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Bipolar disorder (BD) has the highest risk of suicide among all mental disorders. Thus, identifying factors related to suicidal ideation is essential for a better assessment of the risk of suicide in BD. To analyze the relationship between suicidal ideation and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics in BD patients. This is a cross-sectional study that included eighty individuals with BD. Information regarding sociodemographic data and history of attempted suicide were collected, and the Hamilton Depression Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale/positive symptom subscale, Clinical Global Impressions Scale for use in bipolar illness, Insight Scale for Affective Disorders, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale were administered. The presence and severity of suicidal ideation were assessed using the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation. All regression models significantly predicted suicidal ideation. In the model that had the lowest AIC score and the highest cross-validity, the severity of depressive and of manic symptoms (standardized β = 0.49, p

Similar effects in reducing the symptoms of the mood disorder are reported in the literature compared the action of drugs and aerobic exercise sessions, demonstrating the potential of exercise in the control and mood stabilization. Therefore, there are many reasons to believe that the increased cardiorespiratory fitness (VOThe mechanism of monoaminergic action and its relationship with exercise, role of physical conditioning and increased VOThe adaptations to training, although little explored in the context of BD, can induce the expression of substances that co-regulate several processes related to the pathophysiology of BD. Furthermore, high intensity interval training (HIIT) can also be adjusted to improve the physical fitness and health in patients with BD. Future research is needed to adopt a training strategy that is both time efficient and adequate for the population in question.

Introduction: The use of antidepressants (AD) in the treatment of bipolar depression is one of the most controversial issues in psychopharmacology. For some, AD are useful, but, for others, they sh...

Bipolar disorder (BD) has the highest risk of suicide among all mental disorders. Thus, identifying factors related to suicidal ideation is essential for a better assessment of the risk of suicide in BD.To analyze the relationship between suicidal ideation and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics in BD patients.This is a cross-sectional study that included eighty individuals with BD. Information regarding sociodemographic data and history of attempted suicide were collected, and the Hamilton Depression Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale/positive symptom subscale, Clinical Global Impressions Scale for use in bipolar illness, Insight Scale for Affective Disorders, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale were administered. The presence and severity of suicidal ideation were assessed using the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation.All regression models significantly predicted suicidal ideation. In the model that had the lowest AIC score and the highest cross-validity, the severity of depressive and of manic symptoms (standardized β = 0.49, p 0.001; standardized β = 0.42, p = 0.007), the insight level (standardized β = - 0.38, p = 0.012) and previous suicide attempt (standardized β = 0.20, p = 0.036) acted as predictors of suicidal ideation, while degree of impulsivity (β standardized = 0.13, p = 0.229) and educational level (standardized β = - 0.16, p = 0.108) did not give a significant contribution.According to our results, more severe depression and mania symptoms, higher level of insight and a history of suicide attempt indicate the occurrence of suicidal ideation in BD.

Autobiographical memory is essential to ground a sense of self-identity, contributing to social functioning and the development of future plans, and being an essential source for the psychiatric interview. Previous studies have suggested loss of autobiographical episodic specificity in unipolar depression, but relatively fewer investigations have been conducted in bipolar disorder (BD) patients, particularly across different mood states. Similarly, there is a scarcity of systematic investigations about mood-congruent and mood-dependent memory in relation to autobiographical memory in BD. Considering this, a total of 74 patients with BD (24 in euthymia, 26 in mania, and 24 in depression) responded with autobiographical memories to cue words belonging to four categories: mania, depression, BD, and neutral. Episodic specificity was scored according to the Autobiographical Interview, with high intra- and inter-rater reliability. Results indicated that patients in mania generally re-experience more episodic details than those in depression. Depressed bipolar patients reported fewer details of perception and less time integration of memories than those in euthymia or mania. Words linked to depression and BD induced greater episodic re-experiencing than neutral words, just as words about BD provided greater episodic re-experiencing and more details of emotion/thoughts than words about mania. Words linked to depression provoked more time details about the recalled episodes than words on BD or neutral themes. No mood-congruent or mood-dependent effects were observed. Current findings may improve the ability of clinicians to conduct psychiatric interviews and the diagnosis of BD, with special attention to how memory details are generated across different mood states of the condition. Additionally, interventions to foster autobiographical recollection in BD may be developed, similar to what has already been done in the context of schizophrenia.

Introduction Based on studies of the biographies of artists and on research in which modern diagnostic criteria were applied, it has been suggested that there is a relationship between bipolar disorder (BD) and creativity. Objective: To investigate the relationship between BD and creativity and whether creative capacity varies depending on mood state. Method We conducted a systematic search of the scientific literature indexed on the PubMed, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SciELO databases using the terms “bipolar” OR “bipolar disorder” OR “mania” OR “manic” AND “creativ*”. Original studies were selected that investigated samples of at least ten patients with BD using at least one psychometric instrument to assess creativity. Results Twelve articles met the selection criteria. The results of comparisons of BD patients with control groups without BD were heterogeneous. BD was not associated with higher levels of creativity than other mental disorders. When comparing BD phases, depression was associated with worse performance on creativity tests and patients in mania (or hypomania) were not distinguished from euthymia patients. Conclusion It was not possible to corroborate the hypothesis that individuals with BD are more creative than individuals without psychiatric diagnoses or than patients suffering from other mental disorders, which may be related to the cross-sectional rather than longitudinal designs of virtually all of the clinical studies.

Insight is greatly impaired in Bipolar Disorder (BD), especially during mania. Cognitive impairment is also present in BD. Despite that, few studies have investigated a possible association between these two aspects. The main goal of the current study is to compare BD affective states regarding performance in cognitive testing and investigate clinical and cognitive predictors for insight loss in BD. The study investigated a sample of 65 patients who were evaluated in one of the BD phases (mania, euthymia or depression). All the subjects underwent neuropsychological evaluation and completed the Insight Scale for Affective Disorders (ISAD). The relationship between level of insight and clinical/cognitive variables was analyzed through multiple regression models. No significant differences were found among BD phases regarding performance on cognitive testing. Insight was more impaired in mania then in depression or euthymia. Predictors for loss of insight were: severity of manic symptoms and impairments in selective attention (Symbol search test), divided attention (Trail making test) and inhibition (Stroop test). The sample size is a potential limitation of the current study. Nevertheless, the results suggest this had limited impact, with group differences being detected for a number of variables. The results found have important clinical importance, suggesting, for example, that rehabilitation of specific cognitive skills may improve insight in BD.

