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Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T05:29:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-06-07 This study aimed to estimate the protein requirements for the maintenance of growing Saanen goats of different sexes from 5 to 45 kg of body weight (BW) using two methods and applying a meta-analysis. For this purpose, two datasets were used. One dataset was used to evaluate the effects of sex on the protein requirements for maintenance using the comparative slaughter technique. This dataset was composed of 185 individual records (80 intact males, 62 castrated males, and 43 females) from six studies. The other dataset was used to evaluate the effects of sex on the protein requirements for maintenance using the N balance method. This dataset was composed of 136 individual records (59 intact males, 43 castrated males, and 34 females) from six studies. All studies applied an experimental design that provided different levels of N intake and different levels of N retention, allowing the development of regression equations to predict the net protein requirement for maintenance (NPM) and the metabolizable protein (MP) requirements for maintenance (MPM) in Saanen goats. The efficiency of MP use for maintenance (kPM) was computed as NPM/MPM. The efficiency of MP use for gain (kPG) was calculated using the equation of daily protein retained against daily MP intake above maintenance. A meta-analysis was applied using the MIXED procedure of SAS, in which sex was considered a fixed effect, and blocks nested in the studies and goat sex were considered as random effects. The NPM did not differ between sexes, irrespective of the approach used. The daily NPM estimated was 1.23 g/kg0.75 BW when using the comparative slaughter technique, while it was 3.18 g/kg0.75 BW when using the N balance technique for growing Saanen goats. The MPM estimated was 3.8 g/kg0.75 BW, the kPM was 0.33, and the kPG was 0.52. We observed that the NPM when using the comparative slaughter technique in growing Saanen goats is lower than that recommended by the current small ruminant feeding systems; on the other hand, the MPM was similar to previous reports by the feeding systems. Sex did not affect the protein requirements for maintenance and the efficiencies of use of metabolizable protein. Department of Animal Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista Institute of Studies of the Humid Tropic Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará Department of Animal Science Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia University of New England Department of Animal Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) in sheep diets on the feed intake, digestibility, fermentation, and physicochemical characteristics of the ruminal digesta. Five sheep cannulated in the rumen (61.5±9.5 kg body weight) were assigned in a Latin square design (5×5), with five diets and five experimental periods of 21 days each. The first 14 days were the adaptation period, and data were collected over the following seven days, making the total duration of the experiment 105 days. The diets included a control diet and four diets containing cactus at 121, 245, 371, and 500 g/kg of dry matter (DM). The diets had a forage:concentrate ratio of 65:35. The inclusion of cactus increased the DM intake and non-fiber carbohydrates, but reduced the neutral detergent fiber intake. It also increased the apparent digestibility of the DM, reduced the digesta density 4 h after feeding, and increased the production of ruminal fluid foam. The inclusion of cactus quadratically affected the DM rumen turnover, with the lowest value observed in the 336.5 g/kg cactus diet. The DM ruminal disappearance rate increased with the inclusion of cactus to the diets and quadratically affected the ruminal pH, with the highest value found in the 150 g/kg cactus diet. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) increased, but the acetate:propionate ratio decreased with the inclusion of cactus at 500 g/kg DM. Taken together, our findings indicate that the evaluated spineless cactus can be added to sheep diets up to the level of 500 g/kg DM. The inclusion of O. stricta (Haw.) improves feed intake, DM digestibility, and SCFA and modifies the physicochemical characteristics of the ruminal digesta.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T06:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex on the requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization in growing Saanen goats. A database from 7 comparative slaughter studies that included 238 Saanen goats was gathered to provide information for the development of prediction equations of energy requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization. The experimental design provided different levels of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and empty body weight (EBW). The data were analyzed so that sex (e.g., intact males, castrated males, and females; n = 98, 80, and 60, respectively) was a fixed effect, and blocks nested in the studies and goat sex were random effects. For the development of linear and nonlinear equations, we used the MIXED and NLMIXED procedures in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Nonlinear regression equations were developed to predict heat production (HP, kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW; dependent variable) from MEI (kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW; independent variable). Using the comparative slaughter technique, the net energy requirement for maintenance (NEM) was calculated as the value of HP at MEI equal to zero. Additionally, NEM was evaluated based on the degree of maturity. