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Tech mining is the application of text mining tools to science and technology information resources. The ever-increasing volume of scientific outputs is a boom to technological innovation, but it also complicates efforts to obtain useful and concise information for problem solving. This challenge extends to tech mining, where the development of techniques compatible with big data is an urgent issue. This article introduces a semi-supervised method for extracting layered technological information from scientific papers in order to extend the reach of tech mining. Our method starts with several pre-set seed patterns used to extract candidate phrases by matching the dependency tree of each sentence. Then, after a series of judgements, phrases are divided into two categories: ‘main technique’ and ‘tech-component’. (A technique, for the purposes of this study, is a method or tool used in the article being analysed.) In order to generate new patterns for subsequent iterations, a weighted pattern learning method is also adopted. Finally, multiple iterations of the method are applied to extract technological information from each paper. A dataset from the field of optical switcher is used to verify the method’s effectiveness. Our findings are that (1) by two loops of extraction process in each iteration, our method realises the layered technological information extraction, which contains the ‘part–whole’ relationships between main techniques and tech-components; (2) the recall rate for main techniques is superior to the baseline after iterating 23 rounds; (3) when layering is disregarded, in the aspect of the precision and the volume of techniques, the new method is higher than that for the baseline; and (4) adjusting another two parameters can optimise the efficiency – however, the effect is neither pronounced nor straightforward.

The present article approaches the trends of HRD in the Finnish pulp and paper industry. The recent two decades have introduced several major changes into this field of industry. Technical breakthroughs have led to drastic changes in the competence requirements of the personnel. On the other hand, the boom of mergers and acquisitions in this industry segment has cut down the humber of corporations with world wide operations. Globalization challenges the European labor market, social policy, vocational education as well as HRD practices to develop high value jobs and competencies essential for survival in the labor cost competition.

A significant natural resource discovery creates excited popular expectations of imminent wealth. But the size of a boom is usually overestimated and the delay in receiving revenues is underestimated. This paper takes stock of the sequencing, timing, and scale of the development of a natural resource endowment; reviews the 'resource curse' literature; looks at benchmarks of scale and timing so as to put potential booms into the context of the challenges of growth and structural change in Africa; and, finally, gathers together observations on policy and institutional changes.

The demand for hydropower production, as a prominent sustainable development strategy, has created a boom in the number of planned hydropower projects, especially small ones. These projects are mainly located in post-socialist transition and developing countries. However, emerging evidence suggests that most of the projects remain on paper. One reason for this is prevalent corruption. In the literature, corruption has been identified in megaprojects but a significant number of hydropower projects are smaller in size. This leaves a literature gap and a subsequent lack of understanding regarding corruption and its potential connection to the absence of hydropower construction. We argue that it also creates a ‘safe space’ for corrupt actors who use the sector for personal gain. In this paper, we address this nexus of unfinished hydropower projects, sustainable development in transition countries, corruption, and lack of scholarly attention by presenting empirical evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina. We highlight that sustainability goals associated with hydropower might be distorted, especially in transition countries as they are intermingled with hydropower projects that are embedded in complex bureaucratic structures. We conclude that focusing on the sector might improve its management, thus contributing to sustainable development, and also help to decrease the corruption risk.

The boom of digital market and rapid expansion and demand of digital content consumption have many requirements for automated content processing, cataloguing, authenticating, indexing, etc.. Digital watermarking and fingerprinting techniques are being explored to authenticate and detect features in digital objects. This is similar to the analogue paper-based watermarking technique that was invented in the 13th century in Italy for the identification of the workers. This paper presents a framework for the digitisation, extraction and graphical representation of paper-based watermark designs. With a general overview of the framework by Hiary and Ng (2005), the paper focuses on automated processes which determine the configuration of processing parameters in order to allow optimal content processing without time-consuming manual intervention. With a machine readable graphical representation of the watermark, cataloguing and indexing of these heritage resources can be enhanced with the ease of digital content retrieval functionalities for scholarly usages and many other advantages of digital technologies including distribution and preservation

Critical discussions of German realist literature over the last few decades have repeatedly examined the intersection between publicity, audience formation and literary production, especially in the context of the boom of the popular periodical press in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Much remains to be said, however, about the specific role newspaper advertising strategies played in the construction and redefinition of literary modes and categories. In a trajectory that leads from Kleist to Fontane, this essay argues that public notices and classified ads from newspapers and journals become, over the course of the nineteenth century, literary subjects in their own right, allowing for new narrative and expressive strategies and signalling dramatic changes in the conditions of epistolary communication ‘im papiernen Zeitalter’, as turn-of-the-century cultural historians have called the era of industrially produced paper. Whereas the ‘Intelligenzblatt’ and the want ad from Kleist’s ‘Marqui...

During the last decade, behavioral economics has become an important and pervasive field. Since it draws from both psychology and economics, we tested four databases to compare coverage: EconLit, PsycINFO, Business Source Premier, and Academic Search Premier. We also explored which journals contain most articles on the subject, tracked the dates of those articles, and looked at trends in authorship. Finally, we show how the boom in behavioral economics research is reflected in the increase of working papers on the subject.

