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Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. It can lead to various clinical reactions, ranging from no symptoms at all to noticeable skin lesions and severe itching within the same household. We aimed to investigate the potential role of blood groups in the emergence of disease symptoms by comparing the scabies patients with asymptomatic co-residents. This study comprised 102 patients infected with scabies from index cases and 111 asymptomatic co-residents. The index cases where symptoms first appeared were excluded. Among patients with scabies, 34 individuals (33.3%) had type A blood group, 12 (11.8%) had type B, 27 (26.5%) had type AB, and 29 (28.4%) had type O. Of these patients, 101 (99%) were Rh+, while 1 (1%) was Rh-. In asymptomatic contacts, 61 individuals (55%) had type A, 9 (8.1%) had type B, 1 (0.9%) had type AB, and 40 (36%) had type O blood group. Of these, 102 (91.9%) were Rh+, and 9 (8.1%) were Rh-. A significant difference was observed between the two groups concerning the frequency of ABO, Rh, and ABO*Rh blood groups (p < 0.05). The prevalence of B + and AB + blood groups was higher in scabies patients compared to asymptomatic contacts. The study results showed a significant association between the emergence of scabies symptoms with blood groups. Our results highlight the importance of more research into the roles of blood group antigens in normal skin epithelium and their involvement in the etiopathogenesis of scabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, the high consanguinity rates contribute to the prevalence of inherited hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia, which frequently require blood transfusions. These transfusions carry the risk of alloimmunization, necessitating a precise blood component matching to mitigate health risks. Local antigen frequency data is vital for optimizing transfusion practices and enhancing the safety of these medical procedures for the Al-Ahsa population. Methods: This study investigated the distribution of Duffy, Kidd, Lewis, and Rh blood group antigens in 1,549 individuals from the region; comparing the frequencies with global data. Results: Serological analyses revealed a high prevalence of the Fy(a+b-) and Jk(a+b+) phenotypes in the Duffy and Kidd blood groups, respectively, with Jk(a-b-) being notably scarce. The Lewis blood group exhibited a significant presence of Le(a-b+) and Le(a+b-) phenotypes, whereas Le(a+b+) was less common. In the Rh system, the D antigen was most prevalent, with other antigens following in descending order of frequency. Conclusions: The study underscores the regional variation in antigen frequencies, emphasizing the need for local blood banks to adapt their screening and matching practices to mitigate the risk of alloimmunization and enhance transfusion safety. These findings are pivotal for refining transfusion strategies and understanding the immunohematology landscape in Al-Ahsa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is one of the most dangerous pathogens affecting vertebrates, with most patients suffering from fever, dry cough, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, runny nose, and sore throat. It was first discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This virus belongs to the ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that infect many animals, such as bats, cats, and camels. This virus is transmitted to humans when they come into contact with these animals or their waste. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on people who had previously been infected with the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Baqubah from September 2023 to January 2024, and included 200 volunteers confirmed to be infected with COVID-19, whose ages range from 16 to 75 years. This study aim was to find the relationship between blood groups and prevalence of COVID-19. Blood samples were analyzed for ABO blood group and Rhesus (Rh) factor of the participants using Standard haematological techniques. The results showed that the infected individuals were 110 (55%) males and 90 (45%) females (P>0.05). The infection rates according to blood groups, A, O, AB, and B were 57.5%, 24.0%, 13.0%, and 5.5% respectively (P 60 years had least, 6.5% contribution (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study recorded significant between COVID-19 infection and the following variables: ABO blood groups, age groups, and Rh factor.

Background: Accurate blood type data are essential for blood bank management, but due to costs, few of 43 blood group systems are routinely determined in Danish blood banks. However, a more comprehensive dataset of blood types is useful in scenarios such as rare blood type allocation. We aimed to investigate the viability and accuracy of predicting blood types by leveraging an existing dataset of imputed genotypes for two cohorts of approximately 90,000 each (Danish Blood Donor Study and Copenhagen Biobank) and present a more comprehensive overview of blood types for our Danish donor cohort. Study Design and Methods: Blood types were predicted from genome array data using known variant determinants. Prediction accuracy was confirmed by comparing with preexisting serological blood types. The Vel blood group was used to test the viability of using genetic prediction to narrow down the list of candidate donors with rare blood types. Results: Predicted phenotypes showed a high balanced accuracy >99.5% in most cases: A, B, C/c, Coa/Cob, Doa/Dob, E/e, Jka/Jkb, Kna/Knb, Kpa/Kpb, M/N, S/s, Sda, Se, and Yta/Ytb, while some performed slightly worse: Fya/Fyb, K/k, Lua/Lub, and Vel ~99%–98% and CW and P1 ~96%. Genetic prediction identified 70 potential Vel negatives in our cohort, 64 of whom were confirmed correct using polymerase chain reaction (negative predictive value: 91.5%). Discussion: High genetic prediction accuracy in most blood groups demonstrated the viability of generating blood types using preexisting genotype data at no cost and successfully narrowed the pool of potential individuals with the rare Vel‐negative phenotype from 180,000 to 70. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in humans, affecting large populations worldwide. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between H. pylori infection prevalence with ABO and Rh blood groups. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with a case-control design on individuals with anti-H. pylori positive test. Patients with IgG pylori were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria. The individuals were divided into two groups based on antibody titer. The case group included subjects with positive serological results with a titer greater than 12 u/mL IgG, and the control group entailed subjects with negative serological results with a titer less than 8 u/mL IgG. The ABO and Rh blood groups of both groups were examined based on case information. Finally, the data were entered into the SPSS software, and a significance level of 5% was considered for all analyses. Results: According to the results of this study, there was no significant relationship between the blood group and H. pylori infection (P > 0.05). However, the prevalence of blood type A was significantly higher in individuals with positive H. pylori IgG test. Conclusions: The current study suggests no association between ABO and Rh groups, but people with A blood group infected with H. pylori need more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have reported Blood type O to confer a lower risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, while secretor status and other blood groups have been suspected to have a similar effect as well. Study design and methods: To determine whether any other blood groups influence testing positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, COVID‐19 severity, or prolonged COVID‐19, we used a large cohort of 650,156 Danish blood donors with varying available data for secretor status and blood groups ABO, Rh, Colton, Duffy, Diego, Dombrock, Kell, Kidd, Knops, Lewis, Lutheran, MNS, P1PK, Vel, and Yt. Of these, 36,068 tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 whereas 614,088 tested negative between 2020‐02‐17 and 2021‐08‐04. Associations between infection and blood groups were assessed using logistic regression models with sex and age as covariates. Results: The Lewis blood group antigen Lea displayed strongly reduced SARS‐CoV‐2 susceptibility OR 0.85 CI[0.79–0.93] p <.001. Compared to blood type O, the blood types B, A, and AB were found more susceptible toward infection with ORs 1.1 CI[1.06–1.14] p <.001, 1.17 CI[1.14–1.2] p <.001, and 1.2 CI[1.14–1.26] p <.001, respectively. No susceptibility associations were found for the other 13 blood groups investigated. There was no association between any blood groups and COVID‐19 hospitalization or long COVID‐19. No secretor status associations were found. Discussion: This study uncovers a new association to reduced SARS‐CoV‐2 susceptibility for Lewis type Lea and confirms the previous link to blood group O. The new association to Lea could be explained by a link between mucosal microbiome and SARS‐CoV‐2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Human ABO blood groups antigens exhibit alternative phenotypes and genetically derived glycoconjugate structures that are present on the surface of red blood cells and play an active role in the cellular Physiology and Pathology. Blood groups antigens are thought to be among hereditary determinate and play a vital role to understand genetics and disease susceptibility. Materials and Methods: Type of study - Cross -Sectional study Place of study - Department of Physiology, OPD of Integral Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Lucknow. Biological sample: Human Blood Results: Shows highest prevalence of T2DM patients having blood group B followed by blood group O, A & AB and Table.7 show prevalence of blood group in general population. Conclusion: The present study had concluded that blood group B is more frequent than any other blood groups in both cases and controls, while Rh+ve blood group is found to be more common among both cases and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Determination of ABO and Rh blood group types are clinically important for various purposes including blood transfusion. There is a wide regional, racial, and ethnic variability among these blood groups. We aim to determine the ABO and Rh blood group patterns in patients attending a tertiary care center of Western Nepal. MATERIAL AND METHODS This hospital-based cross-sectional study involved 600 patients visiting Universal College of Medical Sciences (UCMS), Bhairahawa undergoing blood group determination. The study was conducted for six months from 1st January to 30th June 2017. Ethical clearance for the study was taken prior to the study. Written and verbal consent were taken from each participant before the study. Blood group was determined using open slide test method and reverse grouping was performed via tube method. Finally, Rh-DU test was performed in Rh-negative samples to test for weak D antigen. RESULTS Among the ABO blood group, most common blood group was O (34.2%) followed by B (29.2%) and A (25.3%). Sub-group analysis showed only one A2 sub-group, the remaining being A1. Majority of the patients were Rh positive (95.8%). All the Rh negative patients tested negative for Du as well. The overall distribution pattern of combined ABO-Rh blood group was O+ > B+ > A+ > AB+ > O-> A-=B- > AB-. CONCLUSION In the current study, O positive was the most common blood group in Western Nepal followed by B positive, and A positive respectively. AB-negative was the rarest blood group. The study can provide insight for future hematological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our aim in this study is to reveal the blood group distribution by investigating retrospectively the blood types of around 60 thousand patients and donors who applied to Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital between 2018 and 2021. Patients and Methods: The blood group data of 59,442 people were included in this study. 20,414 (34.35%) of the study's participants were female, 39,023 (65.65%) were male. The blood groups of participants were determined using the slide method and the gel column technique. The frequencies and percentages of O, A, B, AB and Rh blood groups were calculated. Results: The frequencies of ABO blood group distribution indicated that blood group O and Rh+ were predominant in Mogadishu O group: 60.30%, A group: 26.50%, B group: 11.27%, AB group: 1.93%, Rh+ group: 96.49%, Rh− group: 3.43%. Conclusion: This is the first study about blood group distribution in Mogadishu based on a large number of blood type tests and hospital data. The findings of our study can guide the blood center administrators make decisions concerning blood stocking and supply. This study can give an idea about how much fluctuations may occur in the frequency of blood group types in emigrant populations over many years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 had been stressed healthcare and examining resource since their quick worldwide propagation and precedence of more at-danger people, which is a crucial quarrel. It has been estimated that blood group could impact the danger of serious Covid-19 according to the novel proofs that have been proposed. Due to this, we performed a review by going through a number of articles published regarding this subject, and we found out that blood group has a different impact on Covid19 infection accordingly, We find slightly increased infection prevalence among non-O types. And the risk of intubation was decreased among A and increased among AB and B types, compared with type O. also we estimate Rh-negative blood type to have a protective effect to the high COVID19 infection epidemiology, severe infection, and the need for intubation. while the risk of death was increased for type AB and decreased for types A and B. Studies add to the growing body of evidence suggesting blood type may play a role in COVID-19. All these data are supported with evidence suggesting that blood group might take part in COVID-19 infection but further studies are needed to investigate more.

Abstract Background There are preliminary studies about the association between COVID-19 and ABO phenotypes and the results are controversial. There are only two studies which investigated the association of Rh blood groups in addition to ABO with COVID-19; however, in the statistical analysis ABO and Rh blood groups have been considered separately. Therefore, the present case-control study was performed to determine the association of COVID-19 with ABO blood groups considering the Rh blood groups simultaneously. The study was conducted in Kunduz COVID-19 treatment specific center, Spin-Zar Hospital (Kunduz Province, North East Afghanistan). A total of 301 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 1039 healthy blood donors as control group were included in the study. Results The Rh− phenotype strongly increased the risk of COVID-19 (OR = 2.97, 95% CI 1.86–3.89, P < 0.001). Although blood group A increased the risk of developing COVID-19, the association did not reach statistical significance. In analysis of the combination phenotypes, the A− blood group remarkably increased the risk of COVID-19 (OR = 7.24, 95% CI 3.62–14.4, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the interaction of Rh and ABO is significant (P < 0.013). Conclusion These findings indicate that susceptibility to COVID-19 is strongly associated with A− blood group.

