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In this study, it was aimed to investigate the toxic effects of bisphenol F (BPF) on rat pancreas. Toward this aim, twenty eight male Wistar albino rats were exposed to BPF at concentrations of 0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg of body weight (b.w.) via oral gavage for 28 days. According to the histological examinations, the presence of cells displaying vacuolar degeneration in the pancreatic Langerhans islets was determined after BPF exposure. Histomorphometric measurements demonstrated that averages of the islet diameter and area decreased in the groups exposed to BPF concentrations of 100 and 500 mg/kg of b.w. In addition, the percentage of immunohistochemically-stained insulin-positive  cells in the islets was determined to have diminished significantly at all of the groups exposed to BPF. The levels of serum fasting glucose, total blood HbA1c, serum C-peptide or insulin did not display significant changes after BPF exposure. BPF was determined to lead significant changes in the antioxidant defense system indicators of the pancreas, except for the malondialdehyde level. The results obtained herein showed that more attention should be given regarding the usage of BPF instead of bisphenol A as a safe alternative in industrial areas., Bu çalışmada, bisfenol F (BPF)’nin sıçan pankreası üzerindeki toksik etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaç doğrultusunda yirmi sekiz adet Wistar albino erkek sıçan, BPF’ye 0, 20, 100 ve 500 mg/kg vücut ağırlığı (v.a.) konsantrasyonlarda, 28 gün boyunca oral gavaj ile maruz bırakıldı. Histolojik incelemelere göre BPF maruziyeti sonrasında, pankreatik Langerhans adacıklarında vakuolar dejenerasyon gösteren hücrelerin varlığı tespit edildi. Histomorfolojik ölçümler, BPF’nin 100 ve 500 mg/kg v.a. konsantrasyonlarına maruz bırakılan gruplarda, adacık çap ve alan ortalamalarının düştüğünü gösterdi. Ek olarak, adacıklarda immunohistokimyasal olarak boyayan insülin pozitif  hücre yüzdesinin, BPF uygulanan bütün gruplarda, anlamlı bir şekilde azaldığı tespit edildi. Serum açlık glukoz, total kan HbA1c ve serum C-peptid ile insülin seviyelerinin, BPF maruziyeti sonrasında anlamlı değişimler göstermedikleri gözlendi. BPF’nin malondialdehit düzeyi dışında, pankreas antioksidan savunma sistemi belirteçlerinde anlamlı değişimlere yol açtığı belirlendi. Elde edilen sonuçlar BPF’nin endüstriyel alanlarda, bisfenol A yerine güvenilir bir alternatif olarak, kullanımına daha fazla dikkat edilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Namen te magistrske naloge je bil ugotoviti vpliv bisfenola A in F na stopnjo rasti evkariontske mikroalge Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata in prokariontske cianobakterije Synechococcus leopoliensis. Mikroalge in cianobakterije smo za tri dni izpostavili različnim koncentracijam bisfenola A in F. Vsak dan smo izmerili gostoto celic s pretočnim citometrom, na koncu poskusa pa smo še s plinsko kromatografijo sklopljeno z masno spektrometričnim detektorjem preverili, če se je tekom poskusa v gojišču spremenila koncentracija testiranih bisfenolov. Ugotovili smo, da je zaviranje rasti odvisno od koncentracije bisfenolov. Za algo P. subcapitata smo izmerili naslednje ekotoksikološke podatke: EC50 = 6,8 mg/l, NOEC = 4,9 mg/l, LOEC = 15,6 mg/l za BPA in EC50 = 9,2 mg/l, NOEC = 2,9 mg/l, LOEC = 9,4 mg/l za BPF. Za cianobakterijo S. leopoliensis pa smo izmerili EC50 = 4,8 mg/l, NOEC = 0,5 mg/l, LOEC = 1,5 mg/l za BPA in EC50 = 5,2 mg/l, NOEC = 2,9 mg/l, LOEC = 9,4 mg/l za BPF. Rezultati kažejo, da ima BPF podobne učinke na alge in cianobakterije kot BPA in zato z okoljskega stališča ni primerna zamenjava za BPA. The purpose of this masters thesis was to find out the effect of bisphenol A and F on the growth rate of eukaryotic microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and prokaryotic cyanobacteria Synechococcus leopoliensis. Microalgae and cyanobacteria were exposed to different concentrations of bisphenol A and F for three days. During incubation, every day cell density was measured with a flow cytometer and, at the end of the experiment, bisphenol concentration was determined by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometric detector to determine if their concentration changed during the experiment. We found that growth inhibition is concentration dependent. We obtained the following ecotoxicological values for P. subcapitata EC50 = 6,8 mg/l, NOEC = 4,9 mg/l, LOEC = 15,6 mg/l for BPA and EC50 = 9,2 mg/l, NOEC = 2,9 mg/l, LOEC = 9,4 mg/l for BPF. For S. lepopoliensis the values were EC50 = 4,8 mg/l, NOEC = 0,5 mg/l, LOEC = 1,5 mg/l for BPA and EC50 = 5,2 mg/l, NOEC = 2,9 mg/l, LOEC = 9,4 mg/l for BPF. Our result show that BPF has similar effects on algae and cyanobacteria as BPA and is therefore not a suitable replacement for BPA from an environmental point of view.

Las aplicaciones de las diferentes resinas epoxi basadas en bisfenol A y F son extensas. Las resinas epoxi basadas en bisfenol F son más nuevas y resistentes que las de bisfenol A, y ambas son causa conocida de dermatitis de contacto alérgica. Se estudian 39 casos de sensibilización a resinas epoxi en los últimos 5 años. Los resultados obtenidos son: prevalencia de sensibilización a resinas epoxi entre los pacientes estudiados del 2%, 27 varones y 8 mujeres, con una edad media de 42.77, un período de medio sensibilización de 23,8 meses. La sensibilización a bisfenol F desde que se incluye para las pruebas del parche en la batería de resinas epoxi es del 100% para los casos sensibilizados a la resina. La localización mayoritaria se dio en las manos, con una relevancia actual del 84%. Se recomendó un cambio de puesto en el trabajo al 46% de estos pacientes. El aumento de la sensibilización encontrada a bisfenol F puede explicarse por una sensibilización concomitante con bisfenol A, una declaración incorrecta de la composición de la resina o una reactividad cruzada de ambos.The applications of epoxy resins based on bisphenol A and F are extensive. Epoxy resins based on bisphenol F are new and more resistant than epoxy resins based on bisphenol A. Both of them cause allergic contact dermatitis. In the last 5 years, we have studied 39 cases of sensitization to epoxy resin. The results of our study were these: the global prevalence of epoxy resin sensitization was 2%, 27 men and 8 women. The mean age was 42.77 years and the sensitization period was 23.8 months. The most frequent localization of the lesions were hands (84% of the patients). Since bisphenol F was included in epoxy resin battery for patch testing, a 100% of positives responses in patients sensitized to epoxy resin have been found. Sensitization to epoxy resins was a cause of change in workplace in 46% of cases in our series. There has been an increase in sensitization of bisphenol F that could be explained by a concomitant sensitization with bisphenol A, cross-reactivity between bisphenol Aand F or because an incorrect chemical compound information of the resin.