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Background: Whether a causal relationship exists between milk intake and reduced risk of fractures is unclear.Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that genetically determined milk intake reduces the risk of fractures and increases bone mineral density (BMD).Methods: We investigated the association between milk intake, LCT-13910 C/T (rs4988235), which is associated with lactase persistence (TT/TC) in Northern Europeans, and hip fractures in three Danish prospective studies (N = 97 811, age ≥20 years). We added meta-analyses of LCT-13910 and fractures and BMD from five published Northern European population studies.Results: In the Danish studies, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for hip fracture per one glass per week higher milk intake was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99-1.01). The per T-allele milk intake was 0.58 (0.49-0.68) glasses per week, but HR was 1.01 (0.94-1.09) for hip fracture. In meta-analyses of Danish studies with published Northern European population studies, the random effects odds ratio for any fracture was 0.86 (0.61-1.21; I2 = 73%) for TT vs. CC and 0.90 (0.68-1.21; I2 = 63%) for TC vs. CC. The standardized mean difference in femoral neck BMD was 0.10 (0.02-0.18; I2 = 0%) g cm-2 for TT vs. CC and 0.06 (-0.04 to 0.17; I2 = 17%) g cm-2 for TC vs. CC. There were no differences in lumbar spine or total hip BMD comparing TT or TC with CC.Conclusion: Genetically lifelong lactase persistence with high milk intake was not associated with hip fracture in Danish population-based cohorts. A meta-analysis combining Danish studies with published Northern European population studies also showed that lactase persistence was not associated with fracture risk. Genetic lactase persistence was associated with a higher femoral neck BMD, but not lumbar spine or total hip BMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report the epidemiology and risk factors for humeral fractures (proximal humerus and shaft) among men and women residing in south-eastern Australia. Incident fractures during 2006 and 2007 were identified using X-ray reports (Geelong Osteoporosis Study Fracture Grid). Risk factors were identified using data from case-control studies conducted as part of the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Median age of fracture was lower in males than females for proximal humerus (33.0 vs 71.2 years), but not for humeral shaft (8.9 vs 8.5 years). For females, proximal humerus fractures occurred mainly in the 70-79 and 80+ years age groups, whereas humeral shaft fractures followed a U-shaped pattern. Males showed a U-shaped pattern for both proximal humerus and humeral shaft fractures. Overall age-standardised incidence rates for proximal humerus fractures in males and females were 40.6 (95% CI 32.7, 48.5) and 73.2 (95% CI 62.2, 84.1) per 100,000 person years, respectively. For humeral shaft fractures, the age-standardised rate was 69.3 (95% CI 59.0, 79.6) for males and 61.5 (95% CI 51.9, 71.0) for females. There was an increase in risk of proximal humerus fractures in men with a lower femoral neck BMD, younger age, prior fracture and higher milk consumption. In pre-menopausal women, increased height and falls were both risk factors for proximal humerus fractures. For post-menopausal women, risk factors associated with proximal humerus fractures included a lower non-milk dairy consumption and sustaining a prior fracture. Humeral shaft fractures in both sexes were sustained mainly in childhood, while proximal humerus fractures were sustained in older adulthood. The overall age-standardised rates of proximal humerus fractures were nearly twice as high in females compared to males, whereas the incidence rates of humeral shaft fractures were similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Adequate nutrition is needed for the accrual of bone mass during the pre- and postpubertal growth periods. This study aimed to examine the associations between dietary calcium, vitamin D (calciferol), and milk intakes and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status and bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in Spanish adolescents, aged 12.5–17.5yr, participating in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study (HELENA-CSS). Bone mass was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and diet via 2 nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls (n=227; 48% males). A random subsample of 101 adolescents (46% males) had available measures of 25(OH)D. Multiple linear regression was applied. Significant adjusted associations were observed in males, among milk intakes and BMC and BMD. Also in males, whole-body, head, and right arm BMD were positively related to calcium intakes. In females, 25(OH)D was positively related among others to whole-body, subtotal, and left and right arm BMC and BMD. It could be speculated that diet is not a limiting factor of bone mass development in this group of healthy adolescents, and further research on the effect of other factors in addition to diet in a larger sample should be undertaken. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Calcium demand is increased during pregnancy. However, few randomized controlled trials examined the effects of calcium supplementation on bone mass during pregnancy. This study determined effects of calcium and milk supplementation on maternal bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover in pregnant Chinese women with habitual low calcium intake. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 36 Chinese pregnant women (24-31 years, 18 gestational weeks) were randomly assigned to the following three arms (12 each): I, usual diet; II, 'I' + 45 g milk powder (containing 350 mg calcium); or III, 'II' + 600 mg calcium/day from gestational age of 20 weeks to 6 weeks post-partum (PP). BMD was measured post-treatment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Dietary intakes, 24-h urinary calcium, bone resorption (urinary hydroxyproline) and formation (serum osteocalcin) biomarkers were examined at the gestational age of 20 and 34 weeks, and 6 weeks PP. Results: A dose-dependent relationship was observed between calcium intake and BMDs. The BMD values were significantly higher in subjects with calcium and milk supplementation than those in the controls at the whole body and spine ( p < 0.05) but not at the hip sites. We found significant decreases in changes of urinary hydroxyproline, and significant increases in serum osteocalcin during the intervention period in the calcium/milk intervention groups than those in the control group (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: Calcium/milk supplementation during pregnancy is associated with greater BMD at the spine and whole body and suppresses bone resorption in Chinese women with habitual low calcium intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which determined the skeletal benefits of the fortified milk after withdrawal of supplementation. Conducted was a 2-year fortified milk trial among one hundred nine men of at least 50 years old and with an additional of 18 months with no fortified milk. Findings indicate that supplementation with calcium and vitamin D fortified milk for 2 years may provide sustained benefits for bone mineral density in older men.

A 14-y follow-up of 58 1 children who took part in a randomized controlled trial of the effect of a milk supplement on growth of children was conducted to investigate the supplement's effect on adult bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD). BMC and BMD of the nondominant forearm were measured by single-photon absorptiometry in 37 1 subjects (64%) aged 20-23 y, at a proximal site (shaft of radius and ulna) and at a distal site near the wrist. BMCs and BMDS tended to be higher in the intervention group (NS). Cross-sectionally, BMD was positively associated with body weight (P < 0.01) in both sexes; inversely associated with alcohol consumption (P < 005), and positively with manual occupation (NS) in men; positively associated with current intakes of calcium (P < 0.05), vitamin D (P < 0.01), and sports activity during adolescence (P < 0.01). and inversely with parity (NS) in women. In multiple linear-regression analysis body weight and sports activity during adolescence were stronger determinants of female BMD than was diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background and aims: To clarify the effects of milk intake on bone mineral density (BMD) ，bone mineral content (BMC) and bone metabolism markers. Methods: We identified randomized controlled trials related to urinary N-telopeptide cross-links of type I collagen (NTx), serum osteocalcin, BMD and BMC listed on MEDLINE (January 1966–November 2010), Science Citation Index and PUBMED (updated till November 2010), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1979–November 2010) etc. Results: Eleven studies with a total of 2397 subjects were selected for meta-analysis. The osteocalcin in subjects who consumed milk decreased by 5.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.23, 4.57) ng/ml in comparison to that in control treatment. Milk intake vs control treatment significantly decreased urine NTx by 5.41 (95% CI 10.35, 0.47) nmol/mmol. Moreover, the total body BMC in subjects who consumed milk increased significantly by 40.32 (95% CI 17.58, 63.05) g in comparison to that in control treatment. Milk intake vs control treatment increased total body BMD by 0.01 (95% CI -0.02, 0.03) g/cm2 with borderline significance. Conclusions: Milk intervention significantly attenuates bone loss through inhibiting bone metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]