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Earth's most recent major extinction episode, the Quaternary Megafauna Extinction, claimed two-thirds of mammal genera and one-half of species that weighed >44 kg between approximately 50,000 and 3,000 years ago. Estimates of megafauna biomass (including humans as a megafauna species) for before, during, and after the extinction episode suggest that growth of human biomass largely matched the loss of non-human megafauna biomass until approximately 12,000 years ago. Then, total megafauna biomass crashed, because many non-human megafauna species suddenly disappeared, whereas human biomass continued to rise. After the crash, the global ecosystem gradually recovered into a new state where megafauna biomass was concentrated around one species, humans, instead of being distributed across many species. Precrash biomass levels were finally reached just before the Industrial Revolution began, then skyrocketed above the precrash baseline as humans augmented the energy available to the global ecosystem by mining fossil fuels. Implications include (i) an increase in human biomass (with attendant hunting and other impacts) intersected with climate change to cause the Quaternary Megafauna Extinction and an ecological threshold event, after which humans became dominant in the global ecosystem; (ii) with continued growth of human biomass and today's unprecedented global warming, only extraordinary and stepped-up conservation efforts will prevent a new round of extinctions in most body-size and taxonomic spectra; and (iii) a near-future biomass crash that will unfavorably impact humans and their domesticates and other species is unavoidable unless alternative energy sources are developed to replace dwindling supplies of fossil fuels.

The impetus for this paper is Canada's commitment under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to reduce national greenhouse gas emissions as well as reducing our dependency on fossil fuels. Wood-based ethanol offers an excellent opportunity for greenhouse gas mitigation due to market potential, an ability to offset significant emissions from the transportation sector, a reduction of emissions from CO2-intensive waste-management systems, and carbon sequestration in afforested plantations. While there are technological and economic barriers to overcome, using wood-biomass as a source of ethanol can be an economically viable tool for reducing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. This paper examines the costs and mitigation potential of the production of ethanol from biomass supplied from industrial wood waste as well as from trees harvested from afforested land.

Renewable biomass-based activated carbon fiber paper (ACFP) possesses a three-dimensional network porous structure for high-efficient toxic gas purification. However, intelligently building high catalytic activity biomass-based carbon materials with superior flexibility remains a significant challenge. Herein, a series of paper-based catalysts (MnO 2 /ACFP) with varying MnO 2 loadings were fabricated by combining MnO 2 -loaded ACF and softwood (Pinales) fiber via a wet-papermaking process. The precursor derives from abundant and green biomass, meanwhile, the channels of plant fiber facilitate gas flow and the effective dispersion of active sites. Noteworthy, the introduction of softwood fiber imparts flexibility to the catalyst, enabling it to be folded, wound, and bent without compromising mechanical strength, thus exhibiting excellent processability. Formaldehyde (HCHO) removal in a static system was applied to evaluate their reactivities. Among all, MnO 2 /ACFP-1.7 (12.22 wt% Mn) shows 100 % removal of HCHO in 1 h with a turnover frequency value of 0.01526 min−1, being more than 10 times that of the bulk MnO 2 particles. The underlying mechanism for the enhanced catalytic performance can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of its stronger gas capture ability together with more exposed active sites. This work provides insight into the design of a flexible and environmentally friendly catalyst for the degradation of organic contaminants. [Display omitted] • MnO 2 -loaded ACF and softwood fiber were combined by the wet-papermaking process. • This catalyst exhibits excellent flexibility and good air permeability. • It can be applied as a paper-based catalyst for HCHO oxidation. • This catalyst presents superior catalytic activity and excellent recycle stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-pyrolysis of paper mill sludge (PS) and biomass has attracted significant attention due to its potential for simultaneous resource utilization and waste disposal. In this work, the co-pyrolysis of PS with corn stover (CS) was carried out in a fixed bed reactor to investigate the effect of temperature and PS to CS ratio on the product characteristics. A comparison between the experimental and calculated values of product yield and composition was performed to obtain a deeper understanding of the synergistic interactions. The results exhibited a positive synergistic effect on bio-oil production at lower CS proportions with