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Abstract Designing strategic areas for biodiversity protection should help prevent species extinction. However, these delimitations are rarely evaluated for their effectiveness. To determine whether the original design of the Strategic Areas for the Conservation and Restoration of Biodiversity in Paraná (AECR) adequately protected the species and identify the species most likely to become extinct in the region, we analyzed occurrence records for threatened flora in the state’s most degraded phytogeographic regions (Araucaria Forest, Cerrado, and grassland). We developed a list of threatened species for Paraná using herbarium records. We also compiled a threatened species occurrence list for the region by filtering through the herbarium records. Based on the main concepts defining threat status and gap species, we identified the species at an elevated risk of extinction in the study region. A total of 644 threatened species were detected in the regions studied, 86% of which have been recorded within the AECR, and 30% can be characterized as gap species. The species distribution polygons accounted for 98% of species within the AECR and 4% as gap species. A total of 54 species (8.38% of the total) are at a higher risk of extinction.

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the degree of conservation, analyse the structural and floristic similarity of the woody and herbaceous layers of two ecotone forest communities and evaluate the indicator species of a Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) and Dense Ombrophilous Forest (DOF). We outlined 30 sampling units of 100 m2 in each area (West and East), where we measured three woody and one herbaceous layers. Each species was classified into ecological groups, phytogeographic distribution and conservation status. We selected other 13 studies performed on similar ecosystems to carry out cluster and indicator species analyses. We registered 213 species, arranged into 63 families. The richest families were Myrtaceae, Lauraceae and Fabaceae. In the woody layers Araucaria angustifolia, Allophylus edulis and Cupania vernalis highlighted in West area, while Casearia sylvestris, Cyathea phalerata and Ilex paraguariensis highlighted in East area. Ctenitis paranaensis predominates in herbaceous layer of both areas. Our cluster analysis has formed two groups (MOF; DOF), including both study areas in MOF group. The study areas are in a maturation process. Serra da Baitaca State Park presents high conservationist importance. We list indicator species of montane MOF and DOF forests in the Paraná State, which can be used for monitoring alterations in vegetation caused by environmental changes.

Abstract Oreopanax fulvus is a species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, assessed as rare and vulnerable in the states of Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul, respectively. This adverse situation requires conservation actions that must be supported by the understanding of its autecology. We aimed to identify the phenological patterns of O. fulvus populations from two Araucaria Rainforest remnants in Paraná. Monthly phenology monitoring of 19 trees in each site was performed over 24 months. We quantified the vegetative (i.e., leaf flushing, mature leaves, and leaf-senescence) and reproductive phenophases (i.e., buds production, blooming, immature, and mature fruits). Circular statistics based on activity index were applied to identify the phenophases seasonality. Spearman correlations were performed among phenophases and meteorological parameters. Leaf flushing and mature leaves were recorded in all months, with a decrease of mature leaves during November and December. Leaf-senescence was seasonal, occurring from May to December. The reproductive phenophases were seasonal: blooming from January to May; and fruiting from March to November, with fruits starting to mature in September. Vegetative and reproductive phenophases were highly influenced by average temperature and photoperiod. Although there were dissimilarities in reproductive phenological patterns, the different populations studied had similar phenological performances.

Abstract Myrtaceae is a plant family with outstanding diversity in the neotropics, which species are of difficult identification. Thus, for the differentiation between species to be possible, targeted inventories and detailed descriptions are necessary, to develop accessible and reliable identification tools. The goal of this research is to quantify the species richness and describe vegetative characters of Myrtaceae species from a Araucaria Rainforest remnant, through identification of patterns and the elaboration of an dendrological key. For the characterization of trunk and bark, up to five healthy adult individuals of each species were selected, and for branches and leaves, up to three individuals. The voucher material was deposited at the Herbarium EFC. The vegetative morphology of each species was described and an identification key was prepared. 29 species, belonging to 11 genera, were documented: Blepharocalyx (1), Campomanesia (3), Eugenia (5), Myrceugenia (5), Myrcia (8), Myrcianthes (1), Myrciaria (1), Myrrhinium (1), Pimenta (1), Plinia (1) and Psidium (2). The main dendrological characteristics used for the species differentiation were: rhytidome aspect, appearance and colour of the internal bark, venation, punctuations, indumentum and dimensions of the leaf blade. Differentiation was possible using vegetative characters, with greater difficulty for two very similar species of Campomanesia.

