215645 bytes, checksum: 2be65eb64c6eb9d67a0ace7f08f18175 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-29452008000200043.pdf: 215645 bytes, checksum: 2be65eb64c6eb9d67a0ace7f08f18175 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:57:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452008000200043.pdf: 215645 bytes, checksum: 2be65eb64c6eb9d67a0ace7f08f18175 (MD5) S0100-29452008000200043.pdf.txt: 23920 bytes, checksum: 0f6cda42c594a3abc162c8deecbdde24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:13:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452008000200043.pdf: 215645 bytes, checksum: 2be65eb64c6eb9d67a0ace7f08f18175 (MD5) S0100-29452008000200043.pdf.txt: 23920 bytes, checksum: 0f6cda42c594a3abc162c8deecbdde24 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:13:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452008000200043.pdf: 215645 bytes, checksum: 2be65eb64c6eb9d67a0ace7f08f18175 (MD5) S0100-29452008000200043.pdf.txt: 23920 bytes, checksum: 0f6cda42c594a3abc162c8deecbdde24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-01 O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de descrever morfologicamente os frutos, sementes e plântulas de castanheira. Foi feita a biometria dos frutos e das sementes e sua caracterização quanto à forma, por meio de mensurações com paquímetro e observações realizadas em estereomicroscópio com câmara clara. Os frutos de castanheira são carnosos, indeiscentes, do tipo nucóide, glabros, de coloração verde a vinácea, projeção das nervuras carpelares externamente evidentes, com epicarpo delgado, mesocarpo carnoso e esponjoso de coloração vinácea, com feixes vasculares conspícuos em corte transversal. Geralmente, cada fruto contém apenas uma semente. As sementes são exalbuminosas, de formas alongadas e cilíndricas, recobertas por endocarpo rígido de coloração marrom; possuem cerca de 2,5cm, 0,7cm e 0,7cm, de comprimento, largura e espessura, respectivamente. A germinação das sementes de castanheira é epígea, e a plantula é fanerocotiledonar. The work was carried out with the objective of describing morphologically the fruits, seeds and seedlings of chestnut tree. It was made the biometry of the fruits and seeds with a digital pachymeter and its characterization in relation to the shape, in stereomicroscope with clear chamber. It can be evidenced that the chestnut tree fruits are fleshly, indehiscent, nucoid, glabrous, from green to purple coloration, with evident projection of the carpel ribbings, with a fleshly and spongy epicarp and mesocarp, of purple color, with conspicuous vascular bundle in transversal cut. Generally, it has a seed per fruit. The seeds are unalbuminous, of prolongated and cylindrical shape and recovered with a rigid endocarp of brown coloration. The seeds possess about 2,5; 0,7 and 0,7 cm, of length, width and thickness, respectively. The germination of the seeds of chestnut tree is epigeal and the seedling is fanerocotyledonary. Universidade de Franca Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Depto. de Produção Vegetal UNESP FCAV Depto. de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Depto. de Produção Vegetal UNESP FCAV Depto. de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária

Three variations of Arundina graminifolia flowers have been recognized, (1) group of big flower with reddish violetlip and purplelish white sepals and petals (2) group of small flower with white lip and white sepals and petals (3)similar to second variation but with purple color on the lip apex. In order to clarify the taxonomy status of thosethree variations, a leaf anatomical study had been carried out. Results of this study showed that there were somedifferences among them in trichome shape and number mesophyll layers. Big flower group of Arundina hastrichome club shape and thick mucous in the apex with mesophyll layer 9-11; for small flower group has white lip,trichome club shape, thick mucous and granulate in the apex, but only 2 mesophyl layers; whereas for other smallflower group with purple lip has trichome cup shape and 10-13 layers of mesophyll. Based on the differences inflower size and their color variation, and combined with leaf anatomical study, we suggested the three variationsof A. graminifolia should be in separated groups.

Some properties of the starches contained at culm and endosperm were compared between glutinous (cv. Saitamamochi, cv. S) and non-glutinous (cv. Norin No. 8, cv. N)rice plants of different polyploidy (haploid x to tetrapliod 4 x). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Alkali decomposition values of culm starches varied among polyploids, and they were greater than those of endosperm starches. The glutinous endosperm starches showed a stronger resistance to alkali. 2. Absorption curves of iodine-starch complexes of both culm and endosperm starches varied more or less between cv. N and cv. S and among polyploids. The peaks of absorption curve of culm starches were observed with blue color at 600 to 610 nm wave lengths, except cv. N-4 x which had a peak at a little shorter wavelength. The curves of endosperm starches of cv. N and cv. S had peaks at the shorter wavelengths than those of culm, being near 560 nm with purple color in the former and at 520 to 530 nm with purplish red color in the latter. 3. The absorption curves of iodine-starch complexes obtained from endosperms ripened at different air temperatures were almost similar, but the starch ripened at 35°/30°C (day/night) showed a stronger peak at a shorter wavelength than that at 25°/20°C. 4. X-ray diffraction patterns of endosperm and culm starches gave A type and B type patterns, respectively, and no clear difference was observed among polyploids and between cv. N and cv. S.