higher temperatures. Higher temperatures and lower CS proportions were favorable for the formation of aromatics (up to 45.03%) in co-pyrolysis, while the synergistic interactions promoted the production of phenols and exhibited an inhibitory effect on aromatics production. The interactions also inhibited H 2 but promoted CO production due to the enhanced decarbonylation of co-pyrolysis intermediates in the presence of PS internal minerals. Additionally, the characterization of biochars indicated an increasing degree of aromaticity with higher temperatures and CS proportions. The synergistic interactions at higher temperatures facilitated the development of pore structures in the biochar, especially micropores. This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between parameters, products, and synergies in the co-pyrolysis of PS and biomass wastes. [Display omitted] • A comprehensive study on the co-pyrolysis of paper sludge and corn stover was conducted. • Lower corn stover ratios with higher temperatures jointly promoted bio-oil yield. • The formation of phenols and CO was synergistically enhanced during co-pyrolysis. • Higher temperatures facilitated the development of micropores in the biochars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article proposes a methodology based on artificial intelligence to enhance methane production from waste paper. The proposed methodology combines fuzzy logic‐based modelling and modern optimization. Firstly, a robust Adaptive Network‐based Fuzzy Inference System model of methane production process through fuzzy logic modelling is created using experimental datasets. Second, a particle swarm optimizer was used to obtain the optimal process conditions. During the optimization procedure, the beating time and feedstock/inoculum ratio are employed as decision variables in order to maximize methane production. The obtained resulted from the proposed methodology are compared with those obtained by response surface methodology. The results of the comparison confirmed the superiority of the proposed methodology. The fuzzy model shows a better fitting to the experimental data compared to ANOVA. The fuzzy model showed a higher coefficient of determination and a lower value of root mean squared errors compared to ANOVA. Moreover, the proposed strategy, that is, modelling and optimization, is an effective method for increasing the biomethane yield at extended range conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues are a serious problem towards agriculture, environment and food safety, so it is highly desirable to develop a swift, efficient and portable pesticide detection method. A fluorescence visual sensing method for glyphosine based on a nitrogen-doped biomass carbon quantum dot (N-CQD) paper-based sensor was developed. The fluorescence signal was quenched by Fe3+ in a static quenching process, and then the fluorescence of N-CQDs was recovered after adding glyphosine. Under the optimal experimental conditions and when tested with a fluorescence spectrofluorometer, the detection of glyphosine showed a two-stage linear pattern in the range of 0.1–0.6 μM and 0.6–1.6 μM with a detection limit of 0.075 μM. Then, the RGB values of different concentrations of glyphosine on the filter paper chip were detected by the software of the smartphone-color identifier. The logarithm of the glyphosine concentration was linearly related to the G value of RGB in the range of 0.25–10.00 mM and with a detection limit of 0.15 mM. The method was applied to measuring glyphosine-spiked juice and flour samples, and the recovery rates were 87.60–112.69% and 93.27–105.83%, respectively. The proposed N-CQDs/Fe3+ system had wide applications, and it was expected to be fast and effective at detecting pesticide residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Superstructure of integrated biorefinery in pulp and paper industry was developed. • It includes pulping, biochemical production and black liquor utilization sections. • Lignocellulosic biomass extracted from eucalyptus and bagasse are the feedstocks. • Potential of integrated biorefinery process was illustrated in three scenarios. • Integrated succinic acid and lactic acid can improve profitability. Abstract This work aims at developing sustainable processes for pulp and paper industry by integration of the biorefinery concept to an existing pulp and paper process. A systematic methodology employing a superstructure-based process synthesis approach is employed with support from computer-aided tools to determine potential pathways for a long-term sustainable growth objective. A superstructure of the multi-product biorefinery process network for the pulp and paper industry is developed. It is divided into three sub-networks, a chemical pulping section, a biochemical production section and a black liquor utilization section. Superstructure optimization is performed with the objective to maximize profit to determine optimal integrated networks for three scenarios. The obtained results provide useful insights for further development of the optimal networks as sustainable integrated biorefinery combined with pulp and paper mills. Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulose material is the main natural resource for the pulp and paper industry, and for its application the material should have a degree of whiteness as high as possible. For this reason, different bleaching treatments were applied during time. In this paper, the photobleaching induced by solar light of a lignocellulosic biomass using NaClO was studied. The colorimetric measurements, UV spectra absorption, and FTIR spectra changes are evaluated and discussed in this paper. The changes of L*a*b parameters can be considered a proof of the reactions generated by hypochlorite radicals during solar light exposure, leading to a biomass whitening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forest products industries play a vital role in the economic, social, and environmental well-being of the Lake States in the United States. While various economic contribution analyses of forest products industries have been conducted to highlight the importance of such industries to regional economies, little effort has yet been made to parse out the contribution of activities in the value chain. The value chain is a series of steps involved in producing goods or services. This study used a matrix decomposition approach to estimate the economic contribution along the value chain through multiple pathways of four forest resource-based industries using wood as inputs: biomass power generation, sawmills, paper mills, and the construction of new single-family residential structures in the Lake States. The direct and indirect economic output values in 2017 resulting from the construction of new single-family residential structures were $19.1 billion, sawmills were $2.5 billion, paper mills were $17.6 billion, and the biomass power generation industry was $759 million. Of the direct and indirect economic output contributed by each industry, the highest percentage of output attributable to the logging industry was observed from the sawmills industry (12%), followed by biomass power generation (9%), paper mills (1.4%), and the construction of new single-family residential structures (<1%), respectively. The percentage of total economic output attributable to the stumpage industry in the region followed a similar trend as commercial logging for all value-chain industries. The relative economic contribution of the value-chain industries to the total economic contribution of the final industry varied based on whether the industry was a primary or secondary forest products industry and the pathways used for sourcing wood inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indiscriminate use of petroleum-based polymers and plastics for single-use food packaging has led to serious environmental problems due the non-biodegradable characteristics. Thus, much attention has been focused on the research of new biobased and biodegradable materials. Yeast and fungal biomass are low-cost and abundant sources of biopolymers with highly promising properties for the development of biodegradable materials. This study aimed to select a preparation method to develop new biodegradable films using the whole biomass of Paecilomyces variotii subjected to successive physical treatments including ultrasonic homogenization (US) and heat treatment. Sterilization process had an important impact on the final filmogenic dispersion and mechanical properties of the films. Longer US treatments produced a reduction in the particle size and the application of an intermediate UT treatment contributed favorably to the breaking of agglomerates allowing the second US treatment to be more effective, achieving an ordered network with a more uniform distribution. Samples that were not filtrated after the sterilization process presented mechanical properties similar to plasticized materials. On the other hand, the filtration process after sterilization eliminated soluble and hydratable compounds, which produced a reduction in the hydration of the films., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The present study describes a set of methodological procedures (seldom applied together), including (i) development of an alternative adsorbent derived from abundant low-cost plant biomass; (ii) use of simple low-cost biomass modification techniques based on physical processing and chemical activation; (iii) design of experiments (DoE) applied to optimize the removal of a pharmaceutical contaminant from water; (iv) at environmentally relevant concentrations, (v) that due to initial low concentrations required determination by ultra-performance liquid phase chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A central composite rotational design (CCRD) was employed to investigate the performance of vegetable sponge biomass (Luffa cylindrica), physically processed (crushing and sieving) and chemically activated with phosphoric acid, in the adsorption of the antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP) from water. The optimized model identified pH as the most significant variable, with maximum drug removal (91.1 ± 5.7%) achieved at pH 7.5, a temperature of 22.5 °C, and