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BACKGROUND: Guided bone regeneration is an effective method to solve bone defects in the implant area, but the choice of bone replacement material is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the treatment effect of different materials in the bone defects around the mandibular posterior teeth with immediate implantation. METHODS: From May 2016 to January 2019, 138 patients with bone defects around the mandibular posterior teeth, who were admitted to the Department of Stomatology in Peking University People’s Hospital, were selected. The patients were divided into three groups by random number table method, and were respectively implanted Bio-oss, Bone Plant, and PerioGlas bone replacement materials during immediate implantation, with 46 cases in each group respectively. Postoperative regular follow-up was conducted to compare the implant success rate, marginal bone level, buccal-lingual bone plate width, vertical height, periodontal index, and patient satisfaction in the three groups. This study had been approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University People’s Hospital, approval No. [Ethical approval(R20160412)]. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The success rate of implants in the Bone Plant group was higher than that in the PerioGlas group 12 months after PerioGlas operation (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between other groups (P > 0.05). (2) The edge bone levels of the Bio-OSS group and the Bone Plant group were lower than those in the PerioGlas group (P < 0.05). The width and vertical height of the buccal lingual bone plate were higher than those in the PerioGlas group (P < 0.05). The vertical height of the Bone Plant group at 6 and 12 months after operation was higher than that of the Bio-Oss group (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the horizontal edge bone and the width of the buccal-lingual bone plate between the two groups (P > 0.05). (3) At 6 and 12 months after the operation, there was no significant difference in the depth of periodontal probe, the positive rate of exploratory bleeding and the gingival index between the three groups (P > 0.05). (4) There was no significant difference in patient satisfaction between the three groups (P > 0.05). (5) The results showed that the Bio-OSS, PerioGlas, and Bone Plant all had certain effects of inducing bone regeneration and osteogenesis, while the Bio-OSS absorbed slowly but maintained a certain bone plate width, and the Bone Plant maintained a good vertical height and space stability of bone defect, making it an ideal bone replacement material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]