1. Risk Factors for Vitamin D Deficiency and Relationship with Cardiac Biomarkers, Inflammation, and Immune Restoration in HIV-Infected Youth
- Author
-
Mark J. Mulligan, Allison Ross Eckard, Vin Tangpricha, Graham Hadley, Nayoka Rimann, Grace A. McComsey, Anne M. Fitzpatrick, Ruth E. Grossmann, Shabnam Seydafkan, Lateshia Seaton, Andres Camacho-Gonzalez, Thomas R. Ziegler, and Suzanne E. Judd
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Inflammation ,HIV Infections ,Motor Activity ,vitamin D deficiency ,Article ,Body Mass Index ,Young Adult ,Immune system ,Risk Factors ,medicine ,Vitamin D and neurology ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Prospective Studies ,Young adult ,Vitamin D ,Prospective cohort study ,Pharmacology ,business.industry ,Case-control study ,HIV ,medicine.disease ,Vitamin D Deficiency ,CD4 Lymphocyte Count ,Infectious Diseases ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Case-Control Studies ,Immunology ,Sunlight ,Cytokines ,RNA, Viral ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Body mass index ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency is common in HIV-infected individuals. In adults, traditional and HIV-related factors play a role in vitamin D status, and deficiency appears to impair immune restoration and exacerbate HIV complications, like cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study sought to determine factors contributing to vitamin D status in HIV-infected youth and investigate the relationship with CVD risk, inflammation and immune restoration. Methods HIV-infected subjects (1-25 years old) were enrolled prospectively along with healthy controls that were group-matched by age, sex and race. HIV data were collected for the HIV-infected group, while traditional risk factors, including vitamin D intake, sun exposure, skin pigmentation, physical activity level and body mass index (BMI) were collected for both groups. Fasting lipids, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), and inflammation markers were measured. Results In total, 200 HIV-infected subjects and 50 controls were enrolled. HIV group had 53% male, 95% Black and a mean age of 17.2 ±4.6 years. There was no difference in 25(OH)D between groups; 77% of HIV+ and 74% of controls had 25(OH)DConclusions Vitamin D deficiency is common among HIV-infected youth. However, HIV factors, CVD risk, inflammation and immune restoration do not appear to have the same relationship with vitamin D as has been shown in adults. Supplementation trials are needed to determine if increasing 25(OH)D concentrations could better elucidate these relationships.
- Published
- 2012