Although many studies have explored the effect of current affective episodes on insight into bipolar disorder, the potential interaction between current mood state and previous affective episodes has not been consistently investigated.To explore the influence of dominant polarity, number of previous affective episodes and current affective state on insight in bipolar disorder patients in euthymia or mania.A total of 101 patients with bipolar disorder were recruited for the study, including 58 patients in euthymia (30 with no defined predominant polarity and 28 with manic predominant polarity) and 43 in mania (26 with no defined predominant polarity and 17 with manic predominant polarity). Patients underwent a clinical assessment and insight was evaluated through the Insight Scale for Affective Disorders.Bipolar disorder patients in mania had worse insight than those in euthymia, with no effect of dominant polarity. In addition, positive psychotic symptoms showed a significant effect on insight and its inclusion as a covariate eliminated differences related to mood state. Finally, the number of previous manic or depressive episodes did not correlate with insight level.Mania is a predictor of loss of insight into bipolar disorder. However, it is possible that its contribution is linked to the more frequent presence of psychotic symptoms in this state. Dominant polarity and number/type of previous affective episodes have a limited impact on insight.

Introduction The objective of this study was to identify whether mixed states in bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with more frequent suicidal behavior when compared to manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes. Method We performed a systematic search of the scientific literature on the subject using the PubMed, ISI Web Of Science, PsycINFO and SciELO databases. The terms chosen for the search were (bipolar) AND (suicid*) AND (mixed). We selected original studies comparing suicidal behavior of patients in mixed states and suicidal behavior of patients in other BD phases. Results Sixteen papers fit the selection criteria. Twelve of the original 16 studies compared suicidal behavior in mixed states and pure mania, and the majority of these studies (n = 11) revealed that suicidal behavior was more frequent among individuals in mixed states. Five of the papers compared suicidal behavior between depressive and mixed phases of BD. One of these five papers reported more severe suicidal behavior in patients in mixed states and another described more frequent suicidal behavior in patients with pure depression. There were no significant statistical differences between groups in the remaining three of these five studies. Conclusion During acute BD episodes, suicidal behavior is more strongly associated with mixed states than with pure mania or hypomania. However, it was not possible to demonstrate that the association between suicidal behavior and mixed states is stronger than the association between suicidal behavior and depressive phases. The results hereby presented are worth considering in clinical practice to better evaluate suicide risk and to prevent suicide. Resumo Introdução Identificar se, no transtorno bipolar (TB), os estados mistos estão associados a um maior comportamento suicida, quando comparados a episódios maníacos/hipomaníacos e depressivos. Método Realizamos uma busca sistemática da literatura científica utilizando as bases de dados Pubmed, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO e SciELO com os termos (bipolar) AND (suicid*) AND (mixed). Foram selecionados estudos originais que compararam o comportamento suicida entre pacientes em estado misto e pacientes em outras fases do TB. Resultados 16 artigos se adequaram aos critérios de seleção. Doze desses 16 estudos compararam estado misto com mania pura, e a maioria desses 12 estudos (n = 11) mostrou que o comportamento suicida era mais frequente entre os indivíduos em estado misto. Somente cinco dos artigos incluídos compararam o comportamento suicida entre as fases depressiva e mista do TB. Dentre esses cinco artigos, um mostrou maior comportamento suicida nos pacientes em estado misto, e um mostrou maior comportamento suicida nos pacientes com depressão pura. Em três desses cinco estudos, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Conclusão Durante um episódio agudo do TB, os estados mistos estão mais relacionados ao comportamento suicida do que os episódios de mania ou hipomania puros. Todavia, não foi possível demonstrar que os estados mistos cursem com um maior risco de comportamento suicida do que os episódios depressivos puros. Os resultados aqui apresentados merecem ser considerados na prática clínica, a fim de avaliar melhor o risco de suicídio, bem como prevenir o suicídio.

Background Studies on insight in bipolar mania are not numerous and usually consider insight as a unitary construct. Objective Evaluate how different facets of insight are affected in bipolar mania and investigate correlations between insight for each specific object in bipolar disorder and manic symptomatology. Method A group of 165 bipolar patients were followed during a year, with 51 patients having manic episodes according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Patients underwent a clinical assessment and insight was evaluated through the Insight Scale for Affective Disorders. Results The study found that insight regarding symptoms is worse than insight of having bipolar disorder, social relationships and self esteem. Moreover, poor global insight (total ISAD) correlates with more severe changes in mood, speech and thought structure, with worse insight about symptoms correlating with the same alterations and also with more severe symptoms of agitation/energy. Limitations Although a large sample of bipolar patients was followed up, the final sample composed of patients with at least one manic episode was relatively smaller. Moreover, the fact that the study was performed in a university hospital may have led to selection biases. Conclusion Results suggest that patients with BD are reasonably capable of identifying that their condition implies consequences but have more impaired awareness of their energy and activity levels. A lower level of insight specifically about symptoms correlates with more severe symptoms of agitation/energy, which suggests a psychomotor nucleus able to impair insight in mania.

Suicide is a relatively common outcome along the course of bipolar disorder. Studies have shown a positive correlation between ideation or attempts of suicide and higher insight in schizophrenic patients. Nevertheless there are still few studies that evaluate the relationship between suicide and insight in mood disorders. Evaluate the relationship between insight and suicidal ideation or behavior in bipolar depression. A group of 165 bipolar patients were followed up along 1 year. Each patient's mood was assessed in every consultation according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Suicidal ideation and behavior were prospectively assessed through item 3 of HAM-D whenever a major depressive episode was diagnosed. Insight was evaluated through the Insight Scale for Affective Disorders. A history of suicidal attempts was associated with worse insight in 60 patients with one episode of bipolar depression. The difference remained even when the supposed effect of depression over insight was controlled. No correlation between current suicidal ideation and insight level was found though. Our results suggest that a history of suicide attempts may correlate with higher impairment of insight in bipolar depression. No relationship was found between current suicidal ideation and insight.