an adsorbent/adsorbate ratio of 18.6 mg µg -1 . The adsorption mechanisms and surface properties of the adsorbent were examined through characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), point of zero charge (pH pzc ) measurement, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), specific surface area, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The best kinetic fit was obtained by the Avrami fractional-order model. The hypothesis of a hybrid behavior of the adsorbent was suggested by the equilibrium results presented by the Langmuir and Freundlich models and reinforced by the Redlich-Peterson model, which achieved the best fit (R 2  = 0.982). The thermodynamic study indicated an exothermic, spontaneous, and favorable process. The maximum adsorption capacity of the material was 2.32 × 10 2  µg g -1 at an equilibrium time of 120 min. Finally, a sustainable and promising adsorbent for the polishing of aqueous matrices contaminated by contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) at environmentally relevant concentrations is available for future investigations., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Plant biomass allocation is mainly affected by the environment where each individual grows. In this sense, through the rapid global expansion of impermeable areas, urbanization has strong, albeit poorly understood, consequences on the biomass allocation of plants found in this environment. Nevertheless, the comprehension of biomass allocation processes in urban shrubs remains unclear, because most studies of urban ecology focus on tree species. This is an important gap of knowledge because a great part of urban vegetation is composed of shrubs and their association with trees have positive impacts in urban ecosystem services. In this study, we explored the ecological and potential selective pressure effects of an urbanization gradient on the biomass allocation patterns of aboveground organs of Turnera subulata, a widely distributed tropical shrub. We have demonstrated that, for certain reproductive organs, biomass allocation decreases in locations with higher urbanization. Unlike expected, the biomass of vegetative organs was not affected by urbanization, and we did not observe any effect of urbanization intensity on the variance in biomass allocation to vegetative and reproductive organs. We did not record urbanization-mediated trade-offs in biomass allocation for reproductive and vegetative organs. Instead, the biomass of these structures showed a positive relationship. Our data suggest that urbanization does not result in radical changes in biomass allocation of T. subulata, and neither in the variation of these traits. They indicate that the ability of T. subulata to thrive in urban environments may be associated with life history and morphological mechanisms. Our findings contribute to the understanding of shrub plant responses to urbanization and highlight urbanization as a potential factor in resource allocation differences for different structures and functions in plants living in these environments., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Botanical Society of Japan.)

This study characterized the microbial community present in the bench scale horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass bioreactor (HAIB) used in the removal of limonene, a compound present in citrus processing industries. The HAIB was filled with three support materials (coal, polyurethane foam and gravel) which were inoculated with anaerobic sludge. The limonene initial concentration on the substrate ranged from 10 mg/L to 500 mg/L. The analysis of 16S rRNA showed the presence of 22 OTUs (based on ⩾97% sequence identity), distributed in 57 genera, considering three different matrices. Higher relative abundance of phyla was observed as Synergistetes (43-57%), Proteobacteria (32-42%), Firmicutes (7-8%) and Acidobacteria (2-3%). Actinobacteria, Bacterioidetes and Chloroflexi had the lowest relative abundances between 1 and 2%. Synergistaceae family was the predominated group (47.6%-mineral coal, 55.9%-foam and 43.5%-gravel) followed by Syntrophaceae (2.4%-coal, 1.5%-foam and 2.2%-gravel), which kept a syntrophic relationship with methanogenesis (hydrogenotrophic methanogens) to maintain the anaerobic digestion. Among the Proteobacteria phylum, the Pseudomonadaceae family was predominant in the system with 12.0% on coal, 13.1% on foam, and 20.4% on gravel. The metabolic versatility of Pseudomonas sp. makes them an important bioremediation agent by being capable of metabolizing xenobiotic and chemical toxic compounds, thus having great prominence for the limonene removal in the HAIB bioreactor., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Efforts are ongoing to utilise agricultural waste to achieve a full resource use approach. Bambara groundnut is an important crop widely grown in the sub-Saharan Africa with potential future importance because of its resilience to thrive under heightened weather uncertainty and widespread droughts that have challenged food security. After harvesting, the edible nuts are separated from the shells which are