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Background – This contribution is part of an ongoing study on the taxonomy and the phylogenetic relationships of the Malagasy representatives of the tribe Pavetteae (Rubiaceae).Material and methods – Taxonomic methods follow normal practice of herbarium taxonomy. A molecular study using the plastid markers rps16, trnT-F, petD, and accD-psa1, the nuclear ribosomal marker ITS and the nuclear MADS-box gene marker PI was executed.Key results – Five new species are described from littoral, lowland, or mid-elevation humid forests in eastern Madagascar. They are characterized by compact inflorescences with small, sessile flowers, a densely pubescent style, large placentas with 2–3 immersed ovules, seeds with a small, superficial hilum not surrounded by a thickened annulus, and pollen grains with supratectal elements. The phylogenetic tree, which included three of the five new species, showed an unresolved backbone but high support for distal nodes grouping species. The new species form a distinct monophyletic clade among the other Malagasy Pavetteae genera and are recognised at genus level under the name Tarennella. Provisional IUCN Red List assessments show that Tarennella homolleana is Vulnerable, T. cordatifolia and T. sanguinea are Endangered, T. puberula is Critically Endangered, and T. coronata is Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).

The coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) is the most damaging insect pest of global coffee production. Despite its importance, our knowledge on the insect’s natural habitat, range, and wild host species remains poorly known. Using archival sources (mainly herbaria but also other museum collections), we surveyed 18,667 predominantly wild-collected herbarium specimens mostly from Africa, Madagascar, and Asia for coffee berry borer occurrence. A total of 72 incidences were confirmed for presence of the coffee berry borer, with identifications assisted by micro-CT for SEM. Of the 72 positive infestations, all were from tropical African coffee (Coffea) species, of which 32 were from wild (non-cultivated) plants. Of the 32 wild occurrences, 30 were found in C. canephora (robusta coffee), 1 in C. liberica (Liberica coffee), and 1 in C. arabica (Arabica coffee). Our herbarium survey confirms literature and anecdotal reports that the coffee berry borer is indigenous to tropical Africa, and that coffee species, and particularly robusta coffee, are important hosts. We identify the wetter type of Guineo-Congolian forest as either the preferred or exclusive native habitat of the coffee berry borer. Other than coffee, we find no evidence of other naturally occurring hosts. Characters of infestation (e.g., hole position on coffee fruits) infers a certain degree of specificity between the coffee berry borer and its host.

Galanthus bursanus (Amaryllidaceae), a new snowdrop species endemic to the Marmara Sea region (Bursa Province, NW Turkey), is described and illustrated. Morphological differences between the new species and other possibly related Galanthus taxa (G. plicatus subsp. byzantinus, G. ×valentinei nothosubsp. subplicatus, and G. reginae-olgae subsp. reginae-olgae) are discussed. Photographs (habitat and morphology), a distribution map and a preliminary conservation assessment are provided.

Chapelieria is a genus endemic to Madagascar, currently comprising a single species: C. madagascariensis. In this contribution two new species of Chapelieria are described as new to science: C. septentrionalis and C. multiflora. An emended circumscription, description and line drawing are provided for C. madagascariensis. A full description, notes (distribution, habitat and ecology, phenology), a distribution map and conservation assessment are provided for each of the three species. An updated generic description and a species identification key are also given.

— Resolving phylogenetic relationships within the economically important genus Coffea (Rubiaceae) has proven to be difficult due to low levels of plastid and nuclear ITS sequence divergence. The recent identification of a large number of conserved, single-copy, putatively orthologous genes (COSII) provides a unique opportunity to apply regions of the nuclear genome to phylogenetic studies of Euasterid species. We expand a previously published plastid data set of Coffea with the addition of three new plastid regions and a single COSII nuclear locus. Significant phylogenetic incongruence is identified between the plastid and nuclear COSII data sets, and a combined analysis is performed after removal of incongruent taxa. Phylogenetic results from plastid, nuclear, and combined plastid/nuclear data sets allow the novel identification of early diverging lineages in Coffea. Specifically, the data show that a group of predominately Lower-Guinea/Congolian Coffea species form a clade that is sister to the ...

