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In modern block ciphers, the role of the substitution boxes is to generate ciphertext from the plaintext with high confusion. The immunity to various cryptographic attacks heavily depends on the strength of the S-box. In this article, a new method of obtaining highly nonlinear substitution boxes (S-boxes) is proposed. The subject method utilizes the artificial bee colony optimization technique. To check the immunity of the proposed S-boxes, the analysis of the proposed S-boxes is checked against the key performance indicators (KPIs) for S-boxes. The results obtained from KPIs are highly encouraging and the proposed S-boxes meet all the criteria needed for secure communication and storage of digital content. To rank the proposed S-box and the recently published S-boxes, the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution is discussed for the first time for the S-boxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The substitution box (S-box) is the core component of any block cipher that creates confusion in the ciphertext. This research contributes to creating a substitution box based on bent Boolean functions. Bent Boolean functions are constructed using the Maiorana–McFarland method and used as the coordinate functions of the substitution box. They are maximal nonlinear and inherently imbalanced, making them unsuitable for direct use in constructing a confusion component. The imbalance nature of the coordinate Boolean function directly impacts the bijective property of the nonlinear component. To create a bijective confusion component, we focus on mitigating the imbalance of each coordinate Boolean function. The methodology adopted is simple and efficient as compared to other heuristic techniques. By defining an empty matrix and putting bent Boolean functions side by side as matrix elements, we shape the initial 2 n × k sized substitution box, k ∈ (2 ,... , n) . We limit the number of occurrences of each possible outcome of initial 2 n × k substitution box to make a bijective n × n S-box. These small initial S-boxes lay a good foundation for constructing strong subsequent S-boxes. Experimental results based on the generation of 8 × 8 substitution box indicate that the suggested algorithm outperforms other competing heuristic approaches in nonlinearity, while maintaining sufficient performance in the strict avalanche criterion, bit-independence, linear and differential probability properties. The suggested nonlinear component is tested using well-known images from the literature, and the histogram analysis of the confused images demonstrates a high degree of randomness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robustness of modern information confidentiality algorithm depends on its individual components. Modern block ciphers highly depend on two components namely confusion and diffusion. These two main characteristics in any modern cipher are achieved by substitution and permutation boxes. In this article, a decision-making algorithm is utilized for the selection of optimum substitution box (S-box), which plays a significant role in the field of information confidentiality. For this purpose, an interval-based Pythagorean fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (IVPF–TOPSIS) method is introduced to get the desired nonlinear confusion component of block cipher namely S-box. In this manner, we performed cryptographic analyses of standard S-boxes namely nonlinearity (NL), strict avalanche criterion (SAC), bit-independent criterion (BIC), absolute indicator (ABI), the sum of square and absolute indicator (SSAI), algebraic degree (AD), algebraic immunity (AI), transparency order (TO), composite algebraic immunity (CAI), robustness (RB), signal to noise ratio (SNR), confusion coefficient of variance (CCV). With these cryptographic characteristics, we have used interval-valued based Pythagorean fuzzy TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making technique to classify standard S-boxes suitable for construction of modern block ciphers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and development of secure nonlinear cryptographic Boolean function plays an unavoidable measure for modern information confidentiality schemes. This ensure the importance and applicability of nonlinear cryptographic Boolean functions. The current communication is about to suggest an innovative and energy efficient lightweight nonlinear multivalued cryptographic Boolean function of modern block ciphers. The proposed nonlinear confusion element is used in image encryption of secret images and information hiding techniques. We have suggested a robust LSB steganography structure for the secret hiding in the cover image. The suggested approach provides an effective and efficient storage security mechanism for digital image protection. The technique is evaluated against various cryptographic analyses which authenticated our proposed mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction and development of new techniques for a nonlinear multivalued Boolean function is one of the important aspects of modern ciphers. These multivalued Boolean functions need to be defined over various algebraic structures which map multiple inputs on multiple outputs. Modern block ciphers are a combination of linear and nonlinear functions which adds diffusion and confusion capabilities. We have offered an innovative system for the construction of the confusion component of block cipher by using recurrent neural networks. Since the confusion component is a multivalued Boolean function, therefore, we need many to many types of recurrent networks with an equal number of inputs and outputs. With this scheme, we have achieved a standard benchmark nonlinear of 112 with balancednesss having low linear and differential