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• Predicting J nr and %R of modified bitumens deterministically by using MGGP based on MSCR test results. • Predicting probability of different traffic levels by using logistic regression technique. • Determining the critical dosages of crumb rubber, SBS, and PPA modifiers that alter the traffic levels. This study aims to develop deterministic and probabilistic prediction models for the multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test. For this purpose, crumb rubber, polyphosphoric acid, and styrene–butadiene–styrene bitumen modifiers have been used with different dosages to modify high-temperature performance of PG 58–28 and PG 64–22 base bitumens. The MSCR test has been performed at different temperatures. Deterministic models are developed by the multi-gene genetic programming technique for each modifier individually, and the non-recoverable creep compliance (J nr) and percent recovery (R) parameters are predicted. The accuracy of deterministic models is suitable and the performance of R models has been better than J nr models. Furthermore, a comprehensive probabilistic model has been developed by using the logistic regression technique to predict different traffic levels. The accuracy of the probabilistic model is 0.85. The sensitivity analysis has been performed on this model and the effect of changes in the modifier dosage and temperature on the traffic levels have been investigated. Results show that using the probabilistic model, it is possible to find a range of modifier's dosage in which the traffic level is desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Performing temperature sweep test to generate master curves for viscoelastic properties of bitumen. • Optimizing the number of frequencies and temperatures to develop master curves of asphalt mortar and mixture. • Reducing the time and cost of dynamic modulus test without missing the accuracy of master curves. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of substituting temperature sweep tests for frequency sweep tests and explore the potential of utilizing fewer temperatures and frequencies in dynamic modulus tests to formulate viscoelastic properties master curves. The results indicated that master curves derived from temperature sweep tests mirrored the trends and values obtained from frequency sweep tests, presenting a viable alternative for constructing viscoelastic properties master curves of bitumen. Furthermore, models fitted to dynamic modulus test results at three temperatures and three frequencies exhibited comparable primary parameters, values, and trends to those derived from the complete dataset. The model fitted on reduced data demonstrated robust performance with correlation and R-squared values exceeding 0.95. Considering a marginal increase of about 5% in Residual Standard Error (RSE) values when using the reduced dataset, generating master curves with fewer test results underscored the feasibility and reliability of the original master curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fractional viscoelastic model can characterize low-temperature mechanical behaviour of bio-modified bitumen. • Bio-modifiers effects on bitumen's properties is highly source dependent. • Bio-modifiers have positive effect on bitumen performance at low service temperatures. • Bio-modifiers enhance bitumen behaviour during both creep-loading and relaxation. Cracks associated with large temperature fluctuation especially in cold regions are among prevalent pavement distresses. Binder rheology is typically found to the key factor affecting low temperature cracking resistance. Recognizing the importance of binder properties, many road authorities are requiring the use of special additives to enhance low temperature properties of binder to alleviate low temperature cracking problems. However, most of these modifiers are petroleum-based products with unstable price and depleting resources. Therefore, the asphalt industry is looking for renewable alternatives for modifying bitumen and improving its low temperature performance. Accordingly, this paper incorporates laboratory experiments and modeling to study merits of modifying bitumen with several bio-binders to enhance low temperature properties of bitumen. To investigate rheological properties at low temperatures, an extended bending beam rheometer test was used incorporating a simple fractional viscoelastic model based on the general power law. The data collected during loading and unloading portion of the test was used to evaluate the effect of introduction of bio-modifiers on low temperature properties of bitumen. The experimental results showed that introduction of bio-modifiers to bitumen significantly enhanced bitumen behavior both during creep loading and relaxation. The results of finite element modeling based on the extended bending beam rheometer geometry and boundary conditions proved that the simple fractional viscoelastic model can accurately characterize low-temperature mechanical behavior of bio-modified bitumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]