Search

Hemorrhage is one of the major challenges in healthcare area. Many hemostats are commercially available, but their application is limited due to high cost, non-biocompatible and immunogenic properties. Chitosan and its derivatives have been extensively used as a hemostatic material to stop bleeding. The amine and hydroxyl groups of chitosan are modified into different derivatives, for exhibiting better solubility, hemostatic properties, biocompatibility, moisture absorption, film-forming, and antibacterial activities. One such derivative is carboxymethyl chitosan and it has been widely studied for hemostatic and other biomedical applications. In this book chapter, we are overviewing the different forms of carboxymethyl chitosan derivatives such as hydrogel, sponges, cryogel, membranes and microspheres which were studied for hemostatic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Effective bleeding control is a major concern in trauma and major surgeries. Chitosan (Ch) as hemostatic agent has been widely used and when applied at the site of injury it acts by aggregating blood cells and forming a plug. Our prime interest is to improve the blood clotting property of Ch hydrogel. Incorporation of nanobioglass (nBG) with silica (activate coagulation factor XII), calcium (activate intrinsic pathway) and phosphate (initiates extrinsic pathway) ions into Ch hydrogel (protonated NH 2 group) would act at the same time and bring about rapid blood clot formation. Sol-gel method was followed to synthesize nBG particles and its particle size was found to be 14 ± 3 nm. 2%Ch-5%nBG hydrogel was then prepared and studied using SEM and FTIR. The prepared hydrogel was injecable and was also cytocompatible with HUVEC. In in vitro blood clotting study and in vivo major organ injury model, 2%Ch-5%nBG hydrogel formed rapid blood clot than 2%Ch hydrogel. Hence, 2%Ch-5%nBG hydrogel might have great potential to achieve effective bleeding control during critical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PA and Ca entrapped Cs hydrogel (Cs-PA-Ca) was prepared and characterized. • Cs-PA-Ca hydrogel was injectable, adhesive and found to be cyto and hemocompatible. • Cs-PA-Ca hydrogel causes RBC/platelet aggregation and also activates coagulation. • Cs-PA-Ca hydrogel has ability to act on all mechanisms involved in hemostasis. • Cs-PA-Ca hydrogel showed rapid control of oozing and pressured bleeding conditions. Chitosan (Cs) as a hemostatic agent has been in use to control hemorrage. Composite hydrogel formed by entrapment of vasoconstrictor-potassium aluminium sulfate (0.25 %PA) and coagulation activator-calcium chloride (0.25 %Ca) into Cs (2 %) hydrogel would enhance the hemostatic property of Cs. In this work, the prepared composite hydrogel was injectable, shear thinning, cyto and hemocompatible. The 2 %Cs-0.25 %PA-0.25 %Ca composite hydrogel caused rapid blood clotting by accelerating RBC/platelet aggregation and activation of the coagulation cascade. Further, in vivo studies on rat liver and femoral artery hemorrage model showed the efficiency of 2 %Cs-0.25 %PA-0.25 %Ca composite hydrogel to achieve hemostasis in a shorter time (20 ± 10 s, 105 ± 31 s) than commercial hemostatic agents-Fibrin sealant (77 ± 26 s, 204 ± 58 s) and Floseal (76 ± 15 s, 218 ± 46 s). In in vivo toxicological study, composite hydrogel showed material retention even after 8 weeks post-surgery, therefore excess hydrogel should be irrigated from site of application. This prepared composite hydrogel based hemostatic agent has potential application in low pressure bleeding sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]