Aim: Many factors have been speculated to explain the COVID-19 complex clinical phenotype. Due to the inconsistent data published on blood groups and COVID-19, we conducted a study on Iranian patients to further assess this association. Materials & methods: This retrospective study was conducted on data collected from confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized patients during March and December 2020 in a referral hospital for COVID-19, 5 Azar Hospital, Gorgan, north of Iran. A total of 1554 confirmed COVID-19 cases were enrolled in the study with blood group (ABO and Rh), demographic, and clinical data available. Results: Of 1554 patients, 1267 and 287 cases had recovered and deceased (due to COVID-19) outcomes, respectively. Most of the cases had O+ (29.6%), the least number had AB- (0.5%), and most of the deceased cases had O+ blood types (31.4%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that groups A- and B- had higher and groups B+, AB+, O+ and O- had lower odds of death than the A+ group. Conclusion: This study indicates that blood types may be related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19. Further studies with a large cohort for multiple people are required to validate this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Genetic factors have been the subject of many studies in cancer etiology. One of the most striking of these is the relationship between blood groups and cancer. Therefore, in our study, we examined the relationship between blood groups of stomach, colorectal, breast, thyroid and pancreatic cancers, which are common in general surgery practice, with single-center data. Method: We retrospectively analyzed cancer cases who applied to our University Hospital between 2005-2021. This analysis was done using a hospital database. 7899 cancer patients were included in the study. Cancer types, blood types, ages and gender of the patients were recorded. Results were analyzed statistically. Results: 55.2% of the patients included in the study were male and 42.8% were female. Of the patients, 553 (7%) were stomach, 767 (9.7%) colorectal, 779 (9.9%) breast, 625 (55.15%) thyroid, 209 (2.6%) pancreatic cancer. 87.4% of the patients were Rh (+), 12.6% of them were Rh (-). 38% of patients A Rh (+), 5.2% A Rh (-), 13.8% B Rh (+), 2.2% B Rh (-), 7.7% AB Rh (+), 1.3% AB Rh (-), 28% 0 Rh (+), 3.8% 0 Rh (-). With the blood group distribution of all cancers; When the blood group distribution of gastric, colorectal, breast, thyroid and pancreatic cancers were compared, no statistically significant difference was found. However, it was found that the A Rh (+) blood group was higher in colorectal cancers compared to other cancers. Conclusions: In our study, no relationship was found between all cancers and blood type. In addition, no relationship was found between blood type and stomach, colorectal, breast, thyroid and pancreatic cancers, which are common in general surgery practice. Although it is generally accepted that especially A blood group is a risk factor for gastric cancer, there was no significant difference in our patient series. When AB0 and Rh blood groups were evaluated together, the A Rh (+) blood group was seen more in colorectal cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the A, B, O, AB blood group distribution and Rhesus (Rh) positivity rate of Sivas province, and thus to know the distribution of blood groups in our region and to use it in a practical and scientific manner when necessary. Method: The blood group results of a total of 50,441 individuals over the age of 18 who applied to Sivas Cumhuriyet University Health Services Application and Research Hospital for various reasons between 2018 and 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. ABO and Rh blood groups were determined according to the data obtained from the Hitachi ElecSys 2010 Rack device. Various groupings were made according to blood type, gender and age, and the results were evaluated by percentage calculation. Results: 19.387 (38.4%) people A Rh (+), 14.045 (27.8%) people O Rh (+), 7.202 (14.2%) people B Rh (+), 3445 (6.8%) ) person AB Rh (+), 2781 (5.5%) person A Rh (-), 2060 (4.08%) person O Rh (-), 1027 (2.03%) person B Rh (-), 500 (0.9%) persons were identified as AB Rh (-). In terms of Rh blood group, it was seen that 44.076 (87.3%) people were Rh (+) and 6365 (12.6%) people were Rh (-). Conclusions: In summary Sivas province of Turkey reflects the demographic. Blood type distribution rates of Sivas province are similar to other provinces in our region and the general population of our country. However, we saw differences with some other regions. It is very important to know the blood type for blood supply and storage in our region. We hope that these up-to-date data on blood group distribution in Sivas will be useful for the practice and literature in terms of blood groups database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are preliminary studies about the association between COVID-19 and ABO phenotypes and the results are controversial. There are only two studies which investigated the association of Rh blood groups in addition to ABO with COVID-19; however, in the statistical analysis ABO and Rh blood groups have been considered separately. Therefore, the present case-control study was performed to determine the association of COVID-19 with ABO blood groups considering the Rh blood groups simultaneously. The study was conducted in Kunduz COVID-19 treatment specific center, Spin-Zar Hospital (Kunduz Province, North East Afghanistan). A total of 301 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 1039 healthy blood donors as control group were included in the study. Results: The Rh− phenotype strongly increased the risk of COVID-19 (OR = 2.97, 95% CI 1.86–3.89, P < 0.001). Although blood group A increased the risk of developing COVID-19, the association did not reach statistical significance. In analysis of the combination phenotypes, the A− blood group remarkably increased the risk of COVID-19 (OR = 7.24, 95% CI 3.62–14.4, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the interaction of Rh and ABO is significant (P < 0.013). Conclusion: These findings indicate that susceptibility to COVID-19 is strongly associated with A− blood group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was performed to provide information on frequencies of ABO, Rh & Kell antigens/alleles, phenotype in blood donors at Blood Bank, SMS hospital, Jaipur and to compare them with other races. Methodology: This study was conducted on blood donors from April 2016 to March 2017 using a fully automated system for ABO,Rh & Kell typing of blood cells. D, C, c, E, e & K antigens were typed using monoclonal antisera from Immucor The data were collected and calculations done to determine the antigen/allele, phenotype. The chi square test 3 degree of freedom with P < 0.001 (S) was used for comparisons between the results of our study and those of other studies. Results: A total of 8067 donors were included in this study. Maximum donors was of B blood group (39.4%) of age 18-25(35.5%) with 60-69kg weight (65%). The most common Rh antigen found was e(99.3%) followed by D (93.8%), C (85.4%), c (60.1%), E (17.5%). R1r (DCCee) was the most common phenotype in our study (39.5%). Kell (K+) antigen was present in 2.7% of donors. Conclusion: We have determined the prevalence of Rh antigens and Rh phenotypes in blood donor at our hospital and derived the allele frequencies in the same population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate whether there is a predisposition to COVID-19 with ABO and Rh blood group systems. This study was a retrospective study that investigate the patients admitted to our hospital between March 16 -May 20 due to Covid-19 pandemic and conducted with data revealed from the hospital Information Management System A total of 392 patients were included in this