A taxonomic revision of Madagascan Gardenia is presented, to include four species and two subspecies. Three species, Gardenia sambiranensis Rakoton. & A. P. Davis, G. manongarivenis Rakoton. & A. P. Davis, G. brevicalyx Rakoton. & A. P. Davis and one subspecies, G. rutenbergiana subsp. australis Rakoton. & A. P. Davis, are described as new to science. Identification keys, descriptions, distribution maps, illustrations, species notes (distribution, habitat and ecology, phenology), and conservation assessments are provided. Madagascan Gardenia species are restricted to western Madagascar, in seasonally dry and sub-humid vegetation types. At least two species demonstrate broad ecological and anthropogenic tolerance, which may make them suitable for vegetation restoration projects in western Madagascar.

Morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies show that there is a close relationship between Coffea and Psilanthus. In this study we reassess species relationships based on improved species sampling for Psilanthus, including P. melanocarpus, a species that shares morpho-taxonomic characters of both genera. Analyses are performed using parsimony and Bayesian inference, on sequence data from four plastid regions [trnL–F intron, trnL–F IGS, rpl16 intron and accD–psa1 intergenic spacer (IGS)] and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1/5.8S/ITS 2). Several major lineages with geographical coherence, as identified in previous studies based on smaller and larger data sets, are supported. Our results also confirm previous studies showing that the level of sequence divergence between Coffea and Psilanthus species is negligible, particularly given the much longer branch lengths separating other genera of tribe Coffeeae. There are strong indications that neither Psilanthus nor Coffea is monophyletic. Psilanthus melanocarpus is nested with the Coffea–Psilanthus clade, which means that there is only one critical difference between Coffea and Psilanthus; the former has a long-emergent style and the latter a short, included style. Based on these new data, in addition to other systematically informative evidence from a broad range of studies, and especially morphology, Psilanthus is subsumed into Coffea. This decision increases the number of species in Coffea from 104 to 124, extends the distribution to tropical Asia and Australasia and broadens the morphological characterization of the genus. The implications for understanding the evolutionary history of Coffea are discussed. A group of closely related species is informally named the ‘Coffea liberica alliance’. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 357–377.

Phialiphora Groeninckx is described as a new herbaceous genus of Rubiaceae, endemic to NW Madagascar. The genus belongs to the predominantly herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae, and comprises two species: P. bevazahensis Groeninckx and P. capitulata Groeninckx. Phialiphora is unique within Spermacoceae in having heart-shaped placentas distally attached to the septum with a stalk. The generic name refers to the involucrate head-like inflorescences. Molecular data, based on atpB-rbcL, petD, rps16, and trnL-trnF sequences, demonstrate that Phialiphora belongs to the Hedyotis-Oldenlandia complex of the tribe Spermacoceae. The genus shares a common ancestor with the Madagascan endemics Astiella Jovet, Thamnoldenlandia Groeninckx and Amphistemon Groeninckx. Our study supports the hypothesis that the current diversity of Spermacoceae on Madagascar is the result of several independent colonisation events since the Eocene, most likely by long-distance dispersal from the African continent. A key to the genera of Spermacoceae on Madagascar is provided.

We present phylogenetic analyses of 32 taxa of Amaryllidaceae tribe Galantheae, 6 taxa of other Eurasian genera of Amaryllidaceae and Phaedranassa dubia as outgroup in order to provide a phylogenetic framework for selection of candidate plants for lead discovery in relation to Alzheimer’s disease. We used DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the plastid matK and trnL-F regions. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference strongly support a monophyletic tribe Galantheae in a narrow sense, including only Acis, Galanthus and Leucojum. Infrageneric relationships of Galanthus only partly support previous classifications. Alkaloid profiles and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were investigated for 18 taxa using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and an assay measuring inhibition of AChE activity. AChE inhibitory activity was found in all investigated clades and was correlated with alkaloid profiles of the plants. Lowest IC50 values were expressed by extracts containing either galanthamine or lycorine type compounds. Evaluation of available chemistry and activity data in a phylogenetic framework could be used to select target species for further investigation.

