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Background: Cognitive impairment in survivors of blood or bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is well documented. However, to the authors' knowledge, the clinical relevance of self-endorsed cognitive problems and their relation to objectively assessed cognitive impairment is not known.Methods: The authors assessed cognitive impairment in 378 BMT recipients (median age, 52.2 years, 40% of whom were female and 68% of whom were non-Hispanic white) and 98 healthy controls at 5 predetermined time points: at baseline (before BMT) and at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after BMT. Self-endorsed cognitive problems were evaluated using the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale (NIS) and correlated with a standardized 2-hour battery of objective cognitive testing at each time point. The authors examined the magnitude of difference in self-endorsed cognitive problems between BMT recipients and healthy controls, and the rate of change in scores over time. Multivariable analyses were used to identify clinical and/or demographic variables associated with self-endorsed cognitive problems. The authors also examined the association between cognitive impairment and returning to work after BMT.Results: Compared with healthy controls, BMT recipients endorsed more cognitive problems (P < .001) at all time points, and the rate of change in NIS scores was found to be significantly greater in BMT recipients. Fatigue was associated with greater endorsement of cognitive problems at 1 year after BMT (odds ratio, 4.23; 95% CI, 2.1-8.3 [P < .001]). Overall, there was a statistically significant, modest correlation noted between self-endorsed cognitive problems and objective cognitive impairment (range, 0.401-0.445 [P ≤ .01]). Higher self-endorsed cognitive problems were associated with a 3.7-fold (P = .02) higher odds of not returning to work at 3 years after BMT.Conclusions: The results of the current study demonstrated that self-endorsed cognitive problems can help to identify vulnerable patient subpopulations for detailed cognitive assessment and possible cognitive remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]