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Background: Childhood cancer survivors who received a hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) are at increased risk for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) abnormalities, which may have a significant negative impact on bone health and body composition. This study's purpose was to examine FSH and body composition in HCT recipients, non-HCT recipients and healthy controls., Methods: The study included HCT recipients (n = 24), non-HCT recipients (n = 309), and a control group of healthy siblings (n = 211) all aged 9-18 years. A fasting blood sample was collected to measure FSH. All participants underwent a dual X-ray absorptiometry scan to assess total and regional percent fat, lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass., Results: FSH was significantly higher in HCT recipients compared to non-HCT recipients and healthy controls. HCT recipients had significantly lower total body weight, total LM, arm and leg LM, BMC and BMD compared to non-HCT recipients and healthy controls (p < .05). Non-HCT recipients had significantly higher total, trunk, android, gynoid, arm and leg FM compared to healthy controls. Also, healthy controls had significantly lower VAT mass compared to non-HCT recipients., Conclusions: This study's results show that HCT recipients have significant reductions in BMD, worse body composition, and abnormal FSH levels compared to non-HCT recipients and healthy controls., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Context: Body composition in total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) has never been studied., Objective: Determine whether presurgical body composition is associated with islet function and insulin sensitivity after TPIAT., Methods: In 88 adults undergoing TPIAT (median age 41.0 years, IQR 32.8-48.0), beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity were assessed using mixed meal tolerance test and frequent sample intravenous glucose tolerance test before surgery and 12 and 18 months afterward. Body composition was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Analyses used linear and logistic regression., Results: Before surgery, 8 individuals (9.1%) were underweight, 40 (45.5%) normal weight, 20 (22.7%) overweight, and 20 (22.7%) obese. Overweight/obese patients had higher area under the curve C-peptide and lower insulin sensitivity index. Baseline body weight was positively associated with first-phase insulin secretion (AIRg) at 12 months (average 38.5 [SE 17.1] mU/L/min higher per extra kg; P = 0.03) and 18 months (38.3 [18.5]; P = 0.04), while baseline lean mass was inversely associated with AIRg at 12 months (-0.05 [0.02] per extra kg; P = 0.01) and 18 months (-0.05 [0.02]; P = 0.03). Percent gynoid fat was inversely associated with disposition index at 18 months (-206.0 [97.2] per extra percent; P = 0.04). Percent body fat and percent gynoid fat were associated with glucose effectiveness index at 18 months (1.9 × 10-3 [0.9 × 10-3] per extra percent; P = 0.04 and -1.96 × 10-3 [0.8 × 10-3]; P = 0.02, respectively). Insulin independence was not significantly associated with body weight or composition., Conclusions: Half of these chronic pancreatitis patients were overweight/obese; underweight was uncommon. Preoperative body weight and composition were associated with islet function but not insulin independence after TPIAT., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: In contrast to intentionally restricting energy intake, restricting the eating window may be an option for treating obesity. By comparing time-restricted eating (TRE) with an unrestricted (non-TRE) control, it was hypothesized that TRE facilitates weight loss, alters body composition, and improves metabolic measures., Methods: Participants (17 women and 3 men; mean [SD]: 45.5 [12.1] years; BMI 34.1 [7.5] kg/m 2 ) with a prolonged eating window (15.4 [0.9] hours) were randomized to TRE (n = 11: 8-hour window, unrestricted eating within window) versus non-TRE (n = 9: unrestricted eating) for 12 weeks. Weight, body composition (dual x-ray absorptiometry), lipids, blood pressure, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance, 2-week continuous glucose monitoring, and 2-week physical activity (actigraphy assessed) were measured during the pre- and end-intervention periods., Results: The TRE group significantly reduced the eating window (end-intervention window: 9.9 [2.0] hours) compared with the non-TRE group (end-intervention window: 15.1 [1.1] hours) (P < 0.01). Compared with non-TRE, TRE decreased the number of eating occasions, weight, lean mass, and visceral fat (all P ≤ 0.05). Compared with preintervention measures, the TRE group reduced the number of eating occasions (-21.9% [30.1%]) and reduced weight (-3.7% [1.8%]), fat mass (-4% [2.9%]), lean mass (-3.0% [2.7%]), and visceral fat (-11.1% [13.4%]) (all P ≤ 0.05). Physical activity and metabolic measures remained unchanged., Conclusions: In the setting of a randomized trial, TRE presents a simplified view of food intake that reduces weight., (© 2020 The Obesity Society.)

