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Bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system. It has the characteristics of high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. It is a malignant disease that threatens the safety of human life. The incidence rate has gradually increased in recent years. UC has the following characteristics: non-specific clinical symptoms, difficult preoperative qualitative diagnosis, unsatisfactory clinical treatment effect and poor prognosis. Therefore, a clear diagnosis plays a decisive role in the selection and formulation of surgical plans, and reasonable treatment is the key to improving the prognosis of patients and increasing their long-term survival rate. Based on the research evidence of diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment and the clinical experience of experts, the Cancer Nutrition Professional Committee of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association formulated the "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma" for the reference of clinicians. It is hoped that this guideline can provide clinicians with the best and effective reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment, so as to achieve the best therapeutic effect for patients with UC in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osthole was traditionally used in treatment for various diseases. However, few studies had demonstrated that osthole could suppress bladder cancer cells and its mechanism was unclear. Therefore, we performed a research to explore the potential mechanism for osthole against bladder cancer. Methods: Internet web servers SwissTargetPrediction, PharmMapper, SuperPRED, and TargetNet were used to predict the Osthole targets. GeneCards and the OMIM database were used to indicate bladder cancer targets. The intersection of two target gene fragments was used to obtain the key target genes. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis was performed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database. Furthermore, we used gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses to explore the molecular function of target genes. AutoDock software was then used to perform molecular docking of target genes,osthole and co-crystal ligand. Finally, an in vitro experiment was conducted to validate bladder cancer inhibition by osthole. Results: Our analysis identified 369 intersection genes for osthole, the top ten target genes included MAPK1, AKT1, SRC, HRAS, HASP90AA1, PIK3R1, PTPN11, MAPK14, CREBBP, and RXRA. The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment results revealed that the PI3K-AKT pathway was closely correlated with osthole against bladder cancer. The osthole had cytotoxic effect on bladder cancer cells according to the cytotoxic assay. Additionally, osthole blocked the bladder cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promoted bladder cancer cell apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT3) pathways. Conclusions: We found that osthole had cytotoxic effect on bladder cancer cells and inhibited invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by inhibiting PI3K-AKT and JAK/STAT3 pathways in in vitro experiment. Above all, osthole might have potential significance in treatment of bladder cancer. Subjects: Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, Molecular Biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the feasibility and initial surgical outcomes of transurethral enucleation for 6 patients with bladder leiomyoma. Materials: Six patients (mean age 50.2, range [34–67]) with bladder leiomyoma underwent transurethral enucleation. In each case, the resectoscope was inserted into the bladder. A resecting loop was used to incise the urothelium along the surgical margin of the bladder tumor, and a push was given through the resecting loop to further separate the tumor until it was shelled off the bladder wall. The intact mass was then cut into pieces and flushed out. After the operation, irrigation therapy was given. Results: Surgery was performed successfully in all 6 patients. The mean size of the tumor was 3.9 cm (1.8–6.7 cm). The mean operation time was 60 min (30–100 min). The mean follow-up period was 14.8 months (2–30 months), and no evidence of recurrence was found in all cases. Conclusion: Transurethral enucleation is a safe, reliable, and effective surgical technique for selected patients with well-encapsulated tumors and is well suited for further pathological diagnosis and radical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several single-center studies have investigated whether narrow-band imaging (NBI) cystoscopy is more effective in detecting primary and recurrent non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) compared with white-light imaging (WLI) cystoscopy. In this study, we further evaluated the diagnostic value of NBI cystoscopy compared with WLI cystoscopy for primary NMIBC in a multi-center study. Suspected bladder cancer patients from 8 research centers received both NBI and WLI. Two experienced doctors in each center were responsible for the NBI and WLI assessments, respectively. The number of tumors and position of each tumor were recorded, and suspicious tissues were clamped and histologically examined. The sensitivity, specificity, and false-positive rate of NBI and WLI were evaluated. Of the 384 patients, 78 had a confirmed urothelial carcinoma (UC). The sensitivities of NBI and WLI were 97.70%, and 66.67%, respectively (P < 0.0001); the specificities were 50% and 25%, respectively; and the false positive rates were 50% and 75%, respectively. Based on 300 valid biopsy specimens, the NBI and WLI sensitivities were 98.80% and 75.45%, respectively (P < 0.0001). These results suggest that NBI has a high sensitivity and has superior early bladder tumor and carcinoma in situ (CIS) detection rates compared with WLI cystoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: AKR1C3, as a crucial androgenic enzyme, facilitates intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and androgen receptor activation in castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa). The data has shown that AKR1C3 expression is significantly elevated in clinical metastatic PCa specimens, indicating a potential role of AKR1C3 in PCa metastasis.Methods: C4-2, 22RV1-T, and PC-3 cells with higher AKR1C3 expression were selected and treated with several specific AKR1C3 shRNAs or small molecule inhibitor, and the cell migration and invasion abilities were detected by wound healing assay and Transwell assay. The expression of several epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (i.e., E-cadherin and vimentin) and the related transcription factors (i.e., ZEB1, TWIST1, and SLUG) was examined by Western blot or quantitative PCR assays, and the phosphorylation of AKT or ERK was detected by Western blot. Also, subcutaneous xenografts with 22RV1-T sublines were used to detect in vivo tumor growth, and the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, and ZEB1 by immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between AKR1C3 and EMT marker expression in clinical specimens was analyzed.Results: AKR1C3 was overexpressed in more aggressive PCa cell lines regardless of the androgen receptor status. Knockdown of AKR1C3 expression or inhibition of AKR1C3 activity could significantly suppress cell migration and invasion abilities in vitro, and increase E-cadherin expression but decrease vimentin expression, in which the phosphorylation of ERK and the EMT-associated transcription factor expression were specifically down-regulated. Also, knockdown of AKR1C3 could suppress PCa tumorigenesis and reverse EMT in vivo. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between AKR1C3 expression and EMT in human PCa specimens from public tissue microarray.Conclusions: AKR1C3 is a novel EMT driver in PCa metastasis through activating ERK signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]