There exist certain groups of bacteria which possess a peculiar purple color. This color ranges from a pale bluish pink to a deep crimson, almost like Ruthenium red. The bacteria concerned may be grouped according to their physiological behavior into four distinct classes:The almost algal Chromatium, the pediococcoid Thiopedia, Spirillae, Bacillae, and Cocci all possess the pigment purple color.There is therefore no a priori evidence for the identity of the pigments.Classes I and II, the true Rhodobacteria, seem to have identical pigments (Molisch). One of them is red, probably a carotinoid, bacterio-erythrin, the other is green, soluble in absolute alcohol and is called bacteriochlorin∗. The combination of both pigments is called bacteriopurpurin. Bacteriochlorin has a marked narrow absorption-band with an axis near the sodium lines D.Bacterio-erythrin is characterized by two distinct absorption bands in the green and bluegreen.An absolute alcohol extract of Thiopolycoccus yielded a green solution with a b...

It was ascertained that the species from which Grimm alfalfa presumably originated, viz.; Medicago sativa and M. falcata, may freely exchange genetic material without evidence of a sterility barrier. Consequently a polyhaploid obtained of Grimm may be considered as comparable to natural diploids.The polyhaploid showed some impaired morphological and physiological characters and pronounced meiotic abnormalities. The single genome (x = 8) of the polyhaploid was found to be almost non-functional. Inheritance of purple color indicated a potential autotetraploid mode of transmission of characters.The polyhaploid was raised back to the tetraploid chromosome level by chromosome doubling and compared to its original and to Grimm. The somatically chromosome-doubled counterpart was found to be a close replica of the original polyhaploid. An assumption that an accumulation of detrimental recessive genes may remain latent at the tetraploid level, and may be expressed upon later reduction to half of the genic variability as in the polyhaploid and its somatically chromosome-doubled derivative, is advanced to explain the observed phenomena.Phylogenetic, breeding, and culture-historical aspects of the results are discussed.

Chymochromic pigments in twenty-five color forms of common portulaca dividing into eleven color groups and their F1 hybrids were studied by paper-chromatographic and spectrophotometric experiments.Ten pigments of betacyanins (Bc1 to Bc5) and betaxanthins (Bx1 to Bx5) were chromatographically separated in various color forms of garden portulaca. Most of the flower colors were estimated by qualitative and quantitative differences of chymochromic pigments.In general, the purple components, Bc3 and Bc4, predominantly appeared in most of F1 hybrids, while the yellow components, Bx1 and Bx2, did not appear in F1 hybrids. Therefore, betacyanin were, in general, dominant over betaxanthin.On the other hand, the higher content of betacyanin in purple color form is dominant to the lower content of betacyanin in pink form, and the higher content of betaxanthin in yellow orange form is recessive to the lower content of betaxanthin in pink form in F1 hybrids. In some F1 hybrids, however, the pigment content is nearly intermediate between the contents of both parents. White color form containing neither betacyanin nor betaxanthin is recessive to all the colored forms examined.

There are many methods of preparing and staining skin scrapings for the examination for the presence of fungi. Probably the most widely used method is the simple KOH method suggested by C.W. Dodge. This method, however, requires a high degree of skill and often misreading is experienced. In order to elevate the problems evolved I have developed a new method which utilized, KOH, CuSO4.5H2O and Eosin Y, with the following results. The body of the fungi appears as purple-pink to purple in color, while tissue appears pink in color. The reaction is a biochemical reaction. As the tissue is dissolved the CuSO4 in converted to Cu(OH)2 which in turn reacts with sugars or organic exalic acid in the body of the fungi, the end point being complex salt, which shows as a blue color, however this reaction is very weak and because of this Eosin Y is added to enhance the reaction resulting in the purple color, which is very easy to observe microscopicly. Microscopicly the observer is able to discern different color reactions in the various structures of the fungi. For example : the spore stains a deeper color than the mycelium, also one can observe spore formation in the mycelium. I have studied this method in twelve different cases of mycotic infections, using the KOH method and the culture method along with my new technique. In all cases using the new method proved to be 100% accurate while the KOH method was only 50% accurate. This method then is simple, less time consuming with a higher degree of accuracy, than the old KOH method and can very easily be utilized clinically for the identification of mycotic infections.