Background: Affective temperament may strongly influence psychopathological characteristics in mood disorders such as clinical course of major or minor affective episodes, predominant polarity, clinical symptoms, long term clinical course, suicidality, and response/adherence to medication. Objective: The objective of this work is evaluate the association between affective temperament and clinical characteristics in bipolar disorder (BD) patients. Method: 88 euthymic bipolar patients were evaluated through Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Clinical Global Impressions Scale for use in bipolar illness (CGI-BP), and TEMPS-Rio de Janeiro. Identification, sociodemographic data, and clinical information as age on disease onset, number of manic episodes, number of depressive episodes, polarity of first affective episode, and history of suicidal attempts, if any, from each patient were collected. Results: Our results founded that high scores in cyclothymic, irritable, depressive and anxious temperaments were associated with at least one suicide attempt. Higher scores of anxious temperament were associated with depressive polarity in the first episode of the disease as well as higher amount of manic episodes. Higher scores of hyperthymic temperament were associated with manic polarity in the first episode of the disease. Higher scores of depressive temperament were associated with higher scores in total HAM-D and specifically with higher scores in items 1 and 2 of HAM-D, i.e., depressive mood and guilt. No correlation was found between temperament and intensity of subsyndromal manic symptoms. Conclusion: We concluded that affective temperaments in BD are associated with history of suicide attempts, seem to influence polarity of first episode and that depressive temperament seems to relate to more intense subsyndromal depressive symptoms, especially depressive mood and guilt.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by an alternated occurrence between acute mania episodes and depression or remission moments. The objective of this study is to analyze the information processing changes in BP (Bipolar Patients) (euthymia, depression and mania) during the oddball paradigm, focusing on the P300 component, an electric potential of the cerebral cortex generated in response to external sensorial stimuli, which involves more complex neurophysiological processes related to stimulus interpretation. Twenty-eight bipolar disorder patients (BP) (17 women and 11 men with average age of 32.5, SD: 9.5) and eleven healthy controls (HC) (7 women and 4 men with average age of 29.78, SD: 6.89) were enrolled in this study. The bipolar patients were divided into 3 major groups (i.e., euthymic, depressive and maniac) according to the score on the Clinical Global Impression--Bipolar Version (CGI-BP). The subjects performed the oddball paradigm simultaneously to the EEG record. EEG data were also recorded before and after the execution of the task. A one-way ANOVA was applied to compare the P300 component among the groups. After observing P300 and the subcomponents P3a and P3b, a similarity of amplitude and latency between euthymic and depressive patients was observed, as well as small amplitude in the pre-frontal cortex and reduced P3a response. This can be evidence of impaired information processing, cognitive flexibility, working memory, executive functions and ability to shift the attention and processing to the target and away from distracting stimuli in BD. Such neuropsychological impairments are related to different BD symptoms, which should be known and considered, in order to develop effective clinical treatment strategies.

Introduction Affective state may influence insight, especially regarding mania. Nevertheless, studies have so far suggested that depression seems not to significantly impair insight. To the best of our knowledge, this study pioneers the evaluation of how insight variations in bipolar depression correlate with clinical variables. Method A group of 165 bipolar patients, 52 of whom had depressive episodes according to DSM-5 criteria, were followed during a year. All patients underwent clinical assessment, and insight was evaluated through the Insight Scale for Affective Disorders (ISAD). Repeated-measures ANOVA was calculated comparing scores on the four ISAD factors (insight into symptoms, the condition itself, self-esteem and social relationships) in order to investigate differences in insight according to different objects. Correlational analysis explored which clinical symptoms were linked to reduced insight. Results Worse total insight correlated with suicide attempt/ideation and fewer subsyndromal manic symptoms such as mood elevation, increased energy and sexual interest. Worse self-esteem insight was associated with not only suicide ideation/attempt but also with activity reduction and psychomotor retardation. Worse symptom insight also correlated with psychomotor retardation. Better insight into having an affective disorder was associated with more intense hypochondria symptoms. Finally, worse insight into having an illness was associated with psychotic episodes. Conclusion Our study found that symptoms other than psychosis – suicide ideation, psychomotor retardation and reduction of activity and work – correlate with insight impairment in bipolar depression. Resumo Introdução O estado afetivo pode influenciar o insight , especialmente a mania. No entanto, até o momento os estudos mostram que a depressão parece não prejudicar significativamente o insight . De acordo com o conhecimento dos autores, este estudo é pioneiro em avaliar como as alterações de insight na depressão bipolar se correlacionam com variáveis clínicas. Método Um grupo de 165 pacientes bipolares, com 52 pacientes apresentando episódios depressivos de acordo com os critérios do DSM-5, foi acompanhado por um ano. Os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliação clínica, e o insight foi avaliado utilizandose a Insight Scale for Affective Disorders (ISAD). Diferenças no insight de acordo com o objeto foram investigadas utilizandose ANOVA de medidas repetidas, comparando os escores dos quatro fatores da ISAD ( insight sobre sintomas, sobre sua condição, autoestima e relações sociais). Análises de correlação exploraram quais sintomas clínicos estiveram associados a redução de insight . Resultados Pior insight total correlacionou-se com ideação/tentativa de suicídio e com sintomas subsindrômicos de mania (elevação do humor, energia aumentada e interesse sexual). Pior insight sobre autoestima associou-se não somente a ideação/tentativa de suicídio, mas também a redução de atividade e alentecimento psicomotor. Pior insight sobre sintomas também mostrou correlação com alentecimento psicomotor. Melhor insight sobre ter uma doença afetiva associou-se a sintomas hipocondríacos mais intensos. Finalmente, pior insight sobre a condição esteve associado a sintomas psicóticos. Conclusão O estudo mostrou que, além da psicose, outros sintomas parecem se correlacionar com prejuízo de insight na depressão bipolar, como ideação suicida, redução de atividade e alentecimento psicomotor.

