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In the past three decades, several conventional methods have been employed for characterizing the bitumen ageing phenomenon, such as rheological testing, ultraviolet testing, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), gas chromatography (GC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray scattering, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nevertheless, these techniques can provide only limited observations of the structural micro-modifications occurring during bitumen ageing. In this study, Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance self-diffusion coefficient (FT-NMR-SDC) spectroscopy, as a novel method, was employed to investigate and compare the microstructural changes between virgin bitumen (pristine bitumen) and aged bitumen. The virgin bitumen was aged artificially using two standard ageing tests: Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test (RTFOT) and Pressure Ageing Vessel (PAV). For a comprehensive comparison and an assessment of the validity of this method, the generated samples were studied using various methods: rheological test, atomic force microscopy, and optical microscopy. Significant differences were obtained between the structure and ageing patterns of virgin and aged bitumen. The results indicate that the modification of maltenes to asphaltenes is responsible for the ageing character. When compared with the other methods' findings, FT-NMR-SDC observations confirm that the asphaltene content increases during ageing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuning the rheological properties of bitumens is extremely important for applicative purposes. This can be achieved by the use of chemical additives tuning the asphaltene-asphaltene and asphaltene-maltene interactions. We propose the use of an epoxy-resin to give more rigid and thermally stable bitumens on the basis of its tendency to form polymeric networks which would bridge asphaltene clusters. Rheometry confirmed this hypothesis and showed that a load of epoxy-resin as low as 0.1% gives the highest rigidity. Atomic Force Microscopy highlighted the structural changes at the basis of the observed effects. The small amount of epoxy resin needed and its low-cost are elements deserving monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the wide variation in geographic and climatic conditions, the search for high-performance bituminous materials is becoming more and more urgent to increase the useful life of pavements and reduce the enormous cost of road maintenance. Extensive research has been done by testing various bitumen modifiers, although most of them are petroleum-derived additives, such as polymers, rubbers and plastic, which in turn do not prevent oxidative aging of the binder. Thus, as an alternative to the most common polymeric rheological modifiers, selected binder additives falling in the categories of organosilane (P2KA), polyphosphoric acid (PPA) and food grade phospholipids (LCS) were homogeneously mixed to a base bitumen. The goal was to analyse the micro-morphology of the bitumens (neat and modified) subjected to different cooling rates and to find the corresponding correlations in the mechanical response domain. Therefore, microstructural investigations carried out by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and fundamental rheological tests based on oscillatory dynamic rheology, were used to evaluate the effect of additives on the bitumen structure and compared with pristine binder as a reference. The tested bitumen additives have been shown to elicit different mechanical behaviours by varying the cooling rate. By comparing rheological data, analysed in the framework of the "weak gel" model, and AFM images, it was found that both P2KA and PPA altered the material structure in a different manner whereas LCS revealed superior performances, acting as "mechanical buffer" in the whole explored range of cooling rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, the need for the synthesis of biodegradable materials has facilitated the drift of the asphalt industry towards eco-sustainable and cost-effective production of road pavements. The principal additives in the asphalt industry to improve the performance of road pavements and increase its lifespan are majorly rheological modifiers, adhesion promoters and anti-oxidant agents. Rheological modifiers increase physico-chemical properties such as transition temperature of asphalt binder (bitumen), adhesion promoters increase the affinity between binder and stone aggregates while anti-oxidant agents reduce the effects of oxidation caused by exposure to air, water and other natural elements during the production of asphalt pavements. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of a food grade bio-additive on these three aforementioned properties. We also sought to hypothesize the mechanisms by which the additive confers these desired features on bitumen. We present this study to evaluate the effects of turmeric, a food-based additive, on bitumen. The study was conducted through dynamic shear rheology (DSR), atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and boiling test analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The structural effects of additives for bitumen. • Wide Angle X ray Scattering (WAXS) explores the influence of additives on the bitumen structure. • Apolar Additive are preferentially located in the maltene phase weakening asphaltene inter-clusters interactions. Abstract Bitumens are composite materials whose complex organization hinders the rational understanding of their relationships between composition, structure and performances. So, research attempting to shed more light in this field is required. In this work Wide Angle X ray Scattering (WAXS) has been used to explore the influence of six opportunely chosen additives on the bitumen structure with the aim to ultimately correlate the findings with the bitumen performances. Diagnostic fingerprints have been observed in the WAXS profile: asphaltenes form stuck of about 18 Å and constituted by about 6 asphaltene units on average. Such stucks are, in turn, organized at higher levels of complexity forming anisotropic aggregates of about 200 Å × 28 Å which, again, are assembled to form micrometer-size elongated aggregates characterized by the so-called bee-structure. The structural effects of the six opportunely chosen additives (Organosilane, Polyphosphoric, Phospholipids, Acetamidophenol, Oleic Acid, octadecylamine) have been pointed out and, corroborated by AFM images, have been correlated with the rheological behavior and justified at the microscopic level: additive with an apolar nature are preferentially located in the maltene phase weakening asphaltene inter-clusters interactions and softening the bitumen, whereas, on the contrary more polar additives act in opposite directions. Peculiar behavior have been unveiled in the case of amphiphilic additive due to the simultaneous presence, within their molecular architecture, of both polar and apolar moieties. The knowledge of the detailed effect of appropriately chosen additives on the nanoscopic and mesoscopic structure and their correlation with the rheological properties constitute the first step for opening the door to the piloted design of new bitumens with desired properties for ad-hoc uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a laboratory study on a polymer-modified bitumens (PMBs) made with a vacuum residue (VR) as a bitumen extender. Two different PMBs were prepared, one with a plastomeric Elvaloy and the other one with an elastomeric styrene-butadiene-styrene SBS. The mechanical properties of the samples were determined by means Multi Stress Creep Recovery tests (MSCR) and temperature sweep test. The results show that polymers can improve the mechanical properties of bitumen, and the vacuum residue can be used as softening bitumen extender. However, their simultaneous presence highlights non-additive effects giving optimal mechanical properties with a lowered temperature dependence of the viscoelastic properties and a high extension of the usage temperature range. The peculiar effect of the combined action of polymers and vacuum residue was also confirmed by chemical-physical analyses. In fact, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry have shown that vacuum residue and polymers are able to effectively interact with the inner structures of the bitumen to give enhanced performances, with an increased stability upon temperature changes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]