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Background: Memory performance is a cognitive function that is affected by environmental, genetic and socioeconomic factors, as well as by weight status. Aim: To evaluate the association of weight status at 2 years of age with the memory performance of children at 4-5 years of age. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study that used baseline data (2012) and data from two follow-up periods (2014 and 2016) of the PREDI Cohort Study. Participants were mother-child pairs 4-5 years after delivery who were seen between July 2016 and August 2017. The children's memory performance was evaluated individually using a validated Brazilian instrument. Results: Of the 203 children included in the study, 117 (57.6%), 52 (25.6%) and 34 (16.8%) had low, moderate and high memory performance, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, children with a BMI > 85th percentile had 3.33-times higher odds of exhibiting lower memory performance at 4-5 years of age than those with a BMI ≤ 85th percentile. In addition to the children's BMI at 2 years of age, mother's education was another independent determinant of children's memory performance. There was a progressive increase in the odds of children having lower memory performance at 4-5 years of age as the mother's education decreased. Conclusion: Primary prevention of overweight and management of cognitive functions may be important strategies to improve the cognitive development of children in the future.

The aim. To analyze the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors for circulatory diseases in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) after coronary bypass surgery (off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting). Material and methods. The study included 991 subjects (786 men, 205 women), mean age 64.3 ± 1.4 years. All the study participants underwent off-pump coronary bypass surgery. Results. Based on modern ideas about risk factors for circulatory diseases and CHD, it is impossible to ignore the influence of cardiovascular factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable. The analysis of medical and social risk factors for CHD, which include age, body weight, eating habits and smoking, showed that these medical and social factors are common among patients with CHD. It was found that the prevalence of excess body weight among men with CHD was significantly higher in patients with multivessel lesions than in those with 1-vessel lesions (p=0.05, χ2=3.69). Among women with CHD, excess body weight was significantly higher in the clinical group with multivessel lesions compared to 2-vessel lesions (p=0.002, χ2=9.06). It was also found that the prevalence of excess body weight was significantly higher in clinical groups with 1-vessel lesions among men compared to women (p=0.04, χ2=3.95). It was established that the frequency of obesity was significantly more common in women of different clinical groups compared to men: with 1-vascular lesions (p=0.04, χ2=3.95); with 2-vessel lesions (p=0.0001, χ2=24); with multivessel lesions (p=0.0001, χ2=186.57). It was established that men smoke significantly more often than women (p=0.0001, χ2=31.22). The obtained results complement the scientific data of the world epidemiological studies regarding the determination of the role of medical and social factors in the development of CHD. The article analyzes excess body weight, obesity and smoking as the leading etiological factors for CHD. It was established that the risk of developing CHD is reliably associated with excess body weight, obesity and smoking, among different clinical groups of male and female patients, both with single-vessel lesions and with multivessel lesions in CHD. Conclusions. Analysis of cardiovascular risk factors for the development of CHD, which include age, body weight, eating habits, and smoking, showed that their further study is relevant, as these are common among patients with CHD. It was established that frequency of excess body weight in patients with CHD, both in men and women, was significantly higher among individuals with multivessel lesions. The prevalence of obesity among patients with CHD presented for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting was significantly higher among women in groups with different numbers of affected coronary vessels. As for smoking, it was established that this behaviorally associated habit is significantly more common among men with CHD. The reliable patterns of prevalence of excess body weight, obesity and smoking in patients with CHD established as a result of the study of cardiovascular factors prove that these factors have high etiological contribution to the development, course and number of affected vessels in CHD.