study, including 227 PCR test positive patients with blood group information in the system and 165 possible patients with CT findings in favor of Covid-19. Data from a blood group study conducted with 127091 people in our province in 2019 were used as a control group. In our study, a significant increase was observed in the blood group A in patients diagnosed with Covid-19, and a decrease was found in the blood groups B, AB and especially O. However, statistical analysis showed no significant difference between Covid-19 patients and healthy individuals in terms of ABO blood group system. When analyzed in terms of Rh blood group system, it was found that Rh positivity was statistically significantly higher in patients with Covid-19 (p= 0.000). Our study suggests that the Rh (-) blood group is protective and the Rh (+) blood group is predisposed to Covid 19 significantly. We think that it is valuable because it is the first study to reveal the relationship between Covid-19 and blood type in our country and the only one to reveal the relationship between Covid-19 and Rh (+) in the world literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Blood groups depend on antigens present on the surface of red blood cells. Scientists have discovered at least 30 common antigens and hundreds of rare antigens causing antigen-antibody reaction in human red blood cells. These antigens are genetically determined and are developed in fetal life and remain unchanged till death. Many blood group systems are identified but ABO and Rh blood groups are more antigenic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the present study, we observed ABO and Rh blood groups of 3057 students who studied in Universal College ofMedical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal from 1998 AD to 2019 AD, using open slide test method. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Results of the present study indicated that the most common blood group was O (36.8%) followed by blood group B (31.1%) and blood group A (24.9%) and least common blood group was AB (7.2%) i.e. O>B>A>AB. The same sequence ofABO blood grouping was seen in both male and female. Rh positive blood group was found in 95.4% and Rh negative blood group was found in 4.6% ofpopulation. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of distribution of blood group is very important for medical students as they can serve as immediate blood donor in emergency conditions. This study can provide insight to advanced studies in future which can relate blood groups withmedical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two types of Rh SB null sb phenotype: (1) Amorph type: caused by genetic variations affecting I RHD i and I RHCE i ; or (2) Regulator type: secondary to variants in I RHAG i , which encodes Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG).1 A functional RhAG is necessary for the expression of Rh antigens and for the proper assembly of Rh proteins on red blood cell membrane. Keywords: RH; RHAG; RHnull EN RH RHAG RHnull E62 E64 3 09/16/21 20210901 NES 210901 BRIEF BACKGROUND Rh SB null sb is a rare inherited condition characterized by the absence of Rh antigens on red blood cell surface causing abnormalities on erythrocyte morphology, commonly stomatocytosis and mild hemolytic anemia. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: It is well established that distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups systems show differences between regions and lands even in etnic groups. An understanding of the distrubition ABO and Rh groups in a region is useful for persons who need blood transfusion. And also the present study will be a valuable contribution to the literature. The aim of this study was to determine blood groups profile and rate of blood groups in Cukurova region. Material and Methods: The retrospective study was conducted by investigating the records of 136.038 healty blood donors who visited Blood Center of Balcali Hospital, Cukurova University, between 2005 and 2009. Two milliliter of venose blood sample was drawn from each blood donor into a vial containing anticoaguant tubes to determine ABO and RH blood groups by gel centrifugation methods. Results: This study population included 98.90% healty men donors and their mean age was calculated 33.00+/-9.00 years. In our study, the frequency of the blood groups A, B, O and AB were found as 38.90%, 17.00%, 37.10% and 6.90%, respectively and also Rh positivity was found as %89.90 of total blood donors. Conclusions: A and AB blood groups distribution in our region were lower than other regions of Turkey while O, B and Rh positivity were similar with the results of the other blood centers. [Cukurova Med J 2016; 41(4.000): 658-663]

Objective: We aimed to know the distribution of blood group in our region and to use it in a practical and scientific way if necessary. Methods: Between 2013-2018, blood groups of 123,900 healthy individuals who applied to Marmara University Pendik education and Research Hospital for blood donation were retrospectively analyzed. The ABO and Rh blood groups of individuals who admitted to our blood center were determined by microplate agglutination or colon agglutination methods. Bulgular: According to the results of blood group analysis of 123.900 individuals; 47.496 (38.3%) person a RH (+), 36.427 (29.4%) person a Rh (+), 16.294 (13.2%) person B Rh (+), 7,971 (6.4%) person AB RH (+), 6,793 (5.5%) person a RH (-), 5451 (4.4%) person B Rh (-), 2,560 (2.1%) person B Rh (-), 908 (0.7%) the person was identified as AB RH(-). In terms of Rh blood group,108,188 (87.31%) people were Rh (+) and 15,712 (12.69%) people were RH (-). Conclusıon: The city of Istanbul is demographically reflecting the summary of Turkey. Blood group Distribution Rates in our region were similar to those in Turkey and Istanbul region rates. However, we have seen that there are some differences with other regions. We think that the findings we get will be useful in practice and literature in terms of blood groups database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:ABO antigens and the glycoproteins constituting the blood groups such as Kell and Rh systems are the mostly focused blood groups in transfusion medicine. Their importance is tightly associated with the presence of natural isoantibodies, their protein structure, and immunogenicity. The aim of our study was to assess the distribution of major Rh and Kell antigens and the most probable genotype in a normal population of Qazvin city, Iran. Materials and methods:This study was done on 1000 healthy people who were candidates for getting driver's license. The blood samples were tested for Kell, ABO and major Rh antigens by standard tube agglutination method. Results: Out of 1000 samples studied, the prevalence of RhD was 86.6%. The incidence of other Rh antigens i.e. C, E, c and e was 73%, 29.8%, 72.1%, and 95.9% respectively. The most common phenotype in the samples was DCce and the least one was shown to be CcEe. Kell antigen frequency was 8.2%. On the other hand, 91.8% of people were indicated to be negative for the Kell antigen. Conclusion: Taken together, the amount of the individuals negative for the Kell and Rh system are adequate to provide new policies for identification of these antigens for both blood donors and recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between ABO and Rh blood groups and the incidence of various types of cancers has been previously investigated, but with no definite consensus reached. Since lung cancer has become one of the most leading causes of cancer-related deaths, its relation to ABO/Rh is being investigated in many centers. To explore the relationship between ABO and Rh blood groups and the risk of lung cancer. A case control study was conducted to explore the relationship between blood groups/Rh factor and the risk of lung cancer. Lung cancer cases (n=458) were identified from