Objective: To evaluate how well symptom rating scales differentiate bipolar disorder (BD) episode types. Methods: One hundred and six patients with BD were followed for 13 years. At each visit, the following clinical scales were administered: Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) and Clinical Global Impressions scale for use in bipolar illness (CGI-BP). To perform a comparison between the affective states of BP, three time points in each patient’s follow-up period were chosen for evaluation: the most severe manic episode, the most severe depressive episode, and the euthymic period with least symptoms. Canonical discriminant analyses (CDA) were performed to identify which symptoms best discriminated episodes. Results: CDA revealed HAM-D was worse than YMRS and CGI-BP to discriminate mood states. The items evaluating increased motor activity in YMRS (2, increased motor activity/energy) and HAM-D (9, agitation) were the best to distinguish mania, depression, and euthymia. In contrast, HAM-D item 8 (retardation) and the HAM-D and YMRS items related to mood symptoms were less important and precise. Conclusion: Higher levels of energy or activity should be considered a core symptom of mania. However, our results do not confirm the association between a decrease in energy or activity and depression. HAM-D probably does not assess motor activity adequately.

Objetivos Realizar uma revisão sistemática para compreender que fatores estão relacionados a uma maior ou menor consciência de morbidade no transtorno bipolar (TB), como o insight varia em função do estado afetivo e estabelecer uma comparação com outros transtornos mentais. Métodos Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica sobre o insight em pacientes com TB. Foram buscados estudos clínicos originais sobre o tema nas bases de dados Medline, ISI e SciELO. Os termos de busca empregados foram: “insight” OR “awareness” AND “bipolar” OR “mania” OR “manic”. Resultados Foram selecionados 55 artigos. O insight no TB parece ser mais prejudicado do que na depressão unipolar, porém menos do que na esquizofrenia. Com relação ao TB, um menor nível de insight está relacionado à presença de sintomas psicóticos e de alterações cognitivas. Além disso, um comprometimento do insight está associado a uma menor adesão ao tratamento. Por outro lado, uma maior preservação do insight pode estar associada a maior ideação suicida. Finalmente, a fase maníaca cursa com um nível inferior de insight quando comparada à fase depressiva ou de eutimia. Conclusão No TB, o insight está significativamente prejudicado, especialmente na mania. Diversos fatores clínicos parecem influenciar o nível de insight. Objectives To conduct a systematic review to understand which factors are related to insight in bipolar disorder (BD), how insight varies depending on affective state and to establish a comparison between BD and other mental disorders. Methods We performed a systematic review of the scientific literature on insight in BD patients. Clinical studies on the topic were searched in the Medline, SciELO and ISI databases. The search terms used were: “insight” OR “Awareness” AND “bipolar“ OR “mania”. Results Fifty-five articles were selected. Insight in BD is more compromised than in unipolar depression, but less than in schizophrenia. A lower level of insight is related to the presence of psychotic symptoms and cognitive disorders. Moreover, insight impairment is associated with lower adherence to treatment. On the other hand, a greater preservation of insight may be associated with increased suicidal ideation. Finally, the manic phase is characterized by a lower level of insight than the depressive phase or euthymia. Conclusion Insight is greatly impaired in BD, especially during mania. Several clinical factors seem to influence the level of insight.

Some studies have indicated that the capacity of self-assessment of affective state is more compromised during mania than during depression. In the present study, we investigated whether the reliability of self-assessment in bipolar disorder varies as a function of actual affective state (i.e., euthymia, mania, or depression). Sixty-five patients with a diagnosis of type I and type II bipolar disorder were evaluated with regard to the occurrence of an affective syndrome using the Clinical Global Impressions Scale for use in bipolar illness, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. In parallel, we applied the Analog Visual Mood Scale, a self-assessment tool to evaluate mood changes. The same individual prospectively completed the self-assessment scale in different affective states. During depression, the patients' evaluation was significantly different from when they were in manic or euthymic mood states. However, when in mania, the patients evaluated their mood state similarly to when they were euthymic. The bipolar patients in mania but not in depression did not reliably evaluate themselves with regard to their affective state.

INTRODUCTION: Prospective studies have shown that the course of bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by the persistence of symptoms, predominantly depression, along most of the time. However, to our knowledge, no studies in Latin America have investigated it. OBJECTIVES: To replicate international studies using a Brazilian sample to prospectively analyze treatment outcomes in the first year and to determine potential chronicity factors. METHODS: We followed up 102 patients with BD for 12 months and evaluated the number of months with affective episodes and the intensity of manic and depressive symptoms using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D17). Sociodemographic and retrospective clinical data were examined to determine possible predictors of outcome. RESULTS: Almost 50% of the patients had symptoms about half of the time, and there was a predominance of depressive episodes. Disease duration and number of depressive episodes were predictors of chronicity. Depressive polarity of the first episode and a higher number of depressive episodes predicted the occurrence of new depressive episodes. CONCLUSION: In general, BD outcome seems to be poor in the first year of monitoring, despite adequate treatment. There is a predominance of depressive symptoms, and previous depressive episodes are a predictor of new depressive episodes and worse outcome. INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos prospectivos vêm demonstrando que o curso do transtorno bipolar (TB) é marcado por uma persistência de sintomas em grande parte do tempo, sendo estes predominantemente depressivos. Porém, até onde sabemos, não há estudos na América Latina sobre o assunto. OBJETIVO: Replicar pesquisas internacionais com uma amostra brasileira, para estudar prospectivamente a evolução no primeiro ano de tratamento e possíveis fatores relacionados a cronicidade. MÉTODO: Acompanhamos 102 pacientes com TB mensalmente por 12 meses, avaliando o número de meses em episódios afetivos e a intensidade dos sintomas maníacos e depressivos com a Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) e a Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D17), respectivamente. A partir de dados sociodemográficos e clínicos retrospectivos, buscamos definir fatores preditivos de evolução. RESULTADOS: Quase metade dos pacientes ficou cerca de metade do tempo sintomática, com predominância de episódios depressivos. Fatores preditivos de cronicidade encontrados foram a duração da doença e o número prévio de episódios depressivos. Encontramos, ainda, como fatores que predizem a ocorrência de novos episódios depressivos, a polaridade depressiva do primeiro episódio e um número maior de episódios depressivos. CONCLUSÕES: Em geral, a evolução do TB é bastante insatisfatória no primeiro ano de acompanhamento, apesar de tratamento adequado, com a predominância de sintomas depressivos. Episódios depressivos prévios são um fator preditivo de novos episódios depressivos e de uma pior evolução.

