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Anaerobic granulation from dispersed inoculum is recognized as a slow process. However, studies under saline conditions have shown that adding complex proteinaceous substrates can accelerate this process. To explore whether this holds true also under non-saline conditions, we conducted a 262-days experiment with four lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors inoculated with digested sewage sludge. Each reactor received a synthetic feed containing varying amount of carbohydrate/protein substrate: glucose (R Glu ), acetate/tryptone (R Ac+Try ), glucose/tryptone (R Glu+Try ), and glucose/starch (R Glu+Sta ). Development of granules with different influent composition was monitored with macroscopy, analysis of the extracellular polymeric substances, and microbial diversity. Granulation was faster in reactors R Glu+Try and R Glu+Sta . Increasing granule diameters positively correlated with the occurrence of bacteria from Muribaculaceae and Lachnospiraceae families, suggesting their involvement in de novo granulation. Granules of R Glu+Try also had high relative abundances of both fermenting bacteria (e.g. Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Trichococcus) and bacteria involved in the oxidation of volatile fatty acids (Smithella, Acetobacteroides). The results of this study provide a basis for strategies to enhance the sludge granulation rate in practice when granular inoculum is not available. Specifically, supplementing small amounts of waste protein during reactor start-up can be effective., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The effect of granular activated carbon (GAC) addition on the removal of diclofenac, ibuprofen, metoprolol, galaxolide and triclosan in a up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was studied. Prior to the reactor studies, batch experiments indicated that addition of activated carbon to UASB sludge can decrease micropollutant concentrations in both liquid phase and sludge. In continuous experiments, two UASB reactors were operated for 260 days at an HRT of 20 days, using a mixture of source separated black water and sludge from aerobic grey water treatment as influent. GAC (5.7 g per liter of reactor volume) was added to one of the reactors on day 138. No significant difference in COD removal and biogas production between reactors with and without GAC addition was observed. In the presence of GAC, fewer micropollutants were washed out with the effluent and a lower accumulation of micropollutants in sludge and particulate organic matter occurred, which is an advantage in micropollutant emission reduction from wastewater. However, the removal of micropollutants by adding GAC to a UASB reactor would require more activated carbon compared to effluent post-treatment. Additional research is needed to estimate the effect of bioregeneration on the lifetime of activated carbon in a UASB-GAC reactor.

It is commonly accepted that high salt concentrations negatively affect microbial activity in biological wastewater treatment reactors such as upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. Microbial aggregation in such reactors is equally important. It is well documented that anaerobic granules, when exposed to high salinity become weak and disintegrate, causing wash-out, operational problems and decreasing process performance. In this research, the possibility of microbial granule formation from dispersed biomass was investigated at salinity levels of 5 and 20 g Na + /L. High removal efficiencies of soluble influent organics were achieved at both salinity levels and this was accompanied by fast and robust formation of microbial granules. The process was found to be stable for the entire operational period of 217 days. As far as we know this is the first time it has been demonstrated that stable granule formation is possible at a salinity level as high as 20 g Na + /L. Methanosaeta was identified as the dominant methanogen at both salinity levels. Streptococcus spp. and bacteria belonging to the family Lachnospiraceae were identified as the dominant microbial population at 5 and 20 and g Na + /L, respectively., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

High-loaded membrane bioreactors (HL-MBRs), i.e. MBRs which are operated at extremely short sludge and hydraulic retention times, can be applied to flocculate and concentrate sewage organic matter. The concentrated organics can be used for energy recovery, or for the production of more valuable organic chemicals. Little is known about the effect of the dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) on this bioflocculation process. To examine this effect, two HL-MBRs were operated, respectively at a low (1 mg L(-1)) and a higher (4 mg L(-1)) DO. The higher DO resulted in a better flocculation efficiency, i.e. 92% of the colloidal COD in the sewage flocculated compared to 69% at the lower DO. The difference was attributed to a higher microbial production of extracellular polymeric substances at a DO of 4 mg L(-1) and to more multivalent cations (calcium, iron and aluminium) being distributed to the floc matrix. In addition, the HL-MBR that was operated at a DO of 4 mg L(-1) gave a bigger mean floc size, a lower supernatant turbidity, better settleability and better membrane filterability than the HL-MBR that was operated at a DO of 1 mg L(-1)., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)