discarded as waste. Therefore, this research is aimed at characterising the chemical composition and the structural properties of Bambara groundnut shells (BGS) in view of their potential application as a biomass for different bio-products. The chemical composition of BGS was found to be 42.4% cellulose, 27.8% hemicellulose, 13% lignin and 16.8% extractives. Proximate analysis showed a high amount of volatile matter (69.1%) and low moisture (4.4%). XRD analysis confirmed crystallinity of cellulose I polymer and FTIR analysis observed functional groups of lignocellulosic compounds. Thermal stability, maximum degradation temperature and activation energy were found to be 178.5 °C, 305.7 °C and 49.4 kJ/mol, respectively. Compared to other nutshells, BGS were found to have a relatively high amount of cellulose and crystallinity that may result in biocomposites with improved mechanical properties., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The use of deinking paper sludge (DPS) as a fertilizer instead of sending it to landfill could play a role in reducing greenhouse gases and improving soil properties. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the changes in the physical (permeability and structural stability), chemical (particularly soil pH), and biological (microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2), microbial biomass soil CO2 emissions) of a calcareous agricultural soil following two successive annual amendments with three treatments (0, 30, and 60 Mg DPS ha−1—control, DPS30, and DPS60, respectively); and (2) to determine whether the addition of N-fertilizer to these treatments (controlF, DPS30F, and DPS60F, respectively) causes changes to soil fertility. The DPS application increased soil organic matter (+0.80%: DPS60 vs. control; and +0.35%: controlF vs. DPS60F), available phosphorus (+23.14 mg kg−1: DPS60 vs. control; and +14.34 mg kg−1: DPS60F vs. controlF), potassium (+0.6 g kg−1: controlF vs. DPS30F), and calcium (+0.28 g kg−1: DPS60 vs. control). The 60 Mg DPS ha−1 rate improved permeability and structural stability, regardless of the presence or absence of N-fertilizer. On the other hand, the 60 Mg DPS ha−1 rate without N-fertilizer lead to a decrease in total mineralization rate and qCO2, thereby indicating a reduction in CO2 emissions. The rate of 60 Mg ha−1 DPS could be effectively used to enhance the permeability and stability (soil restoration) and mitigate CO2 emissions, whereas the 30 Mg ha−1 rate could be used as fertilizer to improve the fertility of calcareous soils.

Paper sludge (PS), a by-product of paper mill wastewater treatment, has attracted increasing attention due to the dual nature of resources and pollution. This study focused on investigating the effect of temperature on the product properties and synergies of the co-pyrolysis process involving PS and corn stover (CS) using a fixed bed reactor. The results showed that co-pyrolysis led to an increase in the production of bio-oil, while reducing the formation of char and gases. Notably, the most significant synergistic effect was observed at 600 °C, where the experimental bio-oil yield surpassed the calculated value by 8.9%. At temperatures below 500 °C, ketones, aldehydes, and acids were the predominant products in the co-pyrolysis, which shifted towards phenols and aromatics as the temperature increased. Moreover, a promotion of CO content and an inhibition of CO 2 content with temperature were also observed during co-pyrolysis, suggesting that higher temperatures facilitated synergistic decarbonylation. The co-pyrolysis biochar exhibited a higher abundance of carbonyl and alkyl groups compared to the biochar derived from PS pyrolysis, and the synergistic effect at higher temperatures promoted the development of micropores within the co-pyrolysis biochar. These findings emphasize the temperature-dependent nature of the co-pyrolysis process, offering valuable insights into the potential resource utilization of PS and CS wastes. • Effect of temperature on paper sludge and corn stover co-pyrolysis were studied. • The most significant synergy for enhancing bio-oil production was observed at 600 °C. • Increasing temperature shifted low molecular compounds towards phenols and aromatics. • The synergy at higher temperatures promoted the development of micropores in biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Studies on the influence of paper mill wastewater, which affects photosynthesis, on reed chlorophyll and biomass can provide a theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of wetland plants. The influence of different concentrations of wastewater (chemical oxygen demands (COD) of 300, 175 and 50 mg•L−1) and different irrigation times (germination, blade-expansion, rapid-growth, heading and maturity stages) on the contents of chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a /b in reeds were tested in experimental pools that simulated the wetland ecosystem of the Liaoning Shuangtai estuary. The contents of chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a /b all increased significantly with increasing concentrations of wastewater, and their