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Recently, Metaverse is gaining prominence within the field of radiology due to its potential to revolutionize image visualization. Radiologists can harness its capabilities to access dynamic, highly detailed results, thereby enhancing diagnostic precision. Digital twins, at the core of the Metaverse, are digital replicas of real-world objects and entities. They serve as the foundational building blocks, enabling the creation of virtual counterparts for everything within the Metaverse. To ensure the reliability of these digital twins, blockchain technology offers a multi-dimensional data storage solution, reinforcing data integrity and trustworthiness. It is used to ensure a transparent and 3D visualization of each communication and interaction for further looking up any criticality if present in the network. With the rapid increase in value and volume of data, the evolution of the metaverse faces a number of privacy and security concerns. Furthermore, the metaverse in Industry 4.0 is a trending topic that further needs to focus on its security challenges at its initial stage. Fortunately, blockchain is considered as one of the significant solutions. The aim of this paper is to propose a secure and efficient fuzzy evaluation matrix by computing the trust values along with integrating with blockchain mechanism in industry 4.0 enabling metaverse environment. The proposed mechanism is validated against various security concerns such as broken authentication, eavesdropping, personal information leakage, data injection, and unauthorized access. The proposed mechanism showed the validation rate against existing schemes with an improvement of 94% in comparison of several security metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is considered as a viable solution on Internet of Vehicle (IoV) where objects equipped with cognition make decisions intelligently through the understanding of both social and physical worlds. However, the spectrum availability and data sharing/transferring among vehicles are critical improving services and driving safety metrics where the presence of Malicious Devices (MD) further degrade the network performance. Recently, a blockchain technique in CRN-based IoV has been introduced to prevent data alteration from these MD and allowing the vehicles to track both legal and illegal activities in the network. In this paper, we provide the security to IoV during spectrum sensing and information transmission using CRN by sensing the channels through a decision-making technique known as Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a technique that evokes the trust of its Cognitive Users (CU) by analyzing certain predefined attributes. Further, blockchain is maintained in the network to trace every activity of stored information. The proposed mechanism is validated rigorously against several security metrics using various spectrum sensing and security parameters against a baseline solution in IoV. Extensive simulations suggest that our proposed mechanism is approximately 70% more efficient in terms of malicious nodes identification and DoS threat against the baseline mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the biggest challenges in political mayhem is visible during the election process where no stone is kept unturned in order to gain the power. Further, due to poll violence and waiting in the long queues to cast their votes, numbers of common citizens avoid the voting process completely in order to evade the chaos. In order to reduce these issues or to increase the voting rate, number of smart based or IoT enabled voting applications has been projected by various authors. However, IoT devices can be easily compromised or hacked by the experts (intruders) in order to gain their own access. Therefore, to ensure an enhanced secure and transparent polling process, Blockchain plays a vital role in ensuring the legit votes and their counting without their manipulation in any way. It is also needed in today's times where the world is available to people in their IoT or smart devices to also give them the opportunity to register their votes hassle free via their smart devices without having to worry about the system getting hacked. Therefore, in this paper, the proposed layout will be based on an enhanced security through Blockchain in E-voting application using IoT devices where the user will create an account with proper verification done via voter id and other biometric methods on a smart device. Every transaction done via this account which in this case will be registering vote will be validated by a miner. The proposed Blockchain mechanism for E-polling using IoT devices is again validated and verified through several parameters such as response time, resource utilization and request processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is introduced to transfer/exchange the data among roadside units and vehicles through various smart devices in real time scenarios. However, the past works in IoV leads to various transparencies, security and privacy concerns while communicating and transferring the information among each other. This paper has proposed a blockchain-based trustworthy framework for vehicular networks by reducing the security issues like trust issue and quickly updating the status of vehicles via blockchain ledger. The proposed scheme provides the security at two different stages; 1) the first stage calculates the candidate's trust degree, data quality, and privacy via other vehicles through a Modified-Two-stage Auction Algorithm (M-ITA) scheme to select the trusted miners and maximize their utilities, and 2) in the second stage, a block selection method is introduced that uses the discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO). In every time-slot, only selected miners validate the blocks and updated their position dynamically. The performance of proposed framework is analyzed through numerical analysis by improving the trustworthiness for data sharing in blockchain-based IoV using various security parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, connected vehicles (CV) are becoming a promising research area leading to the concept of CV as a Service (CVaaS). With the increase of connected vehicles and an exponential growth in the field of online cab booking services, new requirements such as secure, seamless and robust information exchange among vehicles of vehicular networks are emerging. In this context, the original concept of vehicular networks is being transformed into a new concept known as connected and autonomous vehicles. Autonomous vehicular use yields a better experience and helps in reducing congestion by allowing current information to be obtained by the vehicles instantly. However, malicious users in the internet of vehicles may mislead the whole communication where intruders may compromise smart devices with the purpose of executing a malicious ploy. In order to prevent these issues, a blockchain technique is considered the best technique that provides secrecy and protection to the control system in real time conditions. In this paper, the issue of security in smart sensors of connected vehicles that can be compromised by expert intruders is addressed by proposing a blockchain framework. This study has further identified and validated the proposed mechanism based on various security criteria, such as fake requests of the user, compromise of smart devices, probabilistic authentication scenarios and alteration in stored user's ratings. The results have been analyzed against some existing approach and validated with improved simulated results that offer 79% success rate over the above-mentioned issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]