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance was calculated as the value at which HP is equal to MEI. Efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (k(m)) was calculated as the ratio between NEM and the metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance. Efficiency of energy utilization for growth (k(g)) was assumed to be the slope of the linear regression of retained energy (RE) on MEI above the maintenance stage (model intercept equal to 0). Efficiencies of RE as protein (k(p)) and as fat (k(f)) were calculated using the multiple linear regression of MEI above the maintenance (model intercept equal to 0) on RE as protein and as fat, respectively. Sex affected NEm (75.0 +/- 1.76 kcal/kg(0.)(75) of EBW for males and 63.6 +/- 2.89 kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW for females) and sex did not affect k(m) (0.63). In contrast, sex no longer affected NEM when degree of maturity was considered on its estimation. The k(g) was different between sexes (0.31 for castrated males and females, and 0.26 for intact males), but k(p) (0.21) and k(f) (0.80) were similar between sexes. These results may be useful for improving robustness of the energy requirement recommendations for dairy goats. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Anim Sci, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Sul & Sudeste Para, Inst Estudos Trop Umido, BR-68557335 Xinguara, PA, Brazil Ohio State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Columbus, OH 43201 USA Univ New England, Sch Environm & Rural Sci, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Anim Sci, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2014/14734-9 CAPES: 001

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:26:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-09-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T17:51:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-99402015000300723.pdf: 192864 bytes, checksum: a511e277bc3b01d6d285bbc400b69deb (MD5) ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação concentrada sobre o ganho de peso, as características quantitativas da carcaça e dos não constituintes da carcaça de caprinos castrados da raça Canindé em sistema de pastejo na caatinga. 40 caprinos com peso corporal (PC) inicial médio de 15,76 ± 0,96kg foram distribuídos nos níveis de zero; 0,5; 1 e 1,5% de suplementação concentrada (% PC), sendo abatidos quando os animais que recebiam 1,5% de suplementação atingiram peso médio de 23,10 ± 1,74kg. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro níveis de suplementação e dez repetições. O ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça, rendimento dos cortes e peso dos constituintes não carcaça (pele, cabeça, sangue, fígado, rins, trato respiratório, trato gastrointestinal), bem como o peso da gordura total, foram influenciados positivamente pelos níveis de suplementação. Os níveis de suplementação um e 1,5% do PC são favoráveis ao desempenho, às características de carcaça e ao desenvolvimento de órgãos em caprinos da raça Canindé em pastejo na caatinga. AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation on weight gain, the quantitative characteristics of carcass and non-carcass components of the castrated goat carcass Canindé breed grazing system in the native pasture caatinga. 40 goats with an average body (BW) initial weight of 15.76 ± 0.96kg were distributed in a completely randomized design in levels of 0; 0.5; 1 and 1.5% of supplementation (% BW) and were slaughtered when the animals from the 1.5% of supplementation level reached 23.10±1.74kg. Performance, carcass yield, yield of cuts and weight of non-carcass components (skin, head, blood, liver, kidneys, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract) as well as total fat weightwere positively influenced by supplementation levels. The supplementation levels of 1 and 1.5% of body weight are favorable to performance and quantitative characteristics of Canindé goat kids grazing in the native pasture caatinga. Instituição Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Agrárias Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal da Paraíba Departamento de Agropecuária Universidade Federal do Ceará Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Agrárias Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista

Accurate values for energy requirements are necessary for the proper feeding management of goats. The aim of this study was to estimate the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of Caninde goat kids. We used 33 castrated goat kids with an average initial weight of 15.62 ± 0.87 kg. Five of them (baseline) were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to determine the initial body composition. The other goats (n = 28) were assigned in a randomized block design into seven groups of four animals each. The diet consisted of 55% forage (Tifton) and 45% concentrate. The treatments consisted of four levels of intake: ad libitum and 80%, 60% and 40% of the ad libitum intake. Each group was slaughtered when the animal from the ad libitum level reached 26.55 ± 0.65 kg. We used the comparative slaughter method to assess body composition and calculate the nutritional requirements. Body composition varied from 177.43 to 166.98 g of protein, from 127.92 to 193.46 g of fat and from 2.15 to 2.69 Mcal of energy per kg of empty body weight (EBW). The ratio of empty body weight/body weight was 0.81. The net energy requirements for maintenance were estimated at 52.64 kcal/kg EBW0.75. The net requirements to gain ranged from 2.96 to 4.84 Mcal/kg EBW gain for the castrated indigenous goat kids weighing between 15 kg and 25 kg. The energy requirements to maintenance of indigenous goat kids are lower, which might indicate different adaptive capabilities, but these goats require more energy to gain and to accumulate fat in their body.

