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Over the past decade, science has experienced a growing rise in nanotechnology with ground-breaking contributions. Through various laborious technologies, nanomaterials with different architectures from 0 D to 3 D have been synthesized. However, the 3 D flower-like organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterial with the most direct one-pot green synthesis method has attracted widespread attention and instantly become research hotspot since its first allusion in 2012. Mild synthesis procedure, high surface-to-volume ratio, enhanced enzymatic activity and stability are the main factor for its rapid development. However, its lower mechanical strength, difficulties in recovery from the reaction system, lower loading capacity, poor reusability and accessibility of enzymes are fatal, which hinders its wide application in industry. This review first discusses the selection of non-enzymatic biomolecules for the synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers followed by the innovative advancements made in organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers to overcome aforementioned issues and to enhance their extensive downstream applications in transduction technologies. Besides, the role of hybrid nanoflower has been successfully utilized in many fields including, water remediation, biocatalyst, pollutant adsorption and decolourization, nanoreactor, biosensing, cellular uptake and others, accompanied with several quantification technologies, such as ELISA, electrochemical, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), colorimetric, and fluorescence were comprehensively reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis, a bone disease is caused by the deterioration of bone and shows an enhanced risk of bone fracture and decreasing bone mineral density. Unfortunately, the available radiological techniques are expensive, and have disadvantages such as radiation intake, need a specialist to handle the instrument, and so forth. This research is focused to develop a point‐of‐care system to identify osteocalcin on current‐volt sensor, which helps to diagnose the bone metabolism and prognostics. Antiosteocalcin antibody was attached on the electrode through the silane‐modified iron material. The antibody‐immobilized sensing surface was utilized to identify the level of osteocalcin and the detection limit of 100 pg/ml reached on linear concentrations of 0.01–3000 ng/ml. Calculations were made by triplicates (n = 3; 3δ) on the determination coefficient of y = 0.2637x–0.6012; R2 = 0.9319. Further, control proteins failed to bind with immobilized antibody, confirmed by the specific osteocalcin detection. This research is to identify the osteoporosis biomarker and to help determine the conditions with osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luteinizing hormone (LH)/lutropin is an interstitial cell‐stimulating hormone playing a predominant role in the reproductive system, and highly correlated with the infertility treatment in both men and women. This research was concentrated to quantify LH level by using interdigitated electrode sensor. To improve the electric current flow, sensing electrode was modified with graphene oxide (GO) and the aptamer probe was attached on GO through biotin‐streptavidin linker. Current responses were measured with aptamer–LH interaction at the target concentrations between 7.5 nM and 1 μM and the detection limit of LH was calculated as 60 nM with the determination coefficient (R2) value, 0.9229 [y = 1.296x − 2.8435] on a linear range from 30 nM to 1 μM. Further, biofouling effect on sensing electrode surface was analyzed with complementary aptamer sequence, control proteins (albumin and globulin). The above GO‐aptamer‐modified interdigitated electrode sensor helps to quantify LH level and diagnose gynecological endocrinology‐related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urinary C‐terminal telopeptide fragment of type II collagen (uCTX‐II) has been reported as the efficient blood‐based biomarker for osteoarthritis, which affects knees, hands, spine, and hips. This study reports a sensing strategy with antibody‐conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNP) on an interdigitated electrode (IDE) to determine uCTX‐II. The GNP–antibody complex was chemically immobilized on the IDE surface through the amine linker. uCTX‐II was determined by monitoring the alteration in current upon interacting the GNP‐complexed antibody. This strategy was improved the detection by attracting higher uCTX‐II molecules, and the detection limit falls in the range of 10–100 pM with an acceptable regression value [y = 0.6254x − 0.4073, R² = 0.9787]. The sensitivity of the detection was recognized at 10 pM. Additionally, upon increasing the uCTX‐II concentration, the current changes were increased in a linear fashion. Control detection with nonimmune antibody and control protein do not increase the current level, confirming the specific detection of uCTX‐II. This method of detection helps in diagnosing osteoarthritis and its follow‐up treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]