Background In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th edition, the occurrence of increased energy/activity and elation of mood or irritability became necessary symptoms for the diagnosis of an episode of mania or hypomania. Objective To evaluate whether increases in energy/activity or mood changes represent the core feature of the manic syndrome. Methods The symptomatology of 117 hospitalized patients with bipolar mania was evaluated using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Changed version (SADS-C). Based on six items of the SADS-S related to mania, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed. An Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis was used to identify how much each symptom informs about the different levels of severity of the syndrome. Results According to the CFA, the item “increased energy” was the symptom with the highest factorial loadings, which was confirmed by the IRT analysis. Thus, increased energy was the alteration most correlated with the total severity of manic symptoms. Additionally, the analysis of the Item Information Function revealed that increased energy was correlated with the larger amplitude of severity levels compared with the other symptoms of mania. Limitations Only six manic symptoms were considered. The sample might not be representative because the patients were evaluated while presenting peak symptom severity. Conclusions Increased energy/activity is a more important symptom for a diagnosis of mania than mood changes and represents the core feature of this syndrome.

disorder (BD) has been associated with marked cognitive impairment, including euthymic periods. Attention is among the most compromised functions in BD. Changes related to learning, memory, and visuospatial abilities can be derived from these attention impairments. The objective of this article is to review the scientific literature on the performance of BD patients in attention tests. A systematic review was performed of controlled studies that assessed attention in patients diagnosed with BD aged between 18 and 65 years. The databases included Medline, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and the search encompassed the period from 2008 to 2013. Only studies that had a minimum sample of 10 patients were included. A total of 110 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Compared with healthy control subjects, bipolar patients showed poorer attention performance. Compared with other mental disorders, BD was associated with poorer performance than unipolar depression but better performance than schizophrenia. When bipolar patients in different phases of the disease were compared with one another, the performance of euthymic patients was similar to or better than patients in a depressive state; moreover, manic patients performed worse than depressive patients. Attention is significantly impaired in BD. Attention impairment in BD is milder than in schizophrenia but greater than in unipolar depression. Attention impairment is possibly more severe in manic and depressed episodes than in euthymic periods.Keywords: attention, cognition, neuropsychological tests, bipolar disorder.

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate and to compare the electrophysiological changes in bipolar patients and healthy subjects during the execution of a saccade task. Materials and Methods: The subjects had to respond to a fixed visual stimulus presented by a LEDs bar. We executed an ANOVA (one-way) and post hoc Scheffe test to examine the difference of absolute alpha power and reaction time among four groups: control, depression, manic and euthymic. We observed the frontal, parietal and occipital regions. The paired t test was realized on each electrode and group to compare the pre and post moment in the task. Results: We observed a statistical difference among the groups for the behavioral variable—saccade reaction time. For the electrophysiological variable—absolute alpha power, we did not find significant difference between the moments (pre and post stimulus presentation) for none of the electrodes of each bipolar group. However, the results pointed out to a difference between the moments for F3, P3, O1 and O2 electrodes for control group. Conclusion: We cannot affirm that the task influences the cortical activity of the patients. It is possible that the method used to analyze the data is not the adequate. The time-frequency analysis could be better to analyze the present data. We also observed that the absolute alpha power could be considered a marker of bipolar disorder, but not of the different states (i.e., mania, depression, euthymia).

Several studies on cognition in bipolar disorder (BD) have been developed on the last decade. Neuropsychological evaluation of attention in BD patients is fundamental since alterations in attention affect other cognitive functions. Evaluate if performance of BD patients in attention tests varies according to each phase of the disease and verify if there are differences in attention when comparing BD patients with normal controls. The study included 101 BD patients, with ages between 18 and 65 years, being 52 euthymic, 22 manic and 27 depressive, besides 30 normal controls. All subjects were evaluated though Hamilton Depression Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale and Global Assessment of Functioning, bipolar version (CGI-BP). Attention was evaluated through a neuropsychological battery. Normal controls had a better performance in selective attention tests than BD patients. No differences were found among manic, depressive and euthymic phases. Attention is markedly impaired in BD. Nevertheless, the results of this study do not imply that the severity of the attention deficit in BD patients varies according to decease phase.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with elevated cardiovascular mortality rates. We investigated the modulation of l-arginine-nitric oxide (NO) signaling in platelets from patients with BD at different phases.Platelets obtained from 28 patients with BD and 10 healthy volunteers were analyzed for l-arginine transport, NO synthase (NOS) activity, cyclic guanosine monophosphate content, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Expressions of NOS isoforms, soluble guanylyl cyclase, and arginase were also measured in platelets. Amino acid and C-reactive protein levels in plasma were assessed.Plasma concentrations of l-arginine (mean [M] ± standard error of the mean [SEM] = 97 ± 10 versus 121 ± 10 µM) and its transport into platelets (median [interquartile range] = 26.0 [28.6] versus 26.5 [43.9] pmol/10(9) cells per minute) did not differ between patients with BD and controls (p.05). Patients with BD showed reduced NOS activity (M ± SEM = 0.037 ± 0.003 versus 0.135 ± 0.022 pmol/10(8) cells, p.001), but not endothelial NOS, inducible NOS, and arginase expression, compared with controls (p.05). Cyclic guanosine monophosphate content was reduced (M ± SEM = 0.022 ± 0.003 versus 0.086 ± 0.020 pmol/10(8) cells, p.05) despite the absence of changes in soluble guanylyl cyclase expression (median [interquartile range] = 21.6 [15.5] versus 9.5 [9.4] arbitrary units, p.05) in patients with BD. Superoxide dismutase activity, but not catalase activity, was increased in patients with BD in the manic phase (M ± SEM = 2094 ± 335 versus 172 ± 17 U/mg protein, p.001). C-reactive protein was elevated only in manic episodes (M ± SEM = 0.8 ± 0.2 versus 0.1 ± 0.02 mg/L, p.001).Impaired NO generation from platelets, inflammation, and oxidative stress may play pivotal roles in the multifaceted process of cardiovascular events in BD.