two major university hospitals. Control subjects included a total of 3,847 patients in which none is a cancer patient. ABO and Rh blood groups were typed and compared between cases and controls. The adjusted effect of Rh, but not ABO blood group, was significantly associated with the risk of lung cancer. The results of this study showed that Rh positive subjects are more likely to have lung cancer than the Rh negative subjects, indicating an association between Rh positivity and the risk of lung cancer. The Rh factor showed a significant association with lung cancer, but not with ABO blood groups. Further studies are needed to investigate this association to determine the role of Rh in the development of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are currently 36 blood group systems comprising over 300 antigens. The genomic backgrounds of polymorphisms responsible for antigens of each blood group have been established. Current blood group genotyping platforms are focused on testing for antigen‐determine single nucleotide polymorphisms, which are the differences on DNA level for predicting the antigen phenotype, and thus are faced with challenges because of lack of ability to detect unknown variants, structural variants and copy number variations. With the advances in technology and bioinformatics analyses, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) is now an applicable platform for high‐throughput, accurate and extensive blood group genotyping. The widely used platforms and processing steps of NGS are illustrated in this article, as well as an overview of published works. NGS has been used in various applications involving blood group genomics, including location of genetic variants for blood group expression, antenatal care, allele frequency estimation and blood group antigen prediction. Even for some of the most complicated blood group systems, NGS provides insight to solve cis/trans associations and gene rearrangements occurring in homologous genes, as featured for the ABO, RH and MNS systems in this review. Although certain issues such as cost, turnaround time, secured data storage and verification remain challenges for routine blood group genotyping practices, NGS still holds great promise advancement in future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective to study the peculiarities of clinical characteristics and polymorphism of ABO and Rh blood group systems in relation to the natural history of plasma cell myeloma in the ChNPP accident survivors. Materials and methods. Peculiarities of the disease natural history were reviewed in the 111 plasma cell myeloma (PCM) patients receiving medical management at the Department of Radiation Oncohematology of the NRCRM during 2010-2017. Principal clinical and laboratory characteristics of PCM, namely the values/levels of LDH, β-microglobulin, albumin, serum calcium, urea, creatinine and hemoglobin were assessed, taking into account the gender, radiation history (ChNPP accident clean-up workers, evacuees from areas of obligatory resettlement, inhabitants of contaminated territories, and the comparison group) and the PCM stage codenamed by Durie-Salmon et al. (1975) and the ISS (1985) classifications. Distribution of polymorphic variants on ABO and Rh blood systems was studied in the 106 PCM patients. Results. It was found that the level of -micro-globulin and calcium was increased significantly in male (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively), whereas serum urea content was elevated in female (p = 0.04) PCM patients featuring a compromised radiation anamnesis in comparison to non-irradiated patients. Some probable differences were found for urea level (F = 3.58, p = 0.05) and serum albumin (F = 4.00, p = 0.05) in the examined group of PCM patients. Probable (p < 0.05) incidence increase of the B phenotype was established as a predictor of complicated natural history of PCM with abnormal genetic equilibrium resulted from the increased incidence of I allele in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients. Significant (p < 0.05) prolongation of the remission period upon a standard PCT application was found in PCM patients being the A phenotype carriers having a preserved gene and phenotypic equilibrium compared with carriers of O and B phenotypes. Conclusions. Clinical and hematological parameters are different in PCM patients survived after the ChNPP accident and those with favorable radiation history. Distribution of polymorphic variants of ABO antigenic structures in patients with complicated natural history of the disease is also different, that can be a background for predicting the effectiveness of treatment. Further research is required in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 300 red blood cell (RBC) antigens belonging to 36 blood group systems have been officially reported in humans by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). Phenotypic variability is directly linked to the expression of the 41 blood group genes. The Rh blood group system, which is composed of 54 antigens, is the most complex and polymorphic system. Many rare genetic variants within the RH ( RHD and RHCE ) genes, involving various mutational mechanisms (single-nucleotide substitutions, short insertions/deletions, rearrangements, large deletions), have been reported in the literature and reference databases. Expression of the variants induces variable clinical outcomes depending on their nature and impact on antigen structure. Their respective molecular and cellular effects remain however poorly studied. Biological resources to conduct this research are also barely available. We have paid a specific attention to three different classes of single-nucleotide substitutions: 1/ splice site variants in the Rh, Kell, Kidd, Junior and Langereis systems by the minigene splicing assay developed locally; 2/ missense variants in the RhD protein and their effect on intermolecular interaction with its protein partner RhAG, intracellular trafficking and plasma membrane integration; and 3/ synonymous variants in the RHD gene. Overall not only this project has fundamental objectives by analyzing the functional effect of variants in order to make genotype–phenotype correlation, but the aim is also to develop/engineer molecular tools and cell models to carry out those studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: An understanding of the distribution of blood groups in a city is useful for individuals in need. In this study, we aimed to determine the distribution rates of ABO and Rh blood groups in İstanbul Province.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted by investigating the records of 6041 healthy blood donors who visited the Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, Blood Bank, between 1st January, 2011 and 31st December, 2013. ABO and Rh blood groups were examined by lam agglutination, micro plate agglutination, or gel centrifugation methods.Results: In this study, the frequency of the blood groups A, O, B, and AB were found to be 43.44%, 33.02%, 15%, and 8.54%, respectively. Rh (+) positivity was determined in 5192 cases (85.95%) and Rh (-) negativity was determined in 849 cases (14.05%). The frequency of intra-group Rh was found to be 87.84% of Rh (+) and 12.16% of Rh (-) in blood group A, 87.52% of Rh (+) and 14.48% of Rh (-) in blood group O, 82.12% of Rh (+) and 17.88% of Rh (-) in blood group B, and 76.94% of Rh (+) and 23.06% of Rh (-) in blood group AB. A majority of the blood donors were males (92.42%), and 69.28% were in the age group of 25–44 years.Conclusion: ABO and Rh blood group distribution rates in our region were similar to the general rates in Turkey. There was a positive correlation between the frequency of ABO blood group type and Rh positivity rate in each group. We believe that the present study will contribute to the literature with respect to the database of blood groups.

