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Fledgling production in a population of monogamous and polygynous males Passerculus sandwichensis or Savannah sparrows were analyzed to determine the role of polygyny on male reproductive performance. Multilocus DNA fingerprinting analysis of fledglings in a population of monogamous and polygynous male sparrows indicated the role of polygyny in increasing male reproductive success. Furthermore, paternity costs were absent in Savannah sparrows due to simultaneous polygyny that was exhibited by male sparrows.

The relationship between male morphology and female mate selection was analyzed in natural populations of male willow ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus, to determine the effects of polygyny to male willow ptarmigans. Analysis of pairing status in male Lagopus lagopus indicated the role of polygyny in increasing reproductive success compared to monogamous males. Furthermore, pairing status in male willow ptarmigan was dependent on their ability to defend a large territory, age and size.

The pre-copulatory behavior of the Bearded tit, Panurus biarmicus, was analyzed during the breeding season to determine the motivation behind female resistance behavior. Analysis of female resistance behavior in monogamous Bearded tits during chase-flights and copulations indicated a high frequency of chase-flights in females of high quality males compared to low quality males. Furthermore, female pre-copulatory behavior promoted sperm competition among male Bearded tits.

The hotspot hypothesis indicates that cluster formation by male avians that attract females (leks) is influenced by the distribution patterns of the female or female density. Analysis of the relationship between leks distribution and female distribution patterns in ochre-bellied flycatchers from neotropic wetland forests indicated the validity of the hotspot hypothesis. Furthermore, the location of leks depend on female traveling routes and feeding areas during the breeding season.