Bipolar disorder (BD) can have an impact on psychosocial functioning and quality of life (QoL). Several studies have shown that structured psychotherapy in conjunction with pharmacotherapy may modify the course of some disorders; however, few studies have investigated the results of group cognitive behavior therapy (G-CBT) for BD. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of 14 sessions of G-CBT for BD patients, comparing this intervention plus pharmacotherapy to treatment as usual (TAU; only pharmacotherapy). Forty-one patients with BD I and II participated in this study and were randomly allocated to each group (G-CBT: N = 27; TAU: N = 14). Thirty-seven participants completed the treatment (women: N = 66.67%; mean age = 41.5 years). QoL and mood symptoms were assessed in all participants. Scores changed significantly by the end of treatment in favor of the G-CBT group. The G-CBT group presented significantly better QoL in seven of the eight sub-items assessed with the Medical Outcomes Survey SF-36 scale. At the end of treatment, the G-CBT group exhibited lower scores for mania (not statistically significant) and depression (statistically significant) as well as a reduction in the frequency and duration of mood episodes (P < 0.01). The group variable was significant for the reduction of depression scores over time. This clinical change may explain the improvement in six of the eight subscales of QoL (P < 0.05). The G-CBT group showed better QoL in absolute values in all aspects and significant improvements in nearly all subscales. These results were not observed in the TAU control group.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies suggest that, when combined with pharmacotherapy, structured psychotherapy may modify the course of bipolar disorder. However, there are few studies that have examined the effects of cognitive behavioral group therapy on the course of this disorder. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 14 sessions of cognitive behavioral group therapy, combined with pharmacotherapy, on the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder, and to compare our results against those from the use of pharmacotherapy alone. METHOD: Forty-one patients with bipolar I and II disorder participated in the study and were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups; thirty-seven patients remained in the study until its completion. Mood and anxiety symptoms were measured in all subjects. Statistical analysis was used to investigate if the groups differed with respect to demographic characteristics and the scores recorded in the pre- and post-treatment stages, as well as during treatment (intra/inter groups). RESULTS: Patients showed statistically similar population characteristics. The association of cognitive behavioral group therapy and pharmacological treatment proved to be effective. Patients who had undergone cognitive behavioral group therapy presented fewer symptoms of mania, depression and anxiety, as well as fewer and shorter mood change episodes. CONCLUSION: Cognitive behavioral group therapy sessions substantially contributed to the improvement of depression symptoms. OBJETIVO: Estudos recentes sugerem que uma psicoterapia estruturada aplicada junto com a farmacoterapia pode alterar o curso do transtorno afetivo bipolar. Entretanto, poucos estudos investigam os resultados da terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo sobre este transtorno psiquiátrico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficácia de 14 sessões de terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo concomitante à farmacoterapia para bipolares e comparar com a farmacoterapia sozinha. MÉTODO: Quarenta e um pacientes com transtorno bipolar I e II participaram do estudo e foram alocados aleatoriamente para um dos dois grupos; trinta e sete preencheram todas as escalas. Os sintomas de humor e ansiedade de todos os participantes foram acessados. A análise estatística foi utilizada para investigar se os grupos diferiam com relação aos dados demográficos e entre os escores pré-, durante e pós-tratamento (intra/intergrupos). RESULTADOS: Os participantes dos dois grupos mostraram-se similares nas características demográficas. A adição da terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo ao tratamento farmacológico foi efetiva. O grupo da terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo apresentou menos sintomas de mania, depressão e ansiedade, bem como uma redução na frequência e duração dos episódios de humor. CONCLUSÃO: As sessões de terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo foram especialmente importantes na melhora dos sintomas depressivos.

OBJECTIVE: To study the long-term follow-up of patients with bipolar disorder (BPD). METHOD: Eleven outpatients with BPD type I were followed up naturalistically for five years at a university teaching hospital. The Clinical Global Impression Scale (BPD version) was used to evaluate the occurrence of affective episodes, and the Strauss-Carpenter Outcome Scale was used to evaluate social and occupational functioning. RESULTS: The majority of patients were symptomatic most of the time, with predominantly depressive episodes. Overall, patients remained euthymic a mean of 47.7% of the time. Despite a low rate of hospitalization, social and occupational functioning was poor in the majority of patients. A poor disease course with respect to work-related functioning was associated with fewer months of euthymia with a longer duration of depressive episodes. The total number of months of euthymia negatively correlated with the patient's age and disease duration. CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample size, the present findings appear to corroborate previous studies on the evolution of BPD. Most of the patients had a poor disease course, with long symptomatic periods, particularly depressive episodes, and significantly impaired social and occupational functioning.

Bipolar disorder (BD) affects 1 to 1.5% of the world population and consists of at least one manic episode (or hypomanic) associated with depressive episodes, interspersed with periods of euthymic mood. Recurrent crises lead to significant disability in BD patients, and correlates negatively to social and occupational adjustment. Such disability can be explained by a series of events, such as cortical and altered metabolic activity, impairments in cognitive functions, and in core anatomical structures involved in mood modulation. Therefore, our review aims to provide information on the current research related to the pathophysiology of BD. We will review the cognitive and brain functioning, and biomarkers of BD. The current literature shows that cognitive deficits are commonly observed in all phases in BD patients, independent of a remissive state. These deficits are assigned to functional, structural and metabolic changes, particularly in the pre-frontal cortex region, hippocampus and amygdala, along with the connections between them, as well as decreased baseline brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels or imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, implying a lower physical ability to reestablish from a stressful stimulus. BD patients effectively present a differentiated pattern of cortical, neuroanatomical and functional responses. It is suggested that physiological processes occur differently in bipolar subjects compared to healthy individuals, affecting behavior and brain function in such patients. Future directions are yet necessary to establish the best way to neutralize or reverse these events.