contents all differed significantly from each other. The contents of chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were maximal when irrigated at the beginning of all growth stages with COD of 300 mg•L−1(C 1 O) at 2.253, 0.458 and 2.711 mg•g−1 fresh weight (FW), respectively, with irrigation at the rapid-growth stage and were minimal in the control plants at 0.142, 0.068 and 0.210 mg•g−1 FW, respectively, with irrigation at maturity. Chlorophyll a /b was maximal at C 1 O at 5.753 with irrigation at germination stage and was minimal in the control plants at 2.113 with irrigation at maturity. Reed biomass was maximal at C 1 O at 3.26 kg, which was 2.76 times higher than the control. Reed biomass was positively correlated with the content of chlorophyll and with COD in the wastewater. Paper mill wastewater generally increased the content of chlorophyll and the net photosynthesis rate and enhanced the growth of reeds. Highlights • Different concentrations of wastewater and different irrigation times on the contents of chlorophyll in reeds were tested. • The contents of chlorophyll increased with increasing concentrations of wastewater, they contents differed from each other. • Reed biomass was positively correlated with chlorophyll content and the level of COD of the wastewater. • Paper mill wastewater increased the content of chlorophyll and the net photosynthesis rate of the reeds. • Paper mill wastewater enhanced the growth of the reeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycled paper fiber rejects have shown potential as a source of waste-to-resource carbohydrates for renewable chemicals production. This study examined three classes of recycled paper fines (old corrugated containers, old newspaper, and mixed office waste) and two industrial papermaking rejects streams from different recycling mills (one mill processes linerboard and the other old corrugated cardboard). The effect of chemical pretreatment using dilute sodium hydroxide, hot water and dilute sulfuric acid on enzymatic glucose and xylose yields was evaluated. Enzymatic hydrolysis results indicated that recycled fiber streams with more old corrugated cardboard have higher potential to produce carbohydrates. The recycled cardboard rejects produced more glucose and xylose per kilogram of rejects than the linerboard rejects under all untreated and pretreated conditions. The highest producing rejects sample was sodium hydroxide pretreated cardboard rejects with 373 g glucose and 61 g xylose produced per kilogram of rejects. However, a simple hot water pretreatment showed similar results, with 335 g glucose and 58 g xylose produced per kilogram of rejects. The hot water pretreatment is recommended due to its comparable yield and lower chemical addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: biomass; carbonization; CO2 cycloaddition; ionic liquids; paper mill sludgeUpcycling Waste BiomassIn article number 2300655, Marcileia Zanatta, Marta C. Corvo, and co‐workers show that, by transforming paper industry waste into porous carbonaceous materials, these materials serve as effective supports in the ionic liquid‐catalyzed cycloaddition of CO2 to styrene oxide, achieving high conversion rates and selectivity..By Mónica Stanton Ribeiro; Maria M. R. A. Lima; Márcia Vilarigues; Marcileia Zanatta and Marta C. CorvoReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

Abstract The global demand for bio-plastic particularly polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) have been increased in the last few decades as a substitute of petrochemical-based plastic. Utilization of waste paper, the primary constituent of municipal solid waste (MSW), as a carbon source for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production is not only an alternative, environmental friendly route of waste management but also helps to valorize the waste. In this study, hydrogen peroxide pretreated waste paper saccharification has been optimized using central composite design (CCD). The maximum hydrolysis (88.18%) occurred at paper loading 5.0 g/L, agitation 242 rpm, working volume 20%, cellulase 49.82 U/g, β-glucosidase 20.9 U/g and hemicellulase 29.5 U/g. PHB synthesis and biomass accumulation by xylose-utilizing Burkholderia sacchari using waste paper hydrolysate were studied using different nitrogen sources and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios. Maximum PHB and dry cell weight (DCW) occurred with ammonium sulfate and a C/N ratio of 20. The highest biomass (3.63 g/L), the maximum PHB accumulation (44.2%) and the maximum reducing sugar utilization (92.1%) were observed after 48 h of cultivation using diluted hydrolysate. The physicochemical properties of the extracted PHB were compatible with the standard PHB. Hence, the waste paper could be exploited as a renewable feedstock for the sustainable production of PHB. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • The maximum enzymatic hydrolysis 88.18% was achieved by response surface method. • PHB produced from waste paper hydrolysate using xylose utilizing B. sacchari. • Maximum PHB and dry cell weight occurred with (NH 4) 2 SO 4 and C/N ratio of 20. • High thermostability of PHB with a maximum degradation rate around ∼ 300 °C. • PHB production using waste paper is cost effective and ecofriendy approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The performance of an amine-based post-combustion CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) process in an existing Kraft pulp mill and an existing pulp and board mill was assessed. The pulp and paper industry is an energy-intensive industry, with significant amounts of CO 2 emitted onsite. The majority of this CO 2 originates from the combustion of biomass, which renders it carbon neutral if the biomass used by the industry is grown and harvested in a sustainable manner. If the CO 2 emissions from the pulp and paper industry were to be captured and permanently stored, then this could make the industry a potential carbon sink. In this evaluation, different configurations of capturing CO 2 from the flue gases of the recovery boiler, the multi-fuel boiler and the lime kiln were assessed. For a stand-alone Kraft pulp mill, the excess steam available is sufficient to cover the demand from the CO 2 capture plant. For an integrated pulp and board mill, there is less excess steam available for the CO 2 capture plant and an auxiliary boiler may be required. The retrofit of a post-combustion CO 2 capture plant into an existing pulp mill increases the steam demand by 1–8 GJ/air dried tonne (adt) pulp, depending on the volume of the flue gas treated. This translates to a reduction in the amount of electricity exported to the grid by 0.1–1.0 MWh/adt pulp for a stand-alone Kraft pulp mill, and by 0.1–0.5 MWh/adt pulp for an integrated pulp and board mill. The total potential for negative CO 2 emissions amounts to just under 2.0 Mt CO 2 /a both for the market pulp mill and for the integrated pulp and board mill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper elaborates experimental analysis of cardboard/sawdust briquettes as a viable option for biomass fuel. Physical-mechanical and thermal characteristics of cardboard/sawdust briquettes were investigated. The influence of the main parameters on heating content was also examined through an ANOVA and regression analysis, i.e. pressure influence (that was applied in a punch-and-die process), cardboard/sawdust ratio influence and finally drying temperature influence. In order to find the maximum heating value, minimum ash content and maximum compressive strength optimization were done. The optimal values obtained for the studied briquetting process parameters are a compression force of 588.6 kN, a sawdust mass of 46.66% and a drying temperature of 22°C. According to the mathematical model obtained, these optimal values give a maximum higher heating value of 17.41 MJ/kg, a minimum ash content of 6.62% and a maximum compressive strength of 149.54 N/mm. Finally, Cardboard/sawdust briquettes showed potential for application as viable biomass fuel., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Green liquor dregs wastes coming from pulp and paper production are currently disposed in landfills at a huge cost for industry and the environment. In this work, a novel and more sustainable waste management strategy is proposed. Dregs were used for the first time as fine filler in the production of biomass fly ash-based geopolymeric mortars. The influence of the dregs incorporation amount on the fresh (geopolymer kinetics and mortars workability) and hardened-state (mechanical resistance, water absorption and capillary water absorption) properties of the mortars was evaluated. Although dregs incorporation reduce the flow workability (up to 19%), their presence and amount did not significantly alter the geopolymerization kinetics. Additionally dregs-containing mortars exhibited enhanced tensile (up to 71%) and compressive strength (up to 34%), and lower water absorption in comparison with the reference mortar. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using dregs as fine filler in geopolymers production. Moreover the mortars were produced using mainly biomass fly ash waste as aluminosilicate source which further reduces the environmental impact of the pulp and paper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the effect on methane production from waste paper when co-digested with macroalgal biomass. Both feedstocks were previously mechanically pretreated to reduce their particle size. The study was planned according two factors: the feedstock to inoculum (F/I) ratio and the waste paper to macroalgae (WP/MA) ratio. The F/I ratios checked were 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 and the WP/MA ratios were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0. The highest methane yield (386 L kg −1 VS added ) was achieved at an F/I ratio of 0.2 and a WP/MA ratio of 50:50. A biodegradability index of 0.87 obtained in this study indicates complete conversion of feedstock at an optimum C/N ratio of 26. Synergistic effect was found for WP/MA 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25 mixing ratios compared with the substrates mono-digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]