Recent studies on the circumscription of the tribe Coffeeae (Rubiaceae) revealed a weakly supported clade containing Tricalysia A. Rich. and the allied genera Argocoffeopsis Lebrun, Calycosiphonia Pierre ex Robbr., Belonophora Hook. f., Diplospora DC., Discospermum Dalzell, Nostolachma T. Durand, and Xantonnea Pierre ex Pit. The phylogenetic relationships of Tricalysia and these allied taxa are investigated further using sequence data from four plastid regions (trnL-F intron and intergenic spacer, rpL16 intron, accD-psa1 intergenic spacer, and PetD). Our results demonstrate that Tricalysia sensu Robbrecht is not monophyletic. The genus name Tricalysia should be restricted to taxa from subgenus Tricalysia; subgenus Empogona (Hook. f.) Robbr. is sister to the genus Diplospora and is recognized at the generic level. The 34 necessary new combinations for Empogona Hook. f. are provided: E. acidophylla (Robbr.) J. Tosh & Robbr., E. aequatoria (Robbr.) J. Tosh & Robbr., E. africana (Sim) J. Tosh & Robbr...

A new species of Argocoffeopsis, A. spathulata, is described as new to science. A description, line drawing, distribution map and conservation assessment are provided.

A taxonomic revision of the genus Flagenium Baill. is presented. Flagenium is endemic to Madagascar and comprises six species; three new species are described here (F. farafanganensis, F. petrikensis, and F. pedun- culatum) and one species (F. arboreum) is transferred into synonymy. Each species is fully described, and summaries of distribution, habitat and ecology, and phenology are given; conservation assessments are provided for each species. Flagenium is characterized by having ovaries with at least two erect and two pendulous ovules per locule, which, depending on the species, can display an additional two to four horizontal ovules per locule arranged between the uppermost and lowermost ovules. In addition, Flagenium has a longitudinally ten-ribbed fruit. These features are potentially unique within the Octotropideae. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 155, 557-570.

Mapouria Aubl. is a synonym of Psychotria L. In Madagascar and the Comoros there are 67 species of Mapouria that fall within the circumscription of Psychotria and correspondingly 64 species (67 taxa) require transfer to Psychotria. Thirty-seven new combinations and 30 new names are proposed; five lectotypes are designated.

Twelve new combinations are proposed for Rubiaceae species from Madagascar: seven for Psydrax, three for Pyrostria, and two for Rytigynia.

The circumscription of Coffeeae (Rubiaceae) and phylogenetic relationships within the tribe were evaluated using sequence data from four plastid regions (trnL-F intron, trnL-F intergenic spacer [IGS], rpl16 intron, and accD-psa1 IGS) and a morphological data set. Eleven candidates for inclusion in Coffeeae were examined using plastid data, and a further three were investigated using morphology alone. Based on previous phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Ixoroideae, nine genera representing five tribes were used as outgroups. Our results support an enlarged circumscription for Coffeeae, containing 11 genera, viz. Argocoffeopsis, Belonophora, Calycosiphonia, Coffea, Diplospora, Discospermum, Nostolachma, Psilanthus, Tricalysia, Sericanthe, and Xantonnea. The inclusion of Diplospora and Tricalysia within Coffeeae, based on published molecular data, and the inclusion of Argocoffeopsis, Belonophora, Calycosiphonia, Discospermum, and Sericanthe, based on morphological evidence, are well supported. Nostolachma is newly transferred from Gardenieae subtribe Diplosporinae to Coffeeae, and Xantonnea from Octotropideae to Coffeeae. The exclusion of Bertiera from Coffeeae and placement in tribe Bertiereae is supported on the basis of molecular and morphological data. The removal of Diplospora and all other genera from Gardenieae subtribe Diplosporinae to Coffeeae and Octotropideae renders Diplosporinae superfluous. It is proposed that Xantonneopsis be transferred to Octotropideae; Petitiocodon is tentatively placed in Gardenieae. The monophyly of seven genera is supported, but Coffea is identified as paraphyletic in relation to Psilanthus on the basis of molecular and combined molecular and morphological data.