Objective: To evaluate whether having general insight into bipolar disorder and its symptoms is affected by the mood state of the patient, using the Insight Scale for Affective Disorders, a hetero-application scale for people with mood disorders.Methods: Ninety-five patients with bipolar disorder were evaluated and divided into different groups according to the mood state presented during assessment (i.e., euthymia, mania and depression). Sociodemographic and clinical data (Hamilton Depression Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, and Clinical Global Impressions Scale) were recorded. Insight was evaluated using the Insight Scale for Affective Disorders.Results: Patients with bipolar disorder in mania show less insight about their condition than patients in depression or euthymia, and less insight about their symptoms than patients with depression, with the exception of awareness of weight change.Conclusions: Loss of insight during mania may have important implications for treatment compliance and adherence and needs to be taken into account in the clinical management of people with bipolar disorder.

Cognitive deficits are observed in a variety of domains in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). These deficits are attributed to neurobiological, functional and structural brain factors, particularly in prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, cortical alterations in each phase (mania/hypomania, euthymia and depression) are also present. A growing basis of evidence supports aerobic exercise as an alternative treatment method for BD symptoms. Its benefits for physical health in healthy subjects and some psychiatric disorders are fairly established; however evidence directly addressed to BD is scant. Lack of methodological consistency, mainly related to exercise, makes it difficult accuracy and extrapolation of the results. Nevertheless, mechanisms related to BD physiopathology, such as hormonal and neurotransmitters alterations and mainly related to brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) can be explored. BDNF, specially, have a large influence on brain ability and its gene expression is highly responsive to aerobic exercise. Moreover, aerobic exercise trough BDNF may induce chronic stress suppression, commonly observed in patients with BD, and reduce deleterious effects caused by allostatic loads. Therefore, it is prudent to propose that aerobic exercise plays an important role in BD physiopathological mechanisms and it is a new way for the treatment for this and others psychiatric disorders.

Em ensaios clínicos controlados com pacientes bipolares, a lamotrigina tem demonstrado eficácia no tratamento da fase aguda da depressão e, principalmente, na prevenção de novos episódios depressivos. É relatado o caso de um paciente bipolar tipo II, ciclador rápido, que, durante um episódio depressivo, fez uso dessa substância, em monoterapia, e passou a apresentar um quadro maníaco disfórico. Este remitiu logo após a retirada da medicação e foi sucedido por um novo episódio depressivo. Essa ocorrência foi bastante inesperada diante dos dados clínicos da literatura científica, os quais associam a lamotrigina a uma taxa muito baixa de virada para a mania. Controlled clinical trials involving bipolar patients have shown that lamotrigine is effective in acute phase treatment of depression and mainly in the prevention of new depressive episodes. We report the case of a bipolar II, rapid cycling patient who used lamotrigine (in monotherapy) during a depressive episode and developed a dysphoric manic episode. This episode resolved soon after discontinuation of the drug and was followed by a new depressive episode. The occurrence of the dysphoric manic episode was much unexpected, based on the clinical data found in the literature, which associate lamotrigine with a very low rate of switch into mania. En los ensayos clínicos controlados con pacientes bipolares, la lamotrigina mostró eficacia en el tratamiento de la fase aguda de la depresión y, principalmente, en la prevención de nuevos episodios depresivos. Describimos un caso de un paciente bipolar de tipo II, con un curso de ciclos rápidos, que, durante un episodio depresivo, tomó lamotrigina en monoterapia, desarrollando un episodio maníaco disfórico. Este episodio remitió pronto después de la suspensión de la medicina y fue seguido por un nuevo episodio depresivo. Esa ocurrencia fue bastante inesperada si comparada a los datos clínicos de la literatura científica, que muestran la lamotrigina con una tasa muy baja de "viraje" para la manía.

Em ensaios clínicos controlados com pacientes bipolares, a lamotrigina tem demonstrado eficácia no tratamento da fase aguda da depressão e, principalmente, na prevenção de novos episódios depressivos. É relatado o caso de um paciente bipolar tipo II, ciclador rápido, que, durante um episódio depressivo, fez uso dessa substância, em monoterapia, e passou a apresentar um quadro maníaco disfórico. Este remitiu logo após a retirada da medicação e foi sucedido por um novo episódio depressivo. Essa ocorrência foi bastante inesperada diante dos dados clínicos da literatura científica, os quais associam a lamotrigina a uma taxa muito baixa de virada para a mania.En los ensayos clínicos controlados con pacientes bipolares, la lamotrigina mostró eficacia en el tratamiento de la fase aguda de la depresión y, principalmente, en la prevención de nuevos episodios depresivos. Describimos un caso de un paciente bipolar de tipo II, con un curso de ciclos rápidos, que, durante un episodio depresivo, tomó lamotrigina en monoterapia, desarrollando un episodio maníaco disfórico. Este episodio remitió pronto después de la suspensión de la medicina y fue seguido por un nuevo episodio depresivo. Esa ocurrencia fue bastante inesperada si comparada a los datos clínicos de la literatura científica, que muestran la lamotrigina con una tasa muy baja de "viraje" para la manía.Controlled clinical trials involving bipolar patients have shown that lamotrigine is effective in acute phase treatment of depression and mainly in the prevention of new depressive episodes. We report the case of a bipolar II, rapid cycling patient who used lamotrigine (in monotherapy) during a depressive episode and developed a dysphoric manic episode. This episode resolved soon after discontinuation of the drug and was followed by a new depressive episode. The occurrence of the dysphoric manic episode was much unexpected, based on the clinical data found in the literature, which associate lamotrigine with a very low rate of switch into mania.