• Depression heterogeneity may lead to variability in its links with excess body weight. • Excess body weight was associated with somatic but not cognitive-affective symptoms. • CRP partially explained the link between excess body weight and somatic symptoms. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of depression. Systemic low-grade inflammation, a plausible consequence of obesity, has also been linked to depression. However, the potential mediating effects of systemic low-grade inflammation on the association between excess body weight and specific symptom domains of depression remain uncertain. This study examined whether systemic low-grade inflammation mediated the associations of excess body weight (overweight and obesity) with subsequent overall, cognitive-affective, and somatic depressive symptoms. This study used a prospective cohort design. The final analytical sample included 4,942 adults aged ≥50 years drawn from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Body mass index (BMI) and covariates were ascertained at baseline (wave 4, 2008/09). Continuous BMI scores were divided into four categories: 'normal weight' (18.5 ≤ BMI <25 kg/m2); 'overweight' (25 ≤ BMI <30 kg/m2); 'obesity' (BMI ≥30 kg/m2); in addition to 'excess body weight' ('overweight' and 'obesity' combined). Covariates included sociodemographic variables, behavioural factors, and chronic physical conditions. Serum concentrations of CRP were measured at wave 6 (2012/13). Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and ten years later (wave 9, 2018/19), using the 8-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. Two symptom domains were constructed, distinguishing between cognitive-affective (depressed mood, loneliness, sadness, enjoyment in life, and happiness) and somatic (sleep problems, low energy levels, and fatigue) symptoms. Mediation analyses were performed to examine whether CRP statistically mediated the associations between BMI categories and depressive symptoms. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, excess body weight was associated with elevated somatic (OR = 1.231, 95% CI: 1.029, 1.473), but not cognitive-affective or overall depressive symptoms at follow-up. Higher CRP was associated with elevated somatic (OR = 1.156, 95% CI: 1.061, 1.259), but not cognitive-affective or overall depressive symptoms. CRP acted as a partial mediator (14.92%) of the association between excess body weight and elevated somatic, but not cognitive-affective, or overall depressive symptoms. Systemic low-grade inflammation may partially explain the association of excess body weight with somatic depressive symptoms, but not the associations with cognitive-affective or overall depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, there are several approaches to the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia, but it is quite unclear which approach provides a higher clinical response with a lower recurrence rate, in addition to preservation and restoration of fertility in infertile women with complex non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia (NEH) and excess body weight. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the restoration of reproductive function in patients with infertility, complex NEH and with excess body weight according to the proposed method. Material and methods. 74 women of reproductive age with complex NEH, infertility and excess body weight were under observation, of which 34 patients of the main group after hysteroscopic resection of the lesion at the first stage of treatment, at the second stage of treatment received gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (aGnRH) and adjuvant therapy with drugs indole-3-carbinol, metformin, fenofibrate for three months, and then at the third stage of treatment dydrogesterone, metformin, a vitamin-mineral complex that included myo-inositol, banaba leaves, extract of 1% corosolic acid, vitamin D3, methylfolate-quatrafolic, chromium for 6 months. 40 patients of the control group after hysteroscopic resection of the lesion at the first stage of treatment were prescribed aGnRH for 3 months in the second stage of treatment, then methylfolate-mvatrafolic for 6 months. Anthropometric data, echometric and morphofunctional characteristics of the endometrium during the expected window of implantation, hormonal profile and levels of peripheral blood lipokines in the dynamics of treatment were studied. Reproductive results were evaluated within a year after the end of treatment. The results. Treatment of complex NEH in the main group led, compared to the control group, to a decrease in body mass index, improvement in echometric and morphofunctional characteristics of the endometrium, its receptivity during the expected window of implantation, hormonal profile and lipokines level in peripheral blood, a decrease in insulin resistance, and an increase in the frequency of pregnancy. Conclusion. The proposed scheme for the treatment of complex NEH in infertile women with excess body weight allowed to improve their reproductive results, is effective and can be recommended for implementation in wide clinical practice.

The aims of this study were twofold: (1) to investigate the effectiveness of web-based psychoeducation for emotional functioning, eating behaviors, and body image among premenopausal women with excess body weight, and (2) to compare the efficacy of two types of web-based psychoeducation. Three hundred individuals were asked to volunteer in the present study. All participants were recruited in Poland from September 2017 to July 2019. Finally, a total of 129 premenopausal women took part in the research and signed informed consent. Their ages ranged between 18 and 48 years old (M = 32.28, SD = 7.65). Self-reported weight and height were recorded. BMI was calculated using self-reported data. Their average body mass index was 30.54 kg/m2 (SD = 3.69). In our randomized experiment, the participants were allocated into three groups: experimental group I (EG I, N = 43), experimental group II (EG II, N = 46), and wait list control group (CG, N = 40). Five questionnaires were included in the online survey at the baseline measurement (Day 0), at the end of psychoeducational intervention (Day 16) and 75 days from the start of the 15-day intervention (Day 76). Measurement tools included