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The focus of this paper is to critically analyse and draw quantitative balance indicators of several projects concerning process optimization, resources, and energy recovery from dairies wastes. Analysed quantitative data were collected by auditing activities and design studies in Eastern Europe and Asia, aimed at supporting the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) for better performances and reduction of global environmental impact of their customer Companies. Suggestions for the recovery of waste in the given sector are outlined discussing results from actual case-studies for recycling dairy waste and obtaining valuable products, seeking to contribute to increase income, as well as to minimize waste generation and GHGs emissions. Results evidencing the benefits of biomass valorisation to produce energy by-products can provide practical indications for dairy plant companies that are considering the issues of economic and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promising properties of torrefied biomass provide a valid co-firing option for large percentage biomass utilization in existing coal-fired boilers. Torrefied biomass is expected to have a better combustion stability than raw biomass and similar to that of coal. The present work will characterizes the oxidation properties of torrefied biomass char and compare with that of raw biomass char. The studied two chars are produced from raw and torrefied biomass in an Isothermal Plug Flow Reactor (IPFR) at high temperature and high heating rate, a sufficient residence time is applied for the completion of the high temperature devolatilization. Char oxidation tests are carried out in the IPFR by varying temperature, oxygen concentration and residence time. The reactivity of two studied chars are analyzed and compared with referenced biomass char and coal char, and the impact of torrefaction on char reactivity is also discussed in this paper. Finally, the char oxidation kinetic parameters are determined using a parameter optimization method, and the obtained kinetics are examined by comparing the experimental and predicted mass conversions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]