An annotated taxonomic conspectus of the genus Coffea (coffee) is presented, with 103 species and seven infraspecific taxa enumerated. The taxonomic history of Coffea is summarized and details of the circumscription of Coffeeae, Cof- fea , and the subgeneric groups of Coffea are given. For each accepted name, the author, place of publication, type spe- cies, and synonyms are given. Useful illustrations and literature are cited, where available. The distribution of each accepted taxon is summarized as a text note and using the Taxonomic Database Working Group (TDWG) system; the vegetation type and altitude are given in an ecological summary. A list of potentially new taxa is included. Two lec- totypes are designated. Conservation assessments are given based on the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List Categories. Of the 103 Coffea species, 72 ( c . 70%) are threatened with extinction as a result of a combination of decline in quantity and quality of habitat. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 152 , 465-512. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Africa - caffeine - coffee - Coffeeae - conservation - IUCN Red List Categories - Madagascar - Mascarenes - Psilanthus - Rubiaceae - taxonomy.

Genipa in Madagascar currently comprises 11 species of Rubiaceae. These species do not belong in the New World genus Genipa (Gardenieae) but instead should be placed in Old World genera belonging to the tribes Gardenieae and Octotropideae. Six species can be confidently placed in the genus Hyperacanthus (Gardenie ae), and the appropriate new combinations are made. Five species belong to the tribe Octotropideae but can not be unequivocally placed in genera at the present time and consequently no combinations are proposed. Three new types of placentation are recorded in Hyperacanthus, which broaden the morphological characterization of the genus. These placentation types are apparently unique within Rubiaceae and perhaps even within Asterideae. Species descriptions, additional material examined, distribution, ecology and conservation asses sments are given for each of the six new combinations in Hyperacanthus.

Five new combinations and one new name are proposed for six Rubiaceae species from South-East Asia. Four new combinations are proposed in Cyclophyllum and one in Psychotria; a new name is proposed for one Psychotria species.

Genome size (Cx-value) was applied as a new criterion to investigate the relationships within the genus Galanthus L. (Amaryllidaceae). More than 150 samples representing all species, from wild and cultivated material, were investigated. Most species of Galanthus have the same basic chromosome number (2n=2x=24). However, the somatic nuclear DNA contents (2C), as measured by flow cytometry with propidium iodide was shown to range from 48.6 to 90.4 pg for the diploids. This implies that the largest genome contains roughly 4 × 1010 more base pairs than the smallest and has chromosomes that are nearly twice as large. On this basis we assumed that nuclear DNA content as measured using flow cytometry may be used to produce easily obtainable systematic data. Triploidy in G. rizehensis and G. alpinus var. bortkewitschianus, tetraploidy in G. elwesii and hexaploidy in G. lagodechianus were confirmed by flow cytometry. In addition, as well as a number of polyploid cultivars, triploids were also found in G. nivalis and tetraploids and hexaploids in G. transcaucasicus and G. elwesii, respectively. DNA content confirmed the close relationships in some species pairs, including: G. nivalis and G. reginae-olgae, G. krasnovii and G. platyphyllus, G. gracilis and G. elwesii. Further investigation of the taxonomic status of these pairs is suggested. As a rapid diagnostic tool, applicable even in the case of dormant bulbs or sterile plants, flow cytometry has applications for conservation and in particular the monitoring of the trade in bulbous plants.

Three new species of Coffea from Madagascar are described: Coffea vohemarensis, C. minutiflora and C. moratii. Full descriptions and conservation assessments are provided. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 142, 111–118.

The taxonomic history of Psychotria asiatica Lthe type species of the genus Psychotria Lis introduced and discussed in detail. For the first time, the name P. asiatica is unambiguously linked with wild populations of Psychotria from south-east China, allowing critical morphological characteristics and geographical distribution of Psychotria sensu stricto to be known. A full description of P. asiatica is given and representative herbarium specimens are cited. The importance and implications of identifying living representatives that match the type species of Psychotria are briefly discussed. One significant finding of this study is that P. asiatica has pyrenes with preformed germination slits (PGSs), the absence of which has been used by some workers to separate Psychotria from other members of the tribe Psychotrieae.

A new species of Vangueriopsis from Kenya, V. shimbaensis, is described and illustrated. Notes on distribution, phenology and conservation are provided.

A new species of Coffea from southern central Madagascar, C. toshii, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to C. buxifolia but differs due to its short, broad spreading habit (vs narrow habit), conspicuous domatia (vs inconspicuous), consistently red fruit (vs reddish purple to dull purple or red), longer fruiting pedicel (vs shorter), presence of bracts (vs absence) and occurrence at lower elevations (vs high elevation).