probabilities. We evaluated some common and advanced measures for the eminence of randomness and cryptanalytics to observe the efficiency of the proposed methodology. These outcomes validated the generated nonlinear confusion components are effective for block ciphers and have better cryptographic strength in image encryption with a high signal-to-noise ratio in comparison to state-of-the-art techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The substitution box, often known as an S-box, is a nonlinear component that is a part of several block ciphers. Its purpose is to protect cryptographic algorithms from a variety of cryptanalytic assaults. A Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem has a complex selection procedure because of having many options and criteria to choose from. Because of this, statistical methods are necessary to assess the performance score of each S-box and decide which option is the best one available based on this score. Using the Pythagorean Fuzzy-based Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, the major objective of this investigation is to select the optimal S-box to be implemented from a pool of twelve key choices. With the help of the Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), the purpose of this article is to evaluate whether this nonlinear component is suitable for use in a variety of encryption applications. In this article, we have considered various characteristics of S-boxes, including nonlinearity, algebraic degree, strict avalanche criterion (SAC), absolute indicator, bit independent criterion (BIC), sum of square indicator, algebraic immunity, transparency order, robustness to differential cryptanalysis, composite algebraic immunity, signal to noise ratio-differential power attack (SNR-DPA), and confusion coefficient variance on some standard S-boxes that are Advanced Encryption Following this, the findings of the investigation are changed into Pythagorean fuzzy numbers in the shape of a matrix. This matrix is then subjected to an analysis using the TOPSIS method, which is dependent on the Pythagorean fuzzy set, to rank the most suitable S-box for use in encryption applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays most communications are done by utilizing digital transmission mechanisms. The security of this digital information transmitted through different communication systems is quite important. The secrecy of digital data is one of the burning topics of the digitally developed world. There exist many traditional algorithms in the literature to provide methods for robust communication. The most important and recent modern block cipher named the advanced encryption standard (AES) is one of the extensively utilized encryption schemes with binary based. AES is a succession of four fundamental steps: round key, sub-byte, shift row, and mix column. In this work, we will provide an innovative methodology for extending the AES in a Galois fieldwith any characteristic p. All four steps in the fundamental process with binary characteristics will be adjusted because of the new enhancement. By applying double affine transformations, we have enhanced the number of options in our suggested substitution boxes. The reconstruction of the nonlinear confusion component and encryption structure provides robustness in the generalized AES. The increase in the keyspace due to the Galois field generalization implies that we have improved additional confusion abilities and broadened the current notions. The implementation of the proposed structure of AES for image, audio, and video encryption will provide high security for secure communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing of nonlinear confusion component of block cipher is one of the most important and inevitable research problem. Nowadays mostly heuristic search schemes were utilized for the construction of these confusion component. To construct, a cryptographically secure confusion component several algebraic structures were utilized. The thirst for new algebraic structure for the construction of these nonlinear confusion component has always been a point of interest. In this communication, we have utilized a maximal cyclic subgroup of unit of Galois ring. The offered algorithm is more general as compared to Galois field. The class of Boolean functions over Galois ring fall in mixed category which are not completely balanced. Boolean functions having higher nonlinearity and others cryptographic aspects added an inevitable significance in the construction of modern block ciphers. The primary idea of this article is to structure non-balanced Boolean functions on n variables, where n is an even integer, sustaining strict avalanche criterion (SAC) and bit independent criterion (BIC). By comparing SAC with available cryptographic Boolean functions, the constructed multivalued Boolean function acquire highest nonlinearity which does not follow the existing nonlinearity bound of Boolean functions. These newly proposed S-boxes consists of n basic Boolean functions which satisfy the balancedness and non-balancedness criterion. Therefore, these S-box structure lies within a less balanced and more bent Boolean function categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength of any block cipher depends on the key size, total number of rounds and the strength of confusion component against differential cryptanalysis. Data encryption standard (DES) as a block cipher has enjoyed a worldwide acceptance for more than three decades. It is a symmetric block cipher and considered to be very strong against all known attacks at that time. It uses 64-bit key size and block size, but the advancement in technology results in increasing the speed of the computers and thus makes DES not secure any more. The shorter key size is the weak