In the course of the last thirty years, science enjoys a remarkable quantitative boom. For example, the total number of substances, registered in the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry File (CAS RF) at the end of the year 1985, was about 8 millions while at the end of the year 2015 it reached up to 104 millions. But, still more and more behind this quantitative boom of science are some of its qualitative aspects. So, e.g., the x–y–z coordinates of atoms in molecules are presently known for no more than 1 million of substances. For the majority of substances registered in CAS RF, we do not know much on their properties, how they react with other substances and to what purpose they could serve. Gmelin Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Beilstein Institute for Organic Chemistry, which systematically gathered and extensively published such information since the nineteenth century, were canceled in 1997 (Gmelin) and 1998 (Beilstein). The number of scientific papers annually published increases, but the value of information they bring falls. The growth of sophisticated ‘push-and-button’ apparatuses allows easier preparation of publications while facilitating ready-to-publish data. Articles can thus be compiled by mere combination of different measurements usually without idea what it all is about and to what end this may serve. Driving force for the production of ever growing number of scientific papers is the need of authors to be distinguished in order to be well considered in seeing financial support. The money and fame are distributed to scientists according to their publication and citation scores. While the number of publications is clearly a quantitative criterion, much hopes have been placed on the citation, which promised to serve well as an adequate measure of the genuine scientific value, i.e., of quality of the scientific work. That, and why these hopes were not accomplished, is discussed in detail in our contribution. Special case of Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry is discussed in more particulars.

The conventional version of Austrian business cycle theory focuses on a temporary imbalance between natural and monetary rates of interest. When, because of the role of monetary authorities in defining the monetary rate, the two values are in a situation of imbalance, the resulting expansion stage is followed by a recession. On the other hand, if instead the expansive phase arises without any interference by monetary authorities but through re-adaptation of the productive structure to a modified structure of temporal preferences, a period of sustainable growth begins that will not be followed by a crisis. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate, on the other hand, that because of profit-expectations and the combined action of Schumpeterian elements (imitations-speculations and the ‘creation of money’ by banks), even a so-called ‘sustainable’ boom will be affected by a liquidation and settling crisis. What distinguishes the latter situation from the conventional case of imbalance between monetary and natural rates is not the onset or otherwise of a crisis but, rather, its intensity and duration. We will define as natural an economic cycle characterised by a stage of expansion considered to be ‘sustainable’ in the Austrian theory but followed by an inevitable readjustment crisis.

During the launch era of the European Union, there were unsuccessful attempts to make spatial planning part of the European project. This paper identifies three subsequent phases of integration. During the doldrums era, initiatives were channelled through the Council of Europe. Since the start of the boom era, spatial planning has been related to EU cohesion policy. As we move into the fourth phase, characterised by doubts about integration, what does the future bring? The Lisbon Treaty settles the issue of a lack of competence, but uncertainty continues because the future of cohesion policy as such is unsettled. While the journey continues, will it be retained, and if so, what will the role of territorial cohesion policy be? Will territorial cohesion policy be barely tolerated, or will it become a mainstay of cohesion policy?

Just think. If Jim Stanford's Paper Boom, weighing in at a hefty 473 pages, sells out and gets reprinted a few times it might spark a mini-boom in the depressed stocks of papermakers! I hope it does, sell out that is. The book deserves a wide audience on the Left far beyond academia. I don't embrace his entire analysis of the speculative bull market in stocks and bonds that has transformed the North American economy in the eighties and nineties to the detriment of working families and the poor.As Stanford realizes, his main arguments will be extremely controversial on the Left, and I, for one, will take issue with some of them below. But they are debatable in the best sense-they focus on the core issues, grapple with the evidence, encourage us to think anew, and jettison some ideological baggage in the process. An economist with the Canadian Auto Workers, Jim Stanford writes in an engaging, jargon-free style that academic Leftists (such as this reviewer) should strive to emulate. He has put together an empirically based, up-to-date overview of the relationship between the "paper" and the "real" Canadian economy from a free-thinking iconoclastic perspective. Who else on the Left poohpoohs leftist demagogy on bank profits, or argues that the profits of productive firms need to be higher to give working people a better shot at prosperity? The book is chock-full of tables and graphs, mostly constructed by the author himself from widely accessible StatsCan sources, plus illustrative boxes and sidebars that display a wry humour and are often as illuminating as the main text itself. All this makes Stanford's multi-layered view of the economy accessible to readers who have never taken an under

In this world of digital and social media booms, a number of people spend their valuable times burying heads in smartphones, resulting in unintentional increased gaps in physical relationship with people nearby. A hybrid digital-physical medium is a possible solution for this problem by means of externalizing social media data and integrating them into a physical medium somehow. In this way, using social media will simultaneously connect us with both virtual and physical worlds.