The leaf anatomy of the genus Galanthus is described from transverse sections of the leaf and epidermal preparations, with the objective of identifying systematic information. Eight characters are identified as having the potential to provide data for grouping species and subspecies; six of these characters are reported here for the first time. Some of these characters, alone or in combination with other anatomical data, are useful for looking at the relationships between taxbnomically difficult species. Our results are compared with the classifications of Artjushenko, which are based on anatomical and morphological data.

Snowdrops ( Galanthus , 20 spp.; Amaryllidaceae) are cherished garden plants and the world’s most traded wild-sourced ornamental bulb genus. Despite their popularity and economic importance, species delimitation is problematic and the infrageneric classification uncertain. We present a molecular phylogenetic study of Galanthus with the aim of resolving these issues and to better understand the evolution within the genus. Sequences of nuclear encoded nrITS, and plastid encoded matK , trnLF , ndhF , and psbK–psbI , for all currently recognised species and two naturally occurring putative hybrids, were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. Phylogenetic analysis of Galanthus , based on nuclear ITS sequences, provides a well-resolved topology, including seven well-supported named clades (platyphyllus, trojanus, ikariae, elwesii, nivalis, woronowii, and alpinus), and five major clades (A–E). The recovered ITS topology is in accordance with the geographical distribution of Galanthus species. The combined plastid data set provided far less resolution than that of ITS, with generally lower levels of statistical support, and one case of significant incongruence with the ITS dataset (involving G. gracilis ). Phylogenetic network and hybridization analyses identified several possible hybridization events but these are more likely to be due to the result of a lack of resolution in the plastid dataset. The putative natural hybrid, G. × valentinei nothosubsp. subplicatus , is supported by our data and analyses, whereas a hybrid origin for G. ×allenii is not. ITS and plastid data indicated that some Galanthus species are in need of taxonomic recircumscription.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The phenolic composition of Coffea leaves has barely been studied, and therefore this study conducts the first detailed survey, focusing on mangiferin and hydroxycinnamic acid esters (HCEs). METHODS Using HPLC, including a new technique allowing quantification of feruloylquinic acid together with mangiferin, and histochemical methods, mangiferin content and tissue localization were compared in leaves and fruits of C. pseudozanguebariae, C. arabica and C. canephora. The HCE and mangiferin content of leaves was evaluated for 23 species native to Africa or Madagascar. Using various statistical methods, data were assessed in relation to distribution, ecology, phylogeny and use. KEY RESULTS Seven of the 23 species accumulated mangiferin in their leaves. Mangiferin leaf-accumulating species also contain mangiferin in the fruits, but only in the outer (sporophytic) parts. In both leaves and fruit, mangiferin accumulation decreases with ageing. A relationship between mangiferin accumulation and UV levels is posited, owing to localization with photosynthetic tissues, and systematic distribution in high altitude clades and species with high altitude representatives. Analyses of mangiferin and HCE content showed that there are significant differences between species, and that samples can be grouped into species, with few exceptions. These data also provide independent support for various Coffea lineages, as proposed by molecular phylogenetic analyses. Sampling of the hybrids C. arabica and C. heterocalyx cf. indicates that mangiferin and HCE accumulation may be under independent parental influence. CONCLUSIONS This survey of the phenolic composition in Coffea leaves shows that mangiferin and HCE accumulation corresponds to lineage recognition and species delimitation, respectively. Knowledge of the spectrum of phenolic accumulation within species and populations could be of considerable significance for adaptation to specific environments. The potential health benefits of coffee-leaf tea, and beverages and masticatory products made from the fleshy parts of Coffea fruits, are supported by our phenolic quantification.

Davis, Aaron P., Razafimandimbison, Sylvain G. (2010): Three species of Madagascan Plectronia transferred to Peponidium (Vanguerieae, Rubiaceae). Phytotaxa 10: 46-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.10.1.7

DAVIS, A. P. & JURY, S. L., 1990. A review of Iris L. series Unguiculares (Diels) Lawrence (Iridaceae). The morphology, pollen, chromosomes and distribution of these plants are discussed and a new systematic account of the series is given.