Requirements for growth in the different sexes remain poorly quantified in goats. The objective of this study was to develop equations for estimating net protein (NPG) and net energy (NEG) for growth in Saanen goats of different sexes from 5 to 45 kg of body weight (BW). A data set from 7 comparative slaughter studies (238 individual records) of Saanen goats was used. Allometric equations were developed to determine body protein and energy contents in the empty BW (EBW) as dependent variables and EBW as the allometric predictor. Parameter estimates were obtained using a linearized (log-transformation) expression of the allometric equations using the MIXED procedure in SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The model included the random effect of the study and the fixed effects of sex (intact male, castrated male, and female; n = 94, 73, and 71, respectively), EBW, and their interactions. Net requirements for growth were estimated as the first partial derivative of the allometric equations with respect to EBW. Additionally, net requirements for growth were evaluated based on the degree of maturity. Monte Carlo techniques were used to estimate the uncertainty of the calculated net requirement values. Sex affected allometric relationships for protein and energy in Saanen goats. The allometric equation for protein content in the EBW of intact and castrated males was log10 protein (g) = 2.221 (±0.0224) + 1.015 (±0.0165) × log10 EBW (kg). For females, the relationship was log10 protein (g) = 2.277 (±0.0288) + 0.958 (±0.0218) × log10 EBW (kg). Therefore, NPG for males was greater than for females. The allometric equation for the energy content in the EBW of intact males was log10 energy (kcal) = 2.988 (±0.0323) + 1.240 (±0.0238) × log10 EBW (kg); of castrated males, log10 energy (kcal) = 2.873 (±0.0377) + 1.359 (±0.0283) × log10 EBW (kg); and of females, log10 energy (kcal) = 2.820 (±0.0377) + 1.442 (±0.0281) × log10 EBW (kg). The NEG of castrated males was greater than that of intact males and lower than that of females. Using degree of maturity for estimating NPG and NEG, we could remove the differences between sexes. These results indicate that NPG and NEG differ among sexes in growing Saanen goats, and this difference should be accounted for by feeding systems. Including the degree of maturity as predictor cancels out those differences across sexes in protein and energy requirements.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:26:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-04-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T17:51:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-99402016000100055.pdf: 170488 bytes, checksum: 7f7aad8d2f813a4343109d95879a18d9 (MD5) RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar sobre o desenvolvimento dos órgãos e deposição de gordura em caprinos Canindé castrados. Foram utilizados 21 cabritos confinados, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com peso inicial de 15,9 ± 1,03kg. Os cabritos foram alocados em três níveis de restrição alimentar (sete animais por nível): ad libitum (alimentados à vontade); restrição moderada (restrição de 20% em relação à quantidade de matéria natural consumida pelos animais alimentados ad libitum) e restrição severa (restrição de 40% em relação à quantidade de ração consumida pelos animais alimentados ad libitum). A ração experimental apresentou uma proporção de 55% de volumoso (Tifton) e 45% de concentrado. Aos 110 dias de experimento os cabritos foram abatidos com peso médio de 23,5 kg ± 2,5 kg. Esvaziou-se o trato gastrointestinal (TGI), a bexiga e a vesícula biliar e foram mensurados os seus pesos para determinação do peso de corpo vazio (PCV). Foram separados e registrados os pesos dos órgãos (baço, coração, fígado, pâncreas, pulmões, rins, sangue, TGI) e dos depósitos de gordura (cardíaca, mesentérica, omental e pélvico-renal). A restrição alimentar em caprinos Canindé afetou o peso absoluto dos órgãos e das gorduras (P < 0.05) que estão mais envolvidas com a função de reserva energética (mesentérica, omental e pélvico-renal), no entanto, não afetou o percentual dos órgãos em relação ao PCV (P > 0.05), indicando que mesmo sob restrição o desenvolvimento dos órgãos é proporcional ao desenvolvimento do corpo. SUMMARY The study aimed to evaluate the effect of feed restriction on the development of organs and fat deposition in castrated Caninde goats. Twenty one goats were distributed in a completely randomized design, with initial body weight of 15.9 ± 1.03kg. The goats were allocated into three levels of feed restriction (seven animals per level): ad libitum; moderate restriction (restriction of 20% on the amount of feed consumed by the animals fed ad libitum) and severe restriction (40% restriction on the amount of feed consumed by the animals fed ad libitum). The diet consisted of 55% forage (Tifton) and 45% concentrate. At 110 days of experiment, the goats were slaughtered with abody weight of 23.5kg ± 2.5kg. The components included the internal organs (spleen, heart, liver, pancreas, lungs, kidneys, blood) the emptied and cleaned digestive tract and fat deposits (in heart, mesenteric, omental and pelvic-renal) were weighed. Feed restriction in Canindé goats affected the weight of organs and fat deposition in regions more involved with the energy storage function (mesenteric, omental and pelvic-renal) (P < 0.05), however, feed restriction does not affect the percentage of the organs in relation to EBW (P > 0.05), indicating that even under feed restriction organ development is proportional to the development of the body. Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Agrárias Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Universidade Estadual Paulista UFBA - Universidade Federal da Bahia Universidade Estadual Paulista

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feed restriction on the carcass characteristics of castrated Canindé goat kids. A randomized block design was used, in which 21 goat kids with a body weight (BW) of 15.9±1.0kg were allocated to three levels of feed restriction: ad libitum, 20% and 40% restriction related to the ad libitum intake. The diet consisted of 55% forage (Tifton) and 45% concentrate. All animals were slaughtered when the kids fed ad libitum reached a BW of 25kg. After slaughter, the carcasses were chilled for 24 hours and subsequently measured. Kids fed ad libitum and subjected to 20% feed restriction showed similar morphometric carcass measurements, except for the chest circumference. Goat kids fed ad libitum exhibited greater values for warm and cold carcass yields compared with those subjected to 40% feed restriction and did not differ from the kids under 20% feed restriction. Weights of the commercial cuts showed decreasing mean values according to the intensity of feed restriction. Castrated Canindé goat kids subjected to 20% feed restriction presented similar carcass yields and proportion of commercial cuts to those fed ad libitum.