the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the Mindful Eating Scale, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, and the Body Attitude Test. Our eHealth web-based psychoeducation consisted of three modules: emotional functioning module (EG I: theoretically consistent approach (TCA) vs EG II: eclectic approach; EA), eating behaviors module (EG I, EG II: based on mindfulness-based eating training; MET), body image module (EG I, EG II: based on Cash's prevention of body image disturbances; CPBID). The first experimental group (EG I) had intervention containing TCA, MET, and CPBID, while the second experimental group (EG II) EA, MET, and CPBID. According to between-group comparison, both types of web-based psychoeducation led to an increase in adaptive emotion regulation (Day 16: EG I vs CG: p < 0.001, EG II vs CG: p < 0.001; Day 76: EG I vs CG: p < 0.01, EG II vs CG: p < 0.001). In EG I, the intervention resulted in a higher reduction (than in CG) in emotional eating (Day 16: p < 0.01, Day 76: p < 0.01), uncontrolled eating (Day 16: p < 0.05, Day 76: p < 0.05), and negative appreciation of body size (Day 16: p < 0.01, Day 76: p < 0.01). In EG II, a lower level of emotional eating was found on Day 76 (EG II vs CG: p < 0.05). Two months after completion of the 15-day intervention, no statistically significant reduction for BMI was observed in either experimental group (p > 0.05). The effectiveness of both types of web-based psychoeducation was also confirmed in within-group comparison (Day 0 vs Day 16 and Day 0 vs Day 76). There was a significant increase in emotion regulation and mindful eating, as well as a decrease in emotional eating, uncontrolled eating, negative appreciation of body size, lack of familiarity with one's body, and the experiencing of negative emotions in both experimental groups (EG I, EG II). Both types of web-based psychoeducation might have to be considered in creating future web-based psychoeducation among premenopausal women with excess body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is a close relationship between excess adiposity and cardiovascular disease. Although body mass index (BMI) is the most used approach to estimate excess weight, other anthropometric indices have been developed to measure total body and abdominal adiposity. Here, our objective was to assess the usefulness of these anthropometric indices to detect subclinical atheromatous disease. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 6,809 middle-aged subjects (mean age, 57 [53–63] years) with low to moderate cardiovascular risk from the ILERVAS project. Measures of total body fat (BMI, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – Body Adiposity Estimator [CUN-BAE], and Deurenberg's formula) and central adiposity (waist and neck circumferences, conicity index, waist-to-height ratio, Bonora's equation, the A body adiposity index, and body roundness index) were performed in all participants. Bilateral carotid and femoral ultrasound vascular studies allowed the identification of subjects with plaque. -Results: All measured indices were significantly higher in males with subclinical carotid or femoral plaques (p ≤ 0.021 for all). Also, a positive and significant correlation between all indices and the number of affected territories was found (p ≤ 0.013 for all). From the ROC analysis, all measurements identified patients with asymptomatic atheromatosis but none of them helped make clinical decisions. Regarding females, the results were less conclusive. Conclusion: Obesity indices are related to subclinical atheromatosis, especially in men, in a large cohort of middle-aged subjects. However, the indices could not detect the presence of arterial plaque, so, when used in isolation, are unlikely to be decisive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing prevalence of obesity among Canadians has important implications for newly diagnosed cases of cancer given that excess body weight and abdominal adiposity are known to increase the risk of several cancers. The purpose of this analysis was to estimate the current attributable and future avoidable burden of cancer related to excess body weight and abdominal adiposity among Canadian adults. We estimated the population attributable risk (PAR) for all cancers associated with excess body weight and abdominal adiposity using contemporary cancer incidence, relative risk and exposure prevalence data for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist-to-hip-ratio. Using the partial impact fraction (PIF), we also estimated the future avoidable burden of cancer from 2015 to 2042 in Canada, and by province, through various hypothetical intervention scenarios. In 2003, approximately half (50.5%) of the Canadian population was estimated to be overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9) or obese (BMI ≥30.0), 56.5% to have excess abdominal adiposity and 56.8% with a high waist-to-hip ratio. In 2015, the estimated PARs of all incident cancers associated with excess body weight, excess abdominal adiposity and high waist-to-hip ratio were 7.2%, 8.9% and 10.0%, respectively. If the population BMI could revert to its 1994 distribution, 72,157 associated cancer cases could be prevented cumulatively by 2042. A reduction in excess body weight and abdominal adiposity has the potential to decrease the future cancer burden in Canada substantially, and hence efforts to reverse increasing trends in obesity should be prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of excess body weight and the associated cancer burden have been rising over the past several decades globally. Between 1975 and 2016, the prevalence of excess body weight in adults-defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 -increased from nearly 21% in men and 24% in women to approximately 40% in both sexes. Notably, the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 ) quadrupled in men, from 3% to 12%, and more than doubled in women, from 7% to 16%. This change, combined with population growth, resulted in a more than 6-fold increase in the number of obese adults, from 100 to 671 million. The largest absolute increase in obesity occurred among men and boys in high-income Western countries and among women and girls in Central Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. The simultaneous rise