The phylogenetic relationships between species of Coffea and Psilanthus remain poorly understood, owing to low levels of sequence variation recovered in previous studies, coupled with relatively limited species sampling. In this study, the relationships between Coffea and Psilanthus species are assessed based on substantially increased molecular sequence data and greatly improved species sampling.Phylogenetic relationships are assessed using parsimony, with sequence data from four plastid regions [trnL-F intron, trnL-F intergenic spacer (IGS), rpl16 intron and accD-psa1 IGS], and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear rDNA (ITS 1/5.8S/ITS 2). Supported lineages in Coffea are discussed within the context of geographical correspondence, biogeography, morphology and systematics.Several major lineages with geographical coherence, as identified in previous studies based on smaller data sets, are supported. Other lineages with either geographical or ecological correspondence are recognized for the first time. Coffea subgenus Baracoffea is shown to be monophyletic, but Coffea subgenus Coffea is paraphyletic. Sequence data do not substantiate the monophyly of either Coffea or Psilanthus. Low levels of sequence divergence do not allow detailed resolution of relationships within Coffea, most notably for species of Coffea subgenus Coffea occurring in Madagascar. The origin of C. arabica by recent hybridization between C. canephora and C. eugenioides is supported. Phylogenetic separation resulting from the presence of the Dahomey Gap is inferred based on sequence data from Coffea.

Phylogenetic analyses of the monocotyledonous genera Leucojum and Galanthus (Amaryllidaceae, Asparagales), using plastid (trnL-F and matK) and largely non-coding nuclear ribosomal (ITS) DNA sequences show the two to be closely related to Lapiedra, Narcissus, Vagaria, Pancratium and Sternbergia. We compare the results obtained with a combined parsimony analysis of these nucleotide sequences with that of a matrix of morphological characters. The sampling included all species of Leucojum and most species of Galanthus (representing all series and subseries of the genus) and used as outgroup the above mentioned genera of Amaryllidaceae shown to be close relatives. The plastid, nuclear and morphological data were analysed independently and in combination, showing that the boundaries between the two genera are not appropriate. Galanthus is monophyletic but embedded in Leucojum. On the basis of chromosome numbers and floral characters Leucojum has been previously divided into four subgenera, which have been accepted as genera by some authors. In our phylogenetic analyses (separate as well as combined), Leucojum species are separated in two primary clades corresponding to L. subgenera Ruminia + Acis and L. Leucojum + Aerosperma. The taxonomic implications of this pattern are discussed, and an alternative classification is proposed. Finally, biogeographic relationships of species of both Leucojum and Galanthus are discussed, emphasising the possible origin of the narrowly distributed taxa of Leucojum relative to the widespread species.

Evidence from several sources shows that Psilanthus is a synonym of Coffea. In order to finalize the taxonomic placement of Psilanthus within Coffea a new combination is necessary for the type species of Psilanthus, P. mannii. The combination Coffea mannii is made here. The implications of the transfer of Psilanthus to Coffea are discussed.

Five new combinations are made in the genus Bremeria: B. arachnocarpa, B. eriantha, B. scabrella, B. landia var. holosericea, and B. landia var. stadmanii. Bremeria gerrardii is conspecific with Gaertnera phanerophlebia, and thus excluded from Bremeria. Lectotypes are designated for Mussaenda erectiloba var. scabrella, M. stadmanii, and M. trichophlebia.

In order to bring the names of two Rubiaceae taxa into current usage, two new combinations are proposed in Pyrostria: P. brunnescens (Craib) Utteridge & A.P.Davis, and P. cochinchinense (Pierre ex Pit.) Utteridge & A.P.Davis. Pyrostria brunnescens occurs in Thailand and P. cochinchinense in Indo-China (Thailand, Vietnam) and Malesia (Malaysia, N Borneo).

Galanthus panjutinii , a new species endemic to the calcareous ridges of the northern Colchis area (Western Transcaucasia) is described and illustrated. Morphological differences between the new species and the closely related species, G. krasnovii and G. platyphyllus , are discussed. A line illustration, photographs, map and conservation assessment are provided.

In order to provide an accepted name for the later homonym P. bremekampiana A.P.Davis & Govaerts we propose a new name in Psychotria: P. andramontaensis A.P.Davis & Govaerts.

