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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder and most common cause of ovarian dysfunction in women of reproductive age group. Clinical manifestations of PCOS range from mild signs of hyperandrogenism to the classic Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Aims: To correlate between ultrasonographic findings, clinical features, and hormonal profile in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Materials and Methods: The present study was a Cross-sectional study. This study was conducted from January 2021 to February 2023 at the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Katuri Medical College and Hospital, Katuri Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Result: FSH levels were low to normal in 85.3% of the patients with >12 follicles, 86.8% of the patients with 2-9 mm follicular size, 87.3% of the patients with >10cc ovarian volume, and 94% of the patients with EMT>10mm. The mean FSH level is lower in patients with 2-9mm follicles compared to patients with >9mm follicular size. Conclusion: Thus, this study concludes that ultrasonographic ovarian features like follicular number and ovarian volume show significant positive correlations with LH level as well as positive correlations with LH/FSH ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally by 2030, 38% of the world's population would be overweight, and another 20% would be obese. This has led to rising concerns regarding how swiftly and substantially the world is moving towards this epidemic of "globesity". India too is facing an increased burden of overweight and obese population. The changing dietary patterns are significantly associated with the increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity and related complications, especially among women. Hence, the present study aims to observe the spatial patterns of overweight or obesity among women in reproductive age group in India and factors associated with it. Methods: The study analyzed data from a cross-sectional nationwide household survey, i.e. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16. The primary outcome variable of this study was overweight/obesity among reproductive-age women, which was measured through the body mass index (BMI) of the women. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the data. Additionally, for spatial analysis in terms of overweight/obesity among women in India, univariate and bivariate Moran's I index measurements were used along with the usage of spatial regression models. Results: The value of spatial-autocorrelation for overweight or obese was 0.64, which depicts the moderately high prevalence of the overweight/obesity coverage over districts of India. The overall prevalence overweight/obesity among women in India is around 25% and higher proportion of women from urban areas (37.8%), and non-poor (33.4%) economic group reported to be overweight or obese. From spatial lag model, the lag coefficient was found to be 0.28, implying that a change in the prevalence of overweight/obesity among women in a certain district may statistically lag the prevalence of overweight/obesity by 28% in the neighbouring districts. There were significantly high clustering of overweight/obese women and non-poor wealth quintiles in 132 districts, mainly from states of Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Additionally, there was high-high clustering of overweight/obese women and those who ever had caesarean in 82 districts, mostly from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Conclusion: The spatial patterns on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in India show that the women belonging to the southern states' districts are more overweight or obese in comparison to other states. The determinants like older age, higher education, urban residence, higher economic status are the key factors contributing to the prevalence of overweight or obesity among women in the reproductive age group. The study concludes and recommends an urgent need of interventions catering to urban women belonging to higher socio-economic status, to reduce the risks of health consequences due to overweight and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Leptin is an adipocyte derived hormone encoded by ob gene which serves as a relay link between metabolic signals and brain that regulate the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis. Leptin is related with obesity, which is a most important cause of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) in women of reproductive age group. Aim: To evaluate leptin concentration and to analyse its correlation with Body Mass Index (BMI) and insulin resistance in PCOS. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted from December 2018 to December 2019 at Department of Biochemistry in collaboration with Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, Odisha, India. A total of 60 PCOS subjects, aged between 15-30 years (30 obese PCOS and 30 lean PCOS) and 30 age-matched, normal ovulatory healthy controls were included in the study. Parameters such as serum leptin, fasting plasma insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), Fasting Plasma Glucose (PPG), Postprandial Plasma Glucose (PPPG) were estimated using commercial kits. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used for data analysis and the Pearson's correlation method was used to find the correlation between the parameters. Results: The mean age of women in all the three PCOS groups was found to be 22.4±3.13 years. The BMI of obese PCOS patients (31.9±4.7 kg/m²) and lean PCOS patients (21.4±2.2 kg/m²) were higher than that of healthy controls (20.7±1.8 kg/m²) which was statistically significant (p-value <0.001). The serum leptin in obese PCOS were significantly higher (28.0±17.8 ng/mL) than lean PCOS (5.8±2.2 ng/mL) and fasting plasma insulin in lean PCOS were (10.9±2.4 µIU/mL) significantly lower than obese PCOS (30.2±14.8 µIU/mL). Mean serum leptin levels had significant positive correlation with BMI in lean and obese PCOS and insulin resistance in obese PCOS. Conclusion: In the present study, high leptin concentration was observed in PCOS patients and there was positive correlation of leptin with BMI in both lean and obese PCOS groups and leptin was positively correlated with insulin resistance in obese PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]