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Article history; Received 24 December 2013; Revised 4 February 2014; Accepted 7 February 2014 *Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 61. 659. 7176 Fax: +82. 61. 659. 7176 E-mail address: sykang1@chonnam.ac.kr †Two authors equally contributed to this study. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 47(1) 045-051, February 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2014.0045 pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815 c The Korean Society of Fishereis and Aquatic Science. All rights reserved 홍조류 모로우붉은실(Polysiphonia morrowii)의 추출물과 이로부터 분리된 브로모페놀계 화합물의 in vitro 항균·항스쿠티카충 활성 및 구조-활성 상관성

Among 51 marine algae distributed along the Korean coast, Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, Ishige okamurae Yendo, Ecklonia cava Kjellman, Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey, Dictyopteris undulata Holmes, Sargassm micracanthum (Kutzing) Endlicher, and Sargassum macrocarpum C. Agarch were found to have potent antioxidant activity. Additionally, the reducing power of marine algae-extracts was consistent with diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Because little is known about Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, Ishige okamurae Yendo, Ecklonia cava Kjellman, Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey, Dictyopteris undulata Holmes, Sargassm micracanthum (Kutzing) Endlicher, and Sargassum macrocarpum C. Agarch, these marine algae may act as candidates for potent antioxidant food materials and are expected to have functional activity for foods and pharmaceuticals for treating oxidative diseases.

We describe for the first time the morphology of Gelidium crinale from its natural habitat in Atlantic Patagonia with special consideration of diagnostic characters. Observations and morphometric measurements were done on fresh specimens using scanning electron and inverted light microscopy. This report is a new record for Atlantic Patagonian coasts. The thalli comprise prostrate and erect axes; they are subterete at the base and compressed to flattened at the apices. The basal parts are scarcely and irregularly branched, while the apical parts are highly ramified and subdichotomously branched. The lengths of thalli and the ramification patterns differ from previous descriptions, and were variable between seasons and life history phases. ´Brush-like´ haptera confirmed the identity of the algae as members of the Gelidiaceae. Internal rhizoidal filaments are abundant and distributed in groups throughout the medulla. The life history was of the ´Polysiphonia -type´ ; occurrences of carposporophytes and tetrasporophytes were variable. Fil: Croce, Maria Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina Fil: Parodi, Elisa Rosalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina

A population of Polysiphonia morrowii, recently introduced in the South West Atlantic Ocean, was studied to determine the degree of its establishment. Monthly variations of: thallus size, proportion of life history phases, and tetrasporangia production, were evaluated from June to October 2010. The erect thalli appeared in autumn, and decayed in spring when they became overgrown by epiphytic diatoms. Vegetative thalli were usually smaller than fertile thalli. In spring, the thalli had the maximum mean values of length (199.5 mm), thickness (52 mm) and dried weight (4 g). Although tetrasporophytes represented between 73% and 90% of the thalli collected each month, a few cystocarpic thalli were also found. Variations of thallus size and proportion of life history phases were also studied between 2010 and 2014. The inter-annual increase in the proportion of the tetrasporophytic phase and the progressive increase of the size of P. morrowii thalli indicated an ongoing establishment of the population in this habitat. Fil: Croce, Maria Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina Fil: Parodi, Elisa Rosalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina

Polysiphonia morrowii, a species native to the North Pacific, is believed to have been introduced to Chile, Turkey, Italy and France. This species was first recorded from New Zealand in 2011, based on collections made in 2004 from two sites on South Island, but no commentary was provided in the distribution or characteristics of the material collected. In 2009, as part of a study on macroalgae associated with soft sediment habitats in New Zealand, several samples of P. morrowii were collected from Otago Harbour, a location already known to host 17 non-indigenous macroalgal species. However, this species has gone unnoticed in New Zealand. We present the current understanding of the distribution of this species in New Zealand, and the distinguishing features of the specimens collected, to assist with biosecurity and monitoring programmes. Including this report of P. morrowii, there are now seven species of Polysiphonia and Neosiphonia that are regarded as non-indigenous in New Zealand.

Polysiphonia senticulosa Harvey (Ceramiales: Rhodophyta) was recorded for the first time in Korea, and its vegetative and tetrasporangial morphologies are described. This species is characterized by the combined features of having a vegetative axial segment with 4 pericentral cells, a main axis without cortication, pseudodichotomous branching, branches with sharply pointed apical cells, flexuous branches hooked backward below, the presence of cicatrigenous branches, axillary endogenous stichidia, and the production of 1-3 tetrasporangia per stichidium. Based on this study, it is distinguished from Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey by its flexuous branches and the number of tetrasporangia produced per stichidium.

In order to find new sources of arachidonic (AA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, the composition of fatty acids was studied and lipid concentrations were determined in the thalluses of 32 species of red algae from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. The greatest level of EPA and a small concentration of AA were registered in the thalluses of Corallina pilulifera, Palmaria stenogona, Halosaccion yendoi, and Laurencia nipponica. Taking into consideration the level of the lipid concentrations in the algae, as well as their biomass and frequency of occurrence, the algae C. pilulifera, P. stenogona, L. nipponica, and Polysiphonia morrowii may be of interest as potential sources of EPA. Among the examined algae, only Gracilaria verrucosa showed a high level of AA.

Inhibitory potencies against α-glucosidase activities were compared among bromophenols obtained from extracts of three Rhodomelaceae red algae, Symphyocladia latiuscula, Odonthalia corymbifera, and Polysiphonia morrowii. The bromophenols from these species are characterized by a number of Br atoms per benzene ring: S. latiuscula, three Br atoms (1 and 2); O. corymbifera, two Br atoms (3-7); and P. morrowii, one Br atom (8 and 9). The bromophenols exhibited mixed inhibition against yeast α-glucosidase reaction. In particular, symmetric dibenzyl ethers, bis(2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (2) and bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (5), exhibited about 10^3 fold smaller K_i values than the other bromophenols. Their inhibition modes are disclosed to be mixed inhibition closed to competitive inhibition. Inhibitory potencies of the bromophenols increased with the increasing degree of bromo-substitution per benzene ring and the decreasing degree of methyl-substitution. In contrast to the strong inhibitory activity against yeast α-glucosidase activity, the bromophenols moderately inhibited rat-intestinal sucrase and maltase activity. The inhibitory potencies were all comparative among the bromophenols examined.

Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey (Rhodophyta), native to Japan, Korea, China and Russia, is here reported for the first time from the Mediterranean Sea. Thalli were first found in 1999 off the Island of Chioggia, where imported clams and fish are handled; the following year, plants were also found near the Island of Venice itself. Polysiphonia morrowii is similar to Polysiphonia senticulosa Harvey, as reported from Japan and the north Pacific, and to Polysiphonia stricta (Dillwyn) Greville [= Polysiphonia urceolata (Dillwyn) Greville] from the Mediterranean basin. The specimens collected in the Lagoon of Venice are characterised by two of the most significant specific features of P. morrowii: endogenous axillary branchlets forming from the central axial cells, and tufts of axillary tetrasporangial branchlets on the axils of mature plants. The morphology and reproduction of P. morrowii are examined on the basis of the material collected at Venice.