in excess body weight in almost all countries is thought to be driven largely by changes in the global food system, which promotes energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, alongside reduced opportunities for physical activity. In 2012, excess body weight accounted for approximately 3.9% of all cancers (544,300 cases) with proportion varying from less than 1% in low-income countries to 7% or 8% in some high-income Western countries and in Middle Eastern and Northern African countries. The attributable burden by sex was higher for women (368,500 cases) than for men (175,800 cases). Given the pandemic proportion of excess body weight in high-income countries and the increasing prevalence in low- and middle-income countries, the global cancer burden attributable to this condition is likely to increase in the future. There is emerging consensus on opportunities for obesity control through the multisectoral coordinated implementation of core policy actions to promote an environment conducive to a healthy diet and active living. The rapid increase in both the prevalence of excess body weight and the associated cancer burden highlights the need for a rejuvenated focus on identifying, implementing, and evaluating interventions to prevent and control excess body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is recent evidence that poor health literacy (HL) could be implicated in the aetiology of obesity and could be an important reason behind obese people's inability to encounter difficulties in overcoming obesity issues. The current study reviews the recent scientific evidence investigating the possible link between poor HL levels and excess body weight in adults and children.Methods: The authors performed a thorough systematic computer-assisted literature search from 1 January 2005 up to 31 May 2017. Only English original studies in healthy people, investigating the relationship between HL and excess body weight, were included.Results: Twenty-two studies in total were included in this literature review, 17 studies were conducted in adults and 5 in children. In 17 out of 22 studies reviewed, low HL was significantly associated with increased body mass index, overweight and obesity. In case of children and adolescents, the above association seems to be more consistent compared to adults.Conclusion: There is good evidence that low levels of HL are associated with excess body weight, particularly in children. Initiatives to improve health literacy levels could be a useful tool in the management of the obesity epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-sectional study performed on a continuous sample of 32 patients (mean age 46.36±3.31 years) with gastroesophageal reflux disease and excess body weight showed that the disturbance of sympathetic/parasympathetic relationships, disruption of segmental and compensatory increase in the suprasegmental mechanisms of autonomic regulation determines the course of gastroesophageal reflux disease in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lagunova Z, Porojnicu AC, Lindberg FA, Aksnes L, Moan J. Vitamin D status in Norwegian children and adolescents with excess body weight. Objectives: The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has increased during the past decades. A high body mass index (BMI) is associated with a low vitamin D status. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in Norwegian children and adolescents with excess body weight. Methods: Vitamin D status and seasonal variations of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)D were analyzed in 102 children and adolescents (70 girls and 32 boys), 8-19 yr of age, with overweight and obesity. Results: Overall, 50% of the children and adolescents included in the study had a low vitamin D status (25(OH)D <75 nmol/L) and 19% had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <50 nmol/L). This was most prevalent in adolescents. Only 42% of teenagers had 25(OH)D levels ≥75 nmol/L vs. 72% of preteens. Both 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)D showed seasonal variations. A peak in serum 25(OH)D concentrations was observed during the summer while the lowest values were seen during the spring. In contrast, serum 1,25(OH)D had a peak during the spring and the lowest concentrations during the winter. Conclusions: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is higher in obese and overweight adolescents than in overweight children. This might be related to low outdoor activities and low vitamin D intake in teenagers. Seasonal variations of both the vitamin D metabolites were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between physical activity and subsequent physical functioning in middle-aged adults across a range of body mass index (BMI) categories. DESIGN: Prospective nationally representative cohort studies. SETTING: The United States and England. PARTICIPANTS: Eight thousand seven hundred two individuals in the United States and 1,507 in England aged 50 to 69 and free of impairment at baseline, followed up for 6 years. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported and measured BMI and self-reported level of physical activity. Outcome measures were score on a physical performance battery and self-reported mobility impairment. RESULTS: In both studies, being overweight and being obese were associated with greater risk of impairment (than being of recommended weight). In all weight categories and both countries, higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower risks of mobility impairment. For example, U.S. respondents of recommended weight (BMI 20–25) who were active on 3 or more days per week had a relative risk (RR) of incident mobility difficulties, compared with those who were less active, of 0.56 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.40–0.78); for those who were obese (BMI ≥30) the corresponding RR was 0.59 (95% CI=0.45–0.76). CONCLUSION: Excess bodyweight is a risk factor for impaired physical function in middle-aged and older people. Physical activity is protective of impaired physical functioning in this age group in subjects with recommended weight, overweight, and obesity. Older adults should be encouraged to engage in appropriate levels of physical activity irrespective of their weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]