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Contaminated condiments with low water activity (aw) have encouraged the scientific community to study effective thermal methods of inactivating pathogens. The aim of this study was to identify whether microbial thermo-tolerance in red pepper powder was affected by water activity, treatment temperature and particle size of samples. Effects of three bacterial strains and particle size on the heat resistance were analyzed based on the orthogonal experiment method. Samples with particle size ranging from 0.45 to 1.00 mm and the most thermal resistance bacterial strain of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 after comparing with two salmonella strains were chosen to study thermal inactivation kinetics in red pepper powder at three aw levels with four temperatures. The results indicated an increase of microbial thermal resistance with increasing mean particle sizes of red pepper powder. Logarithmic microbial inactivation was fitted by primary models in which the lower aw and temperature resulted in larger D-values. Mafart's modified Bigelow model combined with primary models provided acceptable predictions of microbial inactivation performance under the given test conditions. When aw levels were higher, E. coli ATCC 25922 was easier to kill at relatively lower temperatures. These findings may assist pepper powder manufacturers and regulatory agencies in designing effective pasteurization processes to ensure product safety.

Using the shuttle vector pBU4, the mosquitocidal toxin gene mtx1 from Bacillus sphaericus strain SSII-1 was introduced into an acrystalliferous strain of B. thuringiensis both individually and in combination with the accessory protein gene p20 and the cytolytic protein gene cyt1Aa from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Bioassay results indicated that the recombinants B-pMT4(Mtx1) and B-pMT9(Mtx1), both individually containing mtx1, had moderate toxicities to binary toxin susceptible and binary toxin resistant Culex quinquefasciatus larvae during the vegetative growth stage, but that their toxicities declined rapidly during the sporulation phase. The LC50 values were 2.5 and 4.8 mg/ml respectively, against 3-4 instar susceptible and resistant larvae for the final sporulated cultures of recombinants B-pMT9(Mtx1), and little toxicity was detected for B-pMT4(Mtx1). Meanwhile, the recombinant B-pMPX2(Mtx1+Cyt1Aa) expressing Mtx1, P20 alone, and Cyt1Aa in combination had stable toxicities during both the vegetative phase and the sporulation phase, with a LC50 ranging from 0.45-0.58 mg/ml. Furthermore, expression of Cyt1Aa appeared to enhance the activity of Mtx1 to target mosquito larvae, suggesting a synergism between Cyt1Aa and Mtx1 toxins.