Background: Despite the benefits of aerobic exercise on body composition, runners with high body mass index (BMI) remain understudied. We examined body composition differences between sedentary insulin-resistant [obese insulin-resistant sedentary (OS-IR)], sedentary insulin-sensitive [obese insulin-sensitive sedentary (OS-IS)], and trained [obese trained (OT)] individuals with high BMI (≥25 kg/m 2 ). We hypothesized that after matching for high BMI, OT individuals would have less fat mass (absolute and relative) and greater lean mass than OS-IR or OS-IS individuals., Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of OS-IR, OS-IS, and OT participants selected for similar age, sex, and BMI. Activity was self-reported. OT participants exercised at least 30 min/day (predominantly running) for 3-5 days/week. OS-IS and OS-IR participants actively exercised <0.5 hr/week. Body composition was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry., Results: Thirty-three participants were recruited [n = 11/group, mean age 31.7 years (standard error): (0.9)], 7 females/group, overall BMI [31.6 kg/m 2 (0.7)]. Insulin resistance, quantified by the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, was higher in the OS-IR [3.3 (0.2)] than the OS-IS [0.9 (0.2): P < 0.0001] or OT [1.6 (0.2): P < 0.0001] groups. We found the following: (i) Compared to the OS-IR group, the OT group had lower region-specific fat mass as measured by percent fat (trunk) or absolute fat mass (trunk, android region, and abdominal visceral region). (ii) OT and OS-IS groups had similar body composition. (iii) Total fat mass and percent body fat correlated with BMI, (iv) Visceral fat correlated with BMI (r = 0.80, P = 0.003) only in the OS-IR (P = 0.03 for BMI × group interaction)., Conclusions: Using BMI to classify obesity masks body composition differences in high BMI individuals discrepant for insulin resistance and physical activity status.

Objective: Children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are exposed to fluctuating cortisol and androgen levels. The effects these hormonal states have on bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition are not well studied. The study's objective was to compare BMD and body composition, including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and Android:Gynoid (A:G) ratio, in children with CAH vs healthy age-matched, sex-matched and BMI-matched controls., Design: Total body BMD (TBMD) Z-scores were adjusted for height-for-age Z-scores (TBMDHAZ). Hydrocortisone dose (mg/m2/d) was averaged over the past year. Bone age Z-scores were used as a surrogate for long-term androgen exposure in cases. Statistical analyses comparing cases and controls accounted for matched groups using mixed linear models., Patients: Forty-two cases with CAH (average age 12.3 years [SE 3]; 17 males) and 101 controls underwent a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan., Results: Children with CAH had lower TBMD (0.81 vs 1.27, P = .003) and TBMD HAZ Z-scores (-0.51 vs -0.01, P = .001) than controls. In CAH cases, TBMD and TBMD HAZ Z-scores were positively correlated with bone age Z-scores (r = .63, P < .0001; r = .51, P = .001, respectively) but were not associated with HC dose. VAT and the A:G ratio did not differ significantly between children with CAH and controls and neither was associated with HC dose.VAT was not associated with bone age Z-score., Conclusion: Lower BMD was observed in CAH cases compared with controls although no differences in body composition were identified. Among CAH cases, increased chronic androgen exposure, as measured by bone age Z-scores, was associated with higher BMD but was not associated with VAT., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: Anastrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, has been used off‐label in males with short stature to delay bone maturation. No studies have examined anastrozole's effect on bone mineral density (BMD) or body composition in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency. Our objective was to evaluate anastrozole's effect on BMD and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in children with CAH. Design: Total body BMD (TBMD) and L2‐L4 BMD Z‐scores were adjusted for height‐for‐age Z‐scores (TBMDHAZ and L2‐L4HAZ). Hydrocortisone doses (mg/m2/d) were averaged over the previous year. Comparison of treated vs not treated with anastrozole used linear regression adjusting for age, pubertal status, sex, CAH type, years on hydrocortisone, BMI Z‐scores and bone age Z‐scores. Patients: We compared 25 children with CAH treated with anastrozole (mean age 11.3 [SD 3.0] years, 56% males) vs 31 children with CAH not treated with anastrozole (13.5 [SD 4.6], 29%). Participants underwent a pubertal exam, bone age X‐ray and dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Results: Average bone age Z‐score of 4.3 SDs on beginning anastrozole decreased to 1.9 SDs at time of DXA exam (P = 0.0004) 5.2 (SD 2.2) years later. TBMD Z‐scores (P = 0.51), L2‐L4 BMD Z‐scores (P = 0.66), VAT (P = 0.38), TBMDHAZZ‐scores (P = 0.66) and L2‐L4HAZZ‐scores (P = 0.41) did not differ between children treated vs not treated with anastrozole. Conclusion: Anastrozole significantly reduced bone age advancement in children with CAH and advanced bone age (>2SDs) without adverse effects on BMD or VAT. Longitudinal studies of anastrozole in children with CAH are needed to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Although physical activity ameliorates the metabolic impact of high body mass index (BMI), runners with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 are relatively understudied. This study had two goals: (1) to identify differences in body composition, as measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), between overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) runners (OWR) and normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) runners (NWR) and (2) to examine whether a 90-min run alters total or regional fat mass, as measured by DXA, in OWR and NWR. We hypothesized that OWR would have higher total body fat than NWR and OWR with greater changes in visceral fat after a prolonged run. Design: Body composition analysis before and after a supervised run. Methods: We recruited NWR (n = 16, F: n = 7, 28.1 ± 1.4 years, BMI 22.0 ± 0.4 kg/m2, results as mean ± SE) and OWR (n = 11, F: n = 7, 32.0 ± 1.6 years, BMI 30.5 ± 1.4 kg/m2) participants. DXA-based body composition was measured before and after a supervised, 90-min run at 60% heart rate reserve. Results: OWR had higher body fat than NWR in all measured regions. Both groups did not significantly reduce fat mass at any measured fat depots after the running exposure. Conclusions: OWR had higher body fat in all measured regions than NWR. DXA could not demonstrate any acute fat mass changes after a prolonged run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]