Resumo A família Lauraceae se destaca na composição florística das formações florestais paranaenses, sendo estimadas na Floresta Ombrófila Mista, 23 espécies. Entretanto, a identificação de amostras estéreis é prejudicada, visto que flores e frutos apresentam as melhores condições na determinação das espécies. Este trabalho tem por objetivo quantificar a riqueza florística da família em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista e avaliar os caracteres macromorfológicos vegetativos das espécies, buscando padrões que permitam seu reconhecimento prático. Os indivíduos da família foram localizados em campo através de buscas periódicas. Amostras férteis foram coletadas para identificação das espécies através de comparações com materiais de referência e consulta à bibliografia específica. Na caracterização macromorfológica foram selecionados pelo menos dez indivíduos de porte e ambiente similares ou, quando em menor número, todos os indivíduos existentes. Foram identificadas nove espécies de Lauraceae. O trabalho apresenta uma chave dicotômica baseada em caracteres morfológicos vegetativos, descrições e fotografias das espécies encontradas. A diferenciação através de características de folhas mostrou-se mais efetiva para as espécies de Aiouea e Nectandra, enquanto caracteres de casca interna e ramos assumem função importante em Ocotea.

Resumo Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de um povoamento de Pinus taeda sobre a composição florística e estrutura do banco de sementes de um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM). Para tanto foram coletadas 160 amostras do banco de sementes, 80 de um remanescente de FOM e 80 em um povoamento de P. taeda. As amostras foram colocadas para germinar em duas casas de vegetação distintas, sob 35% e 75% de níveis de sombreamento. Foram contabilizados ao todo 11.669 indivíduos lenhosos e herbáceos, distribuídos em 31 famílias botânicas e 84 espécies. As famílias Asteraceae e Poaceae foram as mais representativas em riqueza de espécies herbáceas. Dentre as lenhosas, Solanaceae e Asteraceae foram as mais representativas em ambas as áreas. A espécie P. taeda foi registrada apenas no banco de sementes do próprio povoamento. O banco de sementes do povoamento de pinus caracterizou-se principalmente pela baixa riqueza de espécies lenhosas, o que demonstra sua influência sobre o estoque de sementes. Por outro lado, o remanescente de FOM avaliado parece não sofrer influência da proximidade do povoamento de pinus no seu banco de sementes.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate which species in the Brazilian Araucaria forest have its spatial distribution influenced by edge effects. We performed annual forest inventories inside two one-hectare plots, divided in 10 rectangular subplots, delimited by every 10 meters of edge distance. Each tree with at least 10 cm at DBH was identified to species level, and their allometric measurements and geographical coordinates were recorded considering the categories living, recruitment and mortality. We analyzed the correlation between the abundance of each species in each subplot and its distance by the Spearman's Correlation Coefficient and a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) with a Poisson distribution. We analyzed the distribution of some species and the ecological groups using a Kernel density model. We observed numerous pioneers and early secondary species with relationship with the edge distance, usually concentrated close to the edges. The late secondary/climax species are more evenly distributed in the plots, despite of some species, as Eugenia uniflora, are negatively affected by the edge. From these results, it is observed that some light demanding species can be favored to live close to the edges, even if some shadow tolerant species can inhabit this region as well.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi elaborar uma chave de identificação e descrever as espécies lenhosas de Fabaceae em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista considerando caracteres dendrológicos. Foram selecionados de 3 a 10 indivíduos adultos e sadios para caracterização de tronco, casca, ramos e folhas. O material testemunho das espécies foi depositado no Herbário Escola de Florestas Curitiba (EFC). Foram descritas as características de cada espécie e elaborada uma chave de identificação. Foram encontradas 14 espécies pertencentes às subfamílias Papilionoideae (nove), Caesalpinioideae (quatro) e Cercidoideae (uma). A variedade dos tipos de folhas e a disposição dos folíolos auxiliou na diferenciação das espécies, englobando: uma com folhas simples bilobadas, duas trifolioladas, duas bipinadas, quatro imparipinadas com folíolos alternos, duas imparipinadas com folíolos opostos e três paripinadas. A diferenciação de cada espécie foi viabilizada prioritariamente por características de casca, indicando que os caracteres dendrológicos foram eficientes na diferenciação das espécies.

Resumo Lauraceae está entre as três principais famílias do componente arbóreo das florestas no Paraná, sendo elemento frequente nos estudos fitossociológicos e biogeográficos. Apesar disso, a família continua insuficientemente conhecida no estado. Nossos objetivos foram: reconhecer as espécies de Lauraceae no Paraná, relacionando-as com as unidades fitogeográficas; mapear as regiões com maior riqueza de espécies e concentração de endemismos; identificar áreas de complementaridade e compará-las com as áreas prioritárias para conservação. Para isso, nós utilizamos registros de coleções de 23 herbários nacionais, totalizando 3.332 espécimes analisados, plotando suas coordenadas no mapa fitogeográfico do estado. Constatamos que no Paraná ocorrem 76 espécies, das quais onze são citadas pela primeira vez no estado. A Floresta Ombrófila Densa abrange o maior número de espécies (59 spp.), seguida pela Floresta Ombrófila Mista (31 spp.), Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (23 spp.), Savana (9 spp.) e Estepe (2 spp.). As regiões da Serra do Mar e Vale do Ribeira apresentam a maior riqueza e endemismo. O Parque Estadual das Lauráceas é uma unidade de conservação estratégica, pois abriga dois terços das espécies paranaenses, com sete endêmicas.