Background In the last few decades, several tools for studying insight in bipolar disorders have been used. Olaya and colleagues developed the Insight Scale for Affective Disorders (ISAD), which consists of a scale measuring insight through hetero evaluation for patients with mood disorders. The objective of this work is to translate and adapt the original English version of the ISAD to Brazilian Portuguese (ISAD-BR) and to conduct an evaluation of its psychometric properties. Methods Adaptation procedures included translation/back-translation and consultation with a panel of experts. 95 patients with the diagnosis of Type 1 bipolar disorder were evaluated with the final version of the ISAD-BR, which was applied, simultaneously, but independently, by two examiners. Internal consistency and inter-rater reliability were explored and the latent structure of the scale was investigated with principal axis factoring and promax rotation. A second-order factor analysis was conducted to test if the scale had a hierarchical factor structure. Results The ISAD-BR showed good internal consistency and good inter-rater reliability. The analysis pointed to a four-factor solution of the ISAD-BR: awareness of symptoms associated with activity/energy; awareness of having a disorder; awareness of self-esteem and feelings of pleasure; and awareness of social functioning and relationships. The second order factor analysis indicated a hierarchical factor structure for the ISAD-BR, with the four lower-order factors loading on a single higher-order factor. Conclusions Insight into bipolar disorder is a multidimensional construct, covering different aspects of the condition and its symptomatology. Nevertheless, insight about activity/energy changes may be a crucial aspect of insight into bipolar disorder.

The present study analyzed absolute theta power (ATP) in brain areas involved with attention in the three phase of BD while the patients performing a saccadic attention task. We hypothesized that patients in depression and mania states show a higher ATP compared to euthymic patients, since a higher ATP is indicative of attention deficit. We analyzed the frontal (F7, F3, Fz, F4 and F8) and central (C3, Cz and C4) areas. Thirty bipolar patients were enrolled in this study. The subjects performed a saccadic attention task while their brain activity pattern was recorded using quantitative electroencephalography (20 channels). Our results showed a main effect for group over C3, C4, Cz, F7, F4, F8 electrodes, and a main effect for moment over Cz, F7, F8 electrodes. These results indicate that both task and groups produce changes in theta activity in distinct cortical areas that participate in the organization of attention. Our results therefore demonstrate that, although it is well established in the literature that theta has a relevant role in the attention process, it is necessary to deepen the investigations to better understand the specifics of theta during visual processing tasks that have a demand for attention.

In bipolar disorder, levels of insight vary as a function of the mood state and appear to influence pharmacology compliance, quality of life, the presence of suicidal ideations, and aggressive behavior. To establish a comparison among different mood states in bipolar with regard to level of insight. Forty-eight patients were evaluated in different affective states (i.e., euthymia, mania, depression, and mixed state). Identifying information, sociodemographic data, and clinical records were recorded. The following scales were applied: Hamilton Depression Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive symptoms subscale, and Global Assessment of Functioning and Clinical Global Impressions Scale for use in bipolar disorder. Insight was evaluated using items 11 and 17 of the Young Mania Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Scale, respectively. Insight in bipolar disorder was found to be more compromised during manic phases and mixed episodes than during periods of depression or euthymia. The factors associated with lower levels of insight were the following: shorter illness duration, older age, and greater severity in mania; the female gender and older age in depression; and shorter illness duration and more severe depressive symptoms in mixed episodes. In the same individual, levels of insight vary as a function of the affective state over the course of bipolar disorder and appear to be influenced by several clinical variables.

Several studies have attempted to understand the dimensions of psychiatric symptoms in manic episodes, but only a few have been able to model the latent structure of mania in bipolar disorder patients using confirmatory factor analysis. The objective of the present study was to search for the best model of the symptomatology of hospitalized manic patients. To achieve this goal, 117 manic inpatients during a manic crisis participated in this research. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted followed by confirmatory factor analysis using an exploratory factor analysis solution and three other theory-based models. The exploratory factor analysis results revealed a six-factor structure: depression, suicide, insomnia, mania, psychosis, and anxiety. This solution also presented the best fit to the data when tested with confirmatory factor analysis. A five-factor solution, without suicide as a separate dimension, appeared to be more theoretically suitable. Another important finding was that anxiety was an independent dimension in mania. Some hypotheses are discussed in light of contemporary theories, and future studies should investigate this aspect further.

BACKGROUND: Some studies indicate that mood self-assessment is more severely impaired in patients with bipolar disorder in a manic episode than in depression. OBJECTIVES: To investigate variations in mood self-assessment in relation to current affective state in a group of individuals with bipolar disorder. METHODS: A total of 165 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder type I or type II had their affective state assessed using the Clinical Global Impressions Scale for use in bipolar illness (CGI-BP), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). In addition, participants completed a self-report visual analog mood scale (VAMS). Patients were divided into three groups (euthymia, mania, and depression) and compared with regard to VAMS results. RESULTS: Manic patients rated their mood similarly to patients in euthymia in 14 out of 16 items in the VAMS. By contrast, depressed patients rated only two items similarly to euthymic patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with bipolar disorder in mania, but not those in depression, poorly evaluate their affective state, reinforcing the occurrence of insight impairment in the manic syndrome.

Background There is increasing evidence that neurocognitive dysfunction is associated with the different states in Bipolar Disorder. Gamma coherence is strongly related to cognitive processes and cortico-cortical communication. This paper aims at shedding light on the relationship between cortical gamma coherence within bipolar patients and a control group during a prosaccadic attention task. We hypothesized that gamma coherence oscillations act as a main neural mechanism underlying information processing which changes in bipolar patients. Method Thirty-two (12 healthy controls and 20 bipolar patients) subjects were enrolled in this study. The subjects performed a prosaccadic attention task while their brain activity pattern was recorded using quantitative electroencephalography (20 channels). Results We observed that the maniac group presented lower saccade latency when compared to depression and control groups. The main finding was a greater gamma coherence for control group in the right hemisphere of both frontal and motor cortices caused by the execution of a prosaccadic attention task. Limitations The findings need to be confirmed in larger samples and in bipolar patients before start the pharmacological treatment. Conclusions Our findings suggest a disrupted connection of the brain's entire functioning of maniac patients and represent a deregulation in cortical inhibitory mechanism. Thus, our results reinforce our hypothesis that greater gamma coherence in the right and left frontal cortices for the maniac group produces a “noise” during information processing and highlights that gamma coherence might be a biomarker for cognitive dysfunction during the manic state.