The standard view of business fluctuations gives the leading role to investment, in both fixed capital and stocks, which raises aggregate demand in boom and reduces it in slump. The recent behaviour of the UK economy seems to have been a particularly marked departure from the standard model. Movements in personal consumption have played an unusually important role in both the rapid increase of demand from 1986 to 1989 and in the current recession. Stock investment, owing to improvements in the technology of stock control, is no longer a driving force. Manufacturing investment, while rising during the boom, contributed relatively little to increasing demand. The conventional wisdom now has it that recent UK experience is that of a consumption driven business cycle. This Briefing Paper argues that this down-playing of the role of investment has been overdone. What has deceived the eye is the concentration on manufacturing. Investment did make a very large contribution to the recent boom, with the biggest increases in investment undertaken by non-manufacturing industry: a component of demand which attracts little regular scrutiny and less understanding. The textbook model still applies to the UK.

40) Aggregate demand for emerging markets in downturn – not possible because of limited govt capacity. 41) Momentum in prices when fed starts boom. Arsonist sets fire and says wind made the blaze even more.

Along with the gradual disintegration of the dominant position of the centrally controlled publishers in the market, a boom in private, independent publishing was reported in most countries in the region, and Czech publishers were no exception to this trend. One of the very few local empirical projects that aimed at monitoring the social background of the immediate 'post-revolutionary' book scene was the study by Jan Halada titled Publishers from the Sociological Perspective, which was carried out in the early 1990s. The introduction of new technology and the accumulation of several professional roles in the hands of one subject were accompanied by, and to a certain extent even supportive of, specific patterns of behaviour in the business. A book, and its price, became the crossroads where a variety of cultural traditions and psychologically grounded stereotypes and expectations clashed with the economic, political and social currents of the 'post-revolutionary' period.Keywords: book market; Czech publishers; post-revolutionary period

These are boom times for social histories of Mexico City's working people. Within the past decade, nearly a dozen major studies have appeared in the United States and Mexico exploring the nineteenth- and twentieth-century worlds of artisans, workers, prostitutes, and other members of the urban “dangerous classes.” This new generation of scholarship has moved the study of Mexican working people's history away from its timeworn emphasis on the official politics of labor unions and the concomitant institutional analysis of inter-union alliances, schisms, and pact making with the state. Instead, the recent work has begun to sketch in a portrait of the everyday lives, political struggles, and cultural perspectives of the unionized and nonunionized popular classes in Mexico's capital. John Lear's history of Mexico City's working people in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries represents a major contribution to this literature, thanks in part to its chronological breadth and ambitious scope.

New York City's great importance has necessarily attracted exceptional scholarship, including recently a Pulitzer Prize-winning history as well as widely acclaimed studies of the city's physical and social dimensions. Viewed from virtually every angle, the great city's history might appear to have been pretty well exhausted. With the publication of David Scobey's Empire City, however, New York may have received its most innovative and important study to date. Viewing the city's mid-nineteenth century boom as a crucial point in its development, Scobey manages both to infuse familiar subjects with new meaning and to invest them with broad national consequence.

Vietnam's logistics industry with an estimated total value of US $ 50-60 billion is currently growing rapidly (20 - 25% per year) and is expected to maintain double-digit growth for at least 5 to 10 next year, due to the breakthrough of the retail industry with high internet penetration and online shopping trends. According to the Vietnam E-Commerce White Paper 2018, the scale of the B2C e-commerce market was US $ 6.2 billion in 2017. Vietnam is one of the fastest growing e-commerce markets in Southeast Asia. With this boom, the demand for logistics in e-commerce ecosystem is huge. Analysis of the factors affecting electronic logistics allows proposing a strategic solution for the development of e-logistics services in Ho Chi Minh City, and what is urgent according the Logistics Development Plan of Ho Chi Minh City until 2025, with a vision to 2030.

In this short paper an original technique for deploying long coilable booms is reported. The technique consists in mechanically coupling consecutive layers, thus preventing them from uncoiling or sliding in respect to one another by using a soft polymer/adhesive applied on the annular surfaces of the coil or between layers. The polymer/adhesive not only can replace the compressing mechanism, which is usually used, which could be cumbersome and has to be manufactured, but also can eliminate the blossoming effect of the coil especially affecting long booms. The concept is validated through experiments which have shown that by using the proposed technique, deployment of long booms is possible without any compression mechanism at all, greatly simplifying the system. Moreover, the experiments have shown that it is also possible to design a system in which the polymer used as adhesive remains bonded to the main spindle and separates from the booms after deployment, which could be very useful for certain satellite applications where the booms can be used as electrodynamic tethers in which case it is preferable that their surface remains "clean" after deployment.

Sorbent booms are considered a ‘first line of defence’ technology used for containing and minimizing the impacts of crude oil spills. Booms containing human hair waste as sorbent were compared to other natural sorbents, including cotton by-product, recycled cellulose, as well as booms containing synthetic polypropylene, in order to evaluate their effectiveness in adsorbing petroleum crude oil pollution, remaining buoyant, and adsorbing seawater. A series of oceanic mesocosm experiments were used to simulate oil spill pollution events and to test sorbent effectiveness. Hair by-product was found to be significantly better at adsorbing crude oil on average (i.e. 0.84 g of crude oil per 1 g of sorbent) than all other materials, although it had wider variation in adsorbency likely associated with the non-homogeneous nature of mixed human hair. Hair sorbent was also observed to be less naturally buoyant than other materials, potentially due to low surface tension or increased porosity.