The combination Psilanthus brassii (J.-F. Leroy) A. P. Davis, based on the basionym Paracoffea brassii J.-F. Leroy, is proposed. Herbarium research shows that Psilanthus brassii (Rubiaceae7 Coffeeae) occurs in northeastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Nomenclatural notes on the genus Paracogea J.-F. Leroy, a generic synonym of Psilanthus Hooker f., are provided.

The characterization of Hyperacanthus is discussed and a key to the Gardenieae-Gardeniinae of Madagascar is provided. Hyperacanthus grevei is described as a new species for Madagascar.

In Turkey, in the western part of the province of Istanbul, there are large populations of Galanthus that do not conform to any existing taxon, but instead appear to be a hybrid swarm. This hybrid was first noted by D. A. Webb, as a comment (dated 1974) on a herbarium specimen (Baytop [ & Cubukgu] ISTE 8589) held at Kew (K). Webb's note states: 'I do not think this is G. byzantinus [G. plicatus M. Bieb. subsp. byzantinus (Baker) D. A. Webb]... 'It seems to be G. nivalis [L.]. Possibly, however, some specimens at Edinburgh [herbarium, E] show the green patch [at the base of the inner perianth segment]: in this case [it] then might be a hybrid population of G. nivalis x G. graecus [= G. gracilis Celak.]'. This same note was later annotated by C. D. Brickell (dated 15 Oct. 1980), and he states: 'The leaves are clearly if narrowly plicate [explicative] in a proportion of this population, which I have seen. I would not think G. gracilis (G. graecus) was involved. ... It is much more likely to be a hybrid swarm of G. byzantinus [= G. plicatus subsp. byzantinus x G. nivalis, which would account for the plicate [explicative] margins and the variability of markings on the inner segments that occur'. Brickell (1984: 368) later wrote: 'Populations from Al (E) Kirklareli (Demirk6y forest, A. Baytop ISTE 27232!) and A2(E) Istanbul (Belgrad forest, A. Baytop ISTE 8591! & 21010! Brickell & Mathew 8543!) appear to be hybrid swarms of G. nivalis and G. plicatus subsp. byzantinus. They have narrowly linear to very narrowly oblanceolate leaves, explicative or occasionally flat [applanate] in ptyxis [vernation]; the green markings on the inner perianth segments may be apical and basal, or only apical'. Field observations and herbarium studies made by us between 1991 and 2001 confirm both of Brickell's comments. In this paper we formally recognize this

Deux nouvelles especes de Coffea sont decrites du Nord de Madagascar (Province d'Antsiranana) : C. ankaranensis et C. sambavensis. Ces deux nouvelles especes sont comparees respectivement au C. perrieri et C. millotii. Le statut de conservation est donne pour chacune d'elles, en utilisant les categories de l'UICN pour les Listes Rouges.

The three species described here are evergreen, in common with all other Coffea species from eastern Madagascar. In this paper we have used the term calyculus to describe the bract-like structures that occur immediately beneath the inflorescence branch(es) and/or pedicel(s). These structures are undoubtedly formed by the reduction of a vegetative shoot, where each calyculus is made up of a pair of reduced leaves and a pair of reduced stipules. Each Coffea inflorescence usually has three calyculi, and each calyculus is normally four-lobed. The four lobes are arranged in two pairs: the lobes derived from the stipules are here referred to as the stipular lobes, and the other set derived from the leaves are called the foliar lobes (see Figs 1 3). In common with other species of Coffea from Madagascar (excluding subgenus Baracoffea see below), the corolla tube of C. manombensis is longer than the corolla lobes. According to P. Stoffelen (pers. comm.) a corolla tube distinctly longer than the corolla lobes is absent in Coffea species from tropical Africa, although in a few species (e.g. C. liberica, C. congensis, C. kapakata and C. heterocalyx) the corolla tube can be sometimes slightly longer than the lobes. The length of the corolla tube relative to the lobes has been used in keys to separate Coffea from Psilanthus (e.g. Stoffelen 1998, p. 65), but it now seems that this character cannot be used successfully if species from Madagascar are included in identification keys. In species of Coffea subgenus Baracoffea, which occur in western Madagascar, the corolla tube is always much longer than the lobes.