area of DES. In this article, we have increased the block size as well as the key size from 64 to 128 bits. The internal structure of our proposed mechanism ultimately changed all other components of DES accordingly. By this improvement, our anticipated scheme is more secure due to its robust due to its confusion and diffusion components. The algorithm is applied on the plain text and on images. We have performed the standard benchmarks statistical analyses on our suggested encryption scheme in order to authenticate the anticipated mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaos influence different fields of science and technology. The development of sciences is at peak expected to the rapid broadcast of information with the smart machine in constrained resources atmosphere. With the help of our smartphone, we can easily access the information within no time and with much ease. This ease makes our information open and can be accessed from the web or misuse by any person. To secure our information on the internet of things (IOTs), lightweight cryptographic algorithms were introduced. We offered an efficient lightweight confusion component scheme constructed on the composition of chaotic iterative maps. The proposed chaotic lightweight substitution box (S-box) offers decent cryptographic characteristics. The suggested chaotic S-box is used for adding a confusion layer in small lightweight block cipher algorithms. The outcome of cryptographic characteristics displays that the anticipated chaotic Substitution box is appropriate for the lightweight block cipher in a constrained source environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear confusion component is one of an integral part of any modern block cipher. This nonlinear confusion component is used to hides the relationship between the ciphertext and the key. The primary objective of this article is to formulate a new mechanism for the construction this confusion component. Usually substitution box (S-box) is used to achieve this kind of characteristics in block ciphers. We have utilized deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences for the construction of new S-boxes with optimized cryptographic characteristics. The projected technique fundamentally optimized the DNA sequences along with traditional confusion component to generate a completely new S-box. The obtained S-boxes have the same cryptographic strength as a parent S-box have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article introduced a novel idea for information hiding namely steganography. We have used new notions for the construction of the nonlinear component for block cipher based on inverse LA-semigroups. This nonlinear component fundamentally provides confidentiality in the proposed steganographic algorithm. The construction of the algorithm is fundamentally twofold. Firstly, we have constructed a novel scheme to design confusion component namely substitution box (S-box). Secondly, we have utilized the anticipated nonlinear component in digital steganography. The suggested algorithm is tested for different standard digital images. The authentication of the proposed algorithm is confirmed through statistical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently many substitution box based encryption algorithms ensuring privacy have been proposed. Many, chaotic map based S-boxes have been generated posing high nonlinearity and strong cryptographic properties. Encryption schemes depending on the substitution box (S-box) only are weak and easily breakable with the help of chosen plaintext and ciphertext attacks. In this work, we have completely cryptanalyzed S-box based encryption scheme successfully by two types of attacks. Cryptanalysis in both types of attacks is performed by only one selected image. Moreover, we have suggested some improvements in the algorithm to defeat attacks. • Recently many substitution box-based encryption algorithms ensuring privacy have been proposed. • Many, chaotic map-based substitution boxes (S-boxes) have been generated posing high nonlinearity and strong cryptographic properties. • Encryption schemes depending on the substitution box (S-box) only are weak and easily breakable with the help of chosen plaintext and ciphertext attacks. • In this work, we have completely cryptanalyzed S-box based encryption scheme successfully by two types of attacks. • Cryptanalysis in both types of attacks is performed by only one selected image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research article, we have proposed a novel image encryption scheme for the confidentiality of digital information. The modern block ciphers based on confusion and diffusion characteristic, as proposed by Claude Shannon in 1949. Firstly, we have designed a nonlinear confusion component of a block cipher and apply the action of symmetry group S8 to generate a pool of 40,320 substitution boxes with the same cryptographic strength. These nonlinear components are responsible for adding confusion in the encryption algorithm. Secondly, we have utilized a nonlinear chaotic dynamical system to add diffusion capability in our proposed encryption scheme. The suggested scheme is further examined under security performance evaluations, which shows the appropriateness of our offered scheme for digital contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern ciphers utilized both confusion and diffusion components. Confusion component is fundamentally responsible to make the relation among cipher and key as much as strong in a qualitatively. The substitution is utilized to ensure the confusion in any block cipher. The confusion component is one of the most vital nonlinear part whereas diffusion is done through permutation which is linear component in any modern block ciphers schemes. Our aim in this article