Molecular analysis, or genotyping, of genes involved in the expression of blood group antigens has been a standard strategy used in immunohaematology laboratories routinely. For the past ten years, next-generation sequencing (NGS), or second-generation sequencing, has become the reference method in genetics. Extensive study of distinct targets, large genomic regions, and even whole genome is henceforth possible by this approach at minimal cost. Blood group genotyping has thus taken advantage of this technological advent. A few preliminary studies have open the way to NGS in this field by studying one or several genes, in a wide range of samples (donors and patients) by using several different platforms. These works have helped in the identification of both the benefits and limitations of the technology. Other recently published studies have benefited from these preliminary data to improve the methodology, specificity and accuracy of output data. In parallel novel strategies, i.e. third-generation sequencing, which can sequence long DNA regions at the single-molecule level, have emerged and shown promise for the potential resolution of complex rearrangements involving genes of the Rh and MNS blood group systems respectively. As technological and methodological hurdles have been overcome, these approaches may be used in a clinical situation in a near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: the aim is to estimate the share of people with AH among the Tubalars and nonindigenous inhabitants of the Altai Republic taking into account a sex, an ethnic origin and to analyze genetic predisposition to the diseases of АВ0, Rh, MN, P, Kell blood group systems. Materials and methods. There was clinico-epidemiologic survey of the Altai Republic population (sample of 935 people, 663 people of them are Tubalars, 272 people are nonindigenous) aged from 18 till 88 years. Arterial hypertension was diagnosed according to criteria of WHO/MOAG of 1999. The study of genetic markers was carried out according to the standard methodology, blood group systems were defined: ABO, «full» Rhesus factor, MN, P, Kell. The sample size of different systems made from 301 to 425 people. The force of association between studied markers and the disease was judged according to the criterion of relative risk. Results. 38,6% Tubalars and 40,8% nonindigenous population were diagnosed with arterial hypertension. The share of people with Rh(+) blood group is larger among Tubalars (94,6%) in comparison with nonindigenous representatives (87,4%; p

There had been 935 people examined native to Turochaksky district of the Altai Republic (663 — indigenous people (Tubalars) and 272 — non-indigenous population) so as to identify the proportion of population with hypertension, assessment of risk factors and genetic predisposition to the disease according to the blood systems such as ABO, Rh, MN, P and Kell. The proportion of people with hypertension in the Altai Republic was 38.6 % among Tubalars and 40.8 % among non-indigenous population. The high body mass index (BMI) — (Quetelet index) values and. index: waist / hip and. waist circumference are associated, with risk of hypertension, for both ethnic groups, but only Tubalars have such risk factors as smoking and salt abuse. There had been revealed some ethnic differences in the distribution for such systems as blood group Rh factor, and MN. The indigenous ethnic group is marked with a risk of hypertension for the people with Rh(-) blood group, positive associative connection with the disease for those with the phenotype of MN and the resistance for the persons with the blood group Rh(+) and. the phenotype of NN.

Purpose: It is well established that distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups systems show differences between regions and lands even in etnic groups. An understanding of the distrubition ABO and Rh groups in a region is useful for persons who need blood transfusion. And also the present study will be a valuable contribution to the literature. The aim of this study was to determine blood groups profile and rate of blood groups in Cukurova region. Material and Methods: The retrospective study was conducted by investigating the records of 136.038 healty blood donors who visited Blood Center of Balcali Hospital, Cukurova University, between 2005 and 2009. Two milliliter of venose blood sample was drawn from each blood donor into a vial containing anticoaguant tubes to determine ABO and RH blood groups by gel centrifugation methods. Results: This study population included 98.90% healty men donors and their mean age was calculated 33.00±9.00 years. In our study, the frequency of the blood groups A, B, O and AB were found as 38.90%, 17.00%, 37.10% and 6.90%, respectively and also Rh positivity was found as %89.90 of total blood donors. Conclusions: A and AB blood groups distribution in our region were lower than other regions of Turkey while O, B and Rh positivity were similar with the results of the other blood centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate relationship between the ABO blood groups,Rh factor with prevalence of dental caries.data on blood group and dental caries prevalence were collected from 457 soldiers of 05 military base in Kerman.the mean (SD) age of soldiers was 19(1) years.the overall mean and SD of decayed,missing and filled teeth (DMF index) was 4.3(3.2) the mean value for DMF index was the lowest in B blood group(3.9) and the highest in AB blood group (4.9),however no statistically significant difference was observed(p=0.09).the DMF index was not found to be related to Rh blood factor.

The study of Pashtun populations of North-West Pakistan deserves special attention due to the demographic transitions caused by recurrent displacements, fragmentation and migrations. In order to observe the genetic differentiation in lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) region, ABO and Rh blood groups record of nine Pashtun populations, i.e., Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Hangu, Karak, Kohat, Kurram Agency, Lakki Marwat, South Waziristan Agency, and Tank, was collected. Absolute gene diversity, gene differentiation and genetic diversity were estimated to be 0.01, 0.019 and 0.515, respectively. There were the highest affinities between the samples obtained from Lakki Marwat and Tank districts, whereas the least affinities were evident between Karak and South Waziristan Agency populations. Collectively, these results show the presence of sub-populations in lower KPK which may suggest a disturbed nature of these populations. Further studies are needed to understand the nature of differentiation between these Pashtun populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Blood group is an important risk factor for some malignancies, including pancreatic and stomach cancer. However, it is unclear whether the risk of breast cancer is higher in any specific ABO blood type. Methods We searched the electronic database of Pub Med, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and the VIP Chinese Journal of Science and Technology for case-control studies about blood type and breast cancer incidence, and a meta-analysis was conducted. Results Fourteen studies were eligible for assessment on the association of breast cancer with different blood types, including 9665 breast cancer patients and 244 768 controls. Relative to blood type O, women with blood type A (odds ratio ( OR) = 1.115, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 0.992-1.254), B ( OR = 0.983, 95% CI 0.915-1.056) and AB ( OR = 1.042, 95% CI 0.881-1.231) had the same breast cancer risk. The risk for women with Rhesus-positive ( Rh+) was the same as those with Rh-negative ( Rh-) ( OR = 0.948, 95% CI 0.667-1.348). Among Caucasians, the OR of blood type A was 1.066 (95% CI, 1.001-1.134, P = 0.522 for heterogeneity). Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests Caucasians with blood type A may have a higher risk of breast cancer than other Caucasians. No association was found in any other blood type or any other population. Similarly, the Rh factor had no association with the risk of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfusion is a life sustaining therapy in sickle cell disease. Allo-immunization against red blood cells remains an important side effect responsible for post transfusion hemolysis. Numerous RH variant antigens are encountered in these patients of African descent. These RH variants can be associated with allo-immunization when the variant belongs to the partial type and when the carrier of this partial variant is exposed to the normal antigen through transfusion or pregnancy. Variants can be characterized by molecular typing, and many commercial tools have been developed. In this review, we will discuss the involvement of RH variants in sickle cell disease transfusion, with regards to their clinical significance in term of allo-immunization and haemolytic transfusion reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Transfusion remains the main treatment of sickle cell disease patients. Red cell alloimmunization is frequent because of the antigen disparities between patients of African descent and donors of European ancestry. Alloimmunization is associated with severe hemolytic transfusion reaction, autoantibody formation, and difficulties in the management of transfusion compatibility. Beside common antigens, a number of different RH variant antigens found in individuals of African descent can be involved in alloimmunization. If some variants, such as HrS negative antigens, are known to prone significant alloantibodies and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, it is not clear whether all the described variants represent a clinical risk for sickle cell disease patients. The knowledge of the clinical relevance of RH variants is a real issue. An abundance of molecular tools are developed to detect variants, but they do not distinguish those likely to prone immunization from those that are unlikely to prone immunization and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. A strategy of prevention, which generally requires rare red blood cells, cannot be implemented without this fundamental information. In this review, we discuss the relevance of RH variants in sickle cell disease, based on the published data and on our experience in transfusion of these patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We determined cDNAs of two genes that belong to the Rhesus (Rh) blood group gene family in an amphioxus species (Branchiostoma floridae) and designated them Rh-related-1 (RhR-1) and Rh-related-2 (RhR-2). RhR-1 and RhR-2 consisted of 10 and 11 exons, respectively. 3' UTR sequences of RhR-1 were shorter (220-272 bp) than those of RhR-2 (1,505-1,650 bp). CDS lengths were 1,344 and 1,476 bp for RhR-1 and RhR-2, respectively, and the average nucleotide difference between their CDS regions was 0.33. The corresponding regions of Rh genes from exons 2 to 7 were relatively conserved among the chordate species examined in this study. Length difference numbers were in multiples of three, which implies that codon frames were conserved among them, and the same exon/intron boundary phases were observed in those regions. This region was used for the phylogenetic analyses. RhR-1 and RhR-2 formed a cluster on the phylogenetic tree of the Rh gene family. Gene duplication time of RhR-1 and RhR-2 was estimated to be ca. 500 million years ago. It is likely that the four Rh family genes in vertebrates emerged by gene duplications in the common ancestor of vertebrates, and functional differentiation has occurred after the first gene duplication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG) is closely associated with the Rh proteins in the red cell membrane. Two high frequency antigens (Duclos and DSLK) and one low frequency antigen (Ola) have serological characteristics suggestive of expression on RhAG. Materials and Methods RHAG was sequenced from the DNA of one Duclos-negative, one DSLK-negative, and two Ol(a+) individuals. Recombinant protein was expressed in HEK 293 cells. Protein models with RhAG subunits were constructed. Results The original Duclos-negative patient was homozygous for RHAG 316C>G, encoding Gln106Glu. HEK 293 cells expressing Gln106Glu mutant RhAG did not react with anti-Duclos. An individual with DSLK-negative red cells was homozygous for 490A>C, encoding Lys164Gln. Two Ol(a+) members of the original Norwegian family were heterozygous for 680C>T, encoding Ser227Leu. A Japanese donor with Rhmod phenotype had Ol(a+) red cells and was homozygous for 680C>T. Conclusion The three red cell antigens encoded by RHAG form the RHAG blood group system: Duclos is RHAG1 (030001); Ola is RHAG2 (030002); and DSLK is provisionally RHAG3 (030003). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives RH48 (JAL) is a low-incidence Rh antigen of unknown molecular background associated with weakened expression of RhCE antigens. The objective of this study was to establish the molecular basis of JAL. Materials and Methods Seventeen JAL+ samples, from seven black (one of them a Brazilian of mixed race: black/Caucasian), nine European Caucasians and one Asian individuals, were typed with anti-D, -C, -c, -E and -e. Some samples were also tested for V/VS and ce (f). Titration studies and flow cytometry were used to analyse the expression of the JAL antigen and genomic DNA sequencing of all RHCE exons was conducted on all samples. Routine genotyping for RHCE was carried out on all samples. Screening of RHD exons 1–10, which included detection of the DAU allele, was carried out on all except one of the black samples. The Caucasian samples and remaining black sample were screened for the DAU mutation 1136C>T (T379M). Results Six black individuals had the Dce haplotype with RHCE mutations 340C>T (R114W) and 733C>G (L245V) [V/VS] and the RHD mutation T379M [DAU]. One mixed race individual had the Dce haplotype with the RHCE mutation 340C>T (R114W) but without the V/VS or DAU mutation. Eight Caucasians had the DCe haplotype with the 340C>T mutation. One Caucasian and one Asian had the Dce haplotype with a different mutation in an adjacent nucleotide, 341G>A (R114Q). All Caucasian individuals were negative for the DAU mutation 1136C>T (T379M). Previously described weakness of CE-related Rh antigens when present in single dose on JAL+ samples of DCe and Dce haplotypes was observed. Weak expression of V/VS was observed in the three black samples tested and weakness of JAL was observed in the black samples compared to the Caucasian samples. Conclusion The same mutation (340C>T, R114W) in two different haplotypes (DCe and Dce) and another mutation (341G>A, R114Q) in one of these haplotypes (Dce) are associated with expression of the JAL antigen. One of the RHCE mutations detected in our samples (340C>T) has been previously described but not in association with the JAL antigen. Our results indicate that the previously described RhCeMA and ces(340) alleles encode the JAL antigen. Expression of V/VS antigen is weakened in the presence of JAL and expression of JAL is usually weaker when associated with the Dce haplotype compared to DCe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of ABO and Rh system is important in transfusion medicine. In this study, we aimed to detect the profile of ABO and Rh blood groups in Diyarbakir region and provide new data on this subject. Among 206.673 individuals who applied to blood centers in Diyarbakir; 75.547 were (36.55%) A Rh(+), 61.385 were (29.70%) O Rh(+), 34.417 were (16.65%) B Rh(+), 12.944 were (6.26%) AB Rh(+), 8.806 were (4.26%) A Rh(-), 8.183 were (3.95%) O Rh(-), 3.897 were (1.88%) B Rh(-), 1.494 were (0.72%) AB Rh(-) blood group and Rh positivity was found in 184.293 cases (89.17%), as Rh(-) negativity was found in 22.380 cases (10.82%). There was little differences between the results of other regions of Turkey but blood group distribution in our region was similar with the results of all over the Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second International Society of Blood Transfusion and International Council for Standardization in Haematology workshop on molecular blood group genotyping was held in 2006. Forty-one laboratories participated. Six samples were distributed: two representing DNA from transfusion-dependent patients for testing for all clinically important polymorphisms; two representing DNA from amniotic fluid for RhD, Rhc, and K testing; and two plasma samples from RhD-negative pregnant women for fetal RhD testing (only tested by 20 laboratories). Overall, a high level of accuracy was achieved by most of the laboratories, although the error rate caused by RHDΨ was not acceptable and needs to be addressed. With greater care and attention to detail, very high standards could be set for molecular blood group genotyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rh blood group genes became duplicated in a common ancestor of human–chimpanzee–gorilla. We compared the evolutionary rates of the Rh blood group genes for each exon for branches connecting to humans, having duplicated Rh loci, and to orangutan, gibbon, and Old World monkeys, species having a single Rh locus. Our results show that evolutionary rates of nonsynonymous substitutions at exon 7 became accelerated in the human lineage. Furthermore, we surveyed the sequence variation in the region surrounding exon 7 of gibbons to clarify whether the diversity of the human exon 7 was introduced after the duplication or had been maintained before it. Two amino acid polymorphisms in white-handed gibbons were observed in the immediate vicinity of the D-specific motif in the human exon 7. Although the evolutionary rate of exon 7 was accelerated after the gene duplication, our results suggest that exon 7 had the potential for change even before the gene duplication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The goal of this research was to determine patterns in adverse food reactions among human biotypes, if any. Design: Blood types A1, A2, B, AB, O and Rh-negative were correlated to four kinds of food allergies and hypersensitivities. Materials and Methods: Three studies were conducted from 1985 to 2004. Blood types were correlated to food scores from: (1) mRAST-IgE food allergy tests, (2) mRAST-IgG food hypersensitivity tests, and (3) T-cell food hypersensitivity tests (ELISA/ACT® LRA). An allergy history was recorded. Data were evaluated by statistical analyses, including: ANOVA, MANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Chi Square. Clinical categories were established by means and ranges. (4) Blood-type specific lectins were included from the scientific literature. Results: Results were reported by blood types and food groups as raw scores and classes, and included the following: blood type A1 reacted most strongly to nuts and beans, eggs, dairy, and nightshades; while type A2 reacted to the same but more strongly to dairy, eggs and gluten grains. Type B reacted most to eggs, nuts and beans, dairy, gluten grains, nightshades, and sugars. Type O reacted most to dairy, eggs, gluten grains, and nightshades. Type AB reacted most to nuts and beans, seafood, eggs, and dairy; while A2B also reacted to gluten grains. Type Rh-negative was most reactive to eggs, dairy, nuts and beans, and gluten grains. The highest IgE scores were among types B and Rh-negative. The highest IgG scores were among types O, A2 and Rh-negative. The most lectins reacted with type AB. Conclusions: The research showed patterns in food group allergies and hypersensitivities based on ABO, A1/A2 and Rh blood types. Biotype Diets is the first diet-typing system supported by original scientific research, and has greater accuracy and specificity than other systems. More information is available at www.biotype.net. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present Venezuelan population is the product of admixture of Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans, a process that was not homogeneous throughout the country. Blood groups, short tandem repeats (STRs), mtDNA, and Y-chromosome markers have been used successfully in admixture studies, but few such studies have been conducted in Venezuela. In this study we aim to estimate the admixture components of samples from two different socio - economic levels from Caracas, Venezuela's capital city, compare their differences, and infer sexual asymmetry in the European Amerindian union patterns. Gene frequencies for blood groups ABO and Rh (CDE) and for the STRs VWA, F13A01, and FES/FPS and mtDNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups were studied in a sample of 60 individuals living in Caracas, taken from a private clinic (high socioeconomic level), and 50 individuals, also living in Caracas, drawn from a public maternity clinic (low socioeconomic level). The admixture analysis for the five autosomal markers gives a high European component (0.78) and an almost negligible African sub-Saharan component (0.06) for the high socioeconomic level, whereas for the low socioeconomic level the sub-Saharan, European, and Amerindian components were 0.21, 0.42, and 0.36, respectively. Estimates of admixture based on mtDNA and Y-chromosome markers reveal that the Amerindian contribution to these Caracas samples is almost entirely through females, because the Y-chromosome Amerindian and African sub-Saharan chromosomes found in this study were scarce. Our study reveals that the identification of the grandparents' geographic origin is an important methodological aspect to take into account in genetic studies related to the reconstruction of historical events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prediction of fetal blood group from DNA is usually performed when the mother has antibodies to RhD, to assess whether the fetus is at risk from hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Over the last five years RhD testing on fetal DNA in maternal plasma has been introduced. At the International Blood Group Reference Laboratory (IBGRL) we employ real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ- PCR) to detect RHD exons 4, 5, and 10, which also reveals RHDψ. SRY and, in RhD-negative (RhD–) females, eight biallelic polymorphisms are incorporated in an attempt to provide an internal positive control . Since 2000 we have tested 533 pregnancies for RhD. In 327 pregnancies where the RhD of the infant is known, we had one false- positive and one false- negative result. In 2004 we introduced fetal typing from DNA in maternal plasma for K, Rhc, and RhE, which represent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the KEL and RHCE genes. We have begun trials on an automated method for fetal RhD typing from DNA in maternal plasma. This is designed to test fetal RhD in all pregnant RhD– women, to identify the 40% with an RhD– fetus so that antenatal RhD immunoglobulin (Ig) prophylaxis can be avoided. Similar trials have already been reported by Sanquin Research Laboratories in Amsterdam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Rh (Rhesus) is a major blood group system in man, which is clinically significant in transfusion medicine. Rh antigens are carried by an oligomer of two major erythroid specific polypeptides, the Rh (D and CcEe) proteins and the RhAG glycoprotein, that shared a common predicted structure with 12 transmembrane a-helices (M0 to M11). Non erythroid homologues of these proteins have been identified (RhBG and RhCG), notably in diverse organs specialized in ammonia production and excretion, such as kidney, liver and intestine. Phylogenetic studies and experimental evidence have shown that these proteins belong to the Amt/Mep/Rh protein superfamily of ammonium/methylammonium permease, but another view suggests that Rh proteins might function as CO2 gas channels. Until recently no information on the structure of these proteins were available. However, in the last two years, new insight has been gained into the structural features of Rh proteins (through the determination of the crystal structures of bacterial AmtB and archeaebacterial Amt-1. Here, models of the subunit and oligomeric architecture of human Rh proteins are proposed, based on a refined alignment with and crystal structure of the bacterial ammonia transporter AmtB, a member of the Amt/Mep/Rh superfamily. This alignment was performed considering invariant structural features, which were revealed through Hydrophobic Cluster Analysis, and led to propose alternative predictions for the less conserved regions, particularly in the N-terminal sequences. The Rh models, on which an additional Rh-specific, N-terminal helix M0 was tentatively positioned, were further assessed through the consideration of biochemical and immunochemical data, as well as of stereochemical and topological constraints. These models highlighted some Rh specific features that have not yet been reported. Among these, are the prediction of some critical residues, which may play a role in the channel function, but also in the stability of the subunit structure and oligomeric assembly. These results provide a basis to further understand the structure/function relationships of Rh proteins, and the alterations occurring in variant phenotypes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]