is to suggest a novel confusion component scheme based on quantum harmonic oscillator relation. We have authenticated our anticipated construction technique through standard cryptographic benchmarks and compared with already available results. Our proposed construction scheme for nonlinear component of block cipher is quite competent and can be utilized in different one confusion component-based block ciphers techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An S-box is based on Boolean functions which are essentially the foundation of symmetric cryptographic systems. The Boolean functions are used for S-box designing in block ciphers and exploited as nonlinear components. Boolean functions with optimal nonlinearity and upright cryptographic stuffs play a significant role in the design of block ciphers. Traditionally 8 × 8 S-box is a 16 × 16 look up table over Galois field G F 2 8 and has 112 feasible upper bonds for nonlinearity. A 24 × 24 S-box over Galois field G F 2 24 is not viable as the computer memory does not support it. In this paper for the construction of 24 × 24 S-box a rout is adopted via maximal cyclic subgroup of the multiplicative group of units of Galois ring G R 2 3 , 8. The newly constructed S-box has much higher confusion capability than any of 8 × 8 S-box. To judge the impact of this new 24 × 24 S-box an RGB color image encryption application is demonstrated. Initially, in the proposed encryption scheme we use 24 × 24 S-box for confusion in RGB channels of plain image, however for diffusion linear permutation P = i × 32 mod 257 is operated and then by the use of exclusive-or an encrypted image is obtained. Thus, we introduce a novel technique by which 24 binary bits are divided into 3 bytes and each one deals R, G and B channel of the color image separately. A comparison with chaos and DNA based image encryption schemes shows the performance results of this novel RGB image encryption and observed as meeting the standard optimal level. Hence this 24 × 24 S-box dependent encryption method replaces 8 × 8 S-box based RGB color image encryption scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is evolving due to fast transmission of digital information in the forms of different digital contents over numerous online web applications. The transmission of information over social media is at its peak. The advanced means of different digital applications make our lives quite easy but it added more sensitivity to our digital information which can accessed through internet. In the advanced digital era, the protection of digital information and intellectual properties of any organizations is one of the vital problems in technologically advanced ages. To protect the illegal access and duplication of any digital information over insecure communication is fall in the copyright protection techniques. The digital watermarking which is one of the fundamental classes of information hiding techniques that can be used to protect the ownership of any digital contents. Generally, the digital contents cannot be altered in information hiding schemes but secret information is embedded in information carriers. The perception of this article is to design a new digital watermarking scheme which uses multi-layer of information security algorithms. We have utilized chaotic logistic map in order to generate a nonlinear component of block cipher and then applied the suggested substitution box (S-box) in order to encrypt a quick response code (QR-code). Moreover, our innovative suggested watermarking scheme uses Daubechies wavelet transform which is an efficient multi-determination frequency domain for the insertion of encrypted digital logo in the form of QR-codes. We have used different strength analysis which clearly authenticates the validity of our anticipated watermarking scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confusion is one of the most important component of modern block ciphers. The security of modern encryption scheme is based on substitution and permutation network (SP-network). The idea of SP-network was proposed by Claude Shannon in 1949. Construction of optimal confusion component (substitution box) has been a prominent topic of interest. In this article, we have proposed a new technique for the construction of S-boxes which fulfill the required cryptographic properties. Our proposed scheme utilized double affine transformation which gives nonlinearity of 112 for each primitive irreducible polynomials of degree 8. The simulation results of our proposed nonlinear component are compared with some recently suggested substitution boxes (S-boxes) which demonstrate that the proposed scheme is more capable to construct strong nonlinear component of block encryption systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substitution boxes with resilient cryptographic possessions are normally utilized in block ciphers to give the substantial property of nonlinearity. They are important to resist standard attacks such as linear and differential cryptanalysis. A cryptographically robust S-box must be sound with respect to cryptographic properties like nonlinearity, bit independent criteria, strict avalanche criteria, linear and differential approximation probability. In this paper, we have developed an innovative construction scheme of nonlinear component of block cipher based on the action of projective linear groups on the projective line, and the permutation triangle groups. This nonlinear component, namely S-box, is responsible for making the relation between plaintext and ciphertext intractable which is one of the most important requirements of any modern block ciphers. By widening the scope of the proposed S-boxes, we have applied these lightweight nonlinear components in watermarking scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]