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Background/Objectives: Although preeclampsia (PE) and small for gestational age (SGA) are known to come from impaired placentation during the first trimester, prior studies have focused mostly on Doppler findings in the second trimester. Methods: In this retrospective pilot study, we enrolled 628 singleton pregnant women who underwent ultrasound in both the first and second trimesters and blood test. For SGA correlation, we further excluded 12 subjects with PE because PE may be the cause of SGA. We first presented the reference range of parameters of uterine artery Doppler in the first trimester and then grouped the subjects according to the presence of SGA (presence = 104, absence = 512) or PE (presence = 12, absence = 616) and investigated the association of uterine artery Doppler findings and serum markers in the first trimester with the occurrence of SGA or PE. Results: The uterine artery pulsatility index and the resistance index and the proportion of uterine artery notch decreased progressively in the first trimester. A lower serum beta-hCG level in the first trimester predicted the occurrence of SGA (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.53, p = 0.019), while the presence of the uterine artery notch in the first trimester predicted the development of PE (notch at least on one side: AOR = 8.65, p = 0.045 and notch on both sides: AOR = 8.91, p = 0.047). Regardless of whether a notch was present in the second trimester, a uterine artery notch in the first trimester was associated with an excellent negative predictive value (99.6%) for PE. Conclusions: This study suggests the clinical importance of assessing serum beta-hCG and the uterine artery notch in the first trimester to predict SGA and PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are associated with increased stress fracture risk, potentially due to inhibiting the adaptive bone formation responses to exercise. This study investigated if a single, maximal dose of three different NSAID alters bone formation biomarker response to strenuous exercise. Methods: In a randomized, counterbalanced order, 12 participants (10 male, 2 female), performed four bouts of plyometric jumps, each separated by at least 1 wk. Two hours before exercise, participants consumed either placebo or NSAID: ibuprofen (800 mg), celecoxib (200 mg), flurbiprofen (100 mg). Blood was collected before (PRE), and at 0, 15, 60, 120, and 240 min postexercise. Parathyroid hormone, ionized calcium, procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and sclerostin were measured. Prostaglandin E2 metabolite and creatinine were measured in urine. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and area under the curve analysis. Data are mean ± SD. Results: There was an exercise effect for procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, sclerostin, osteoprotegerin, parathyroid hormone, and ionized calcium (all P < 0.05), but no NSAID treatment effect for any biomarker (all P > 0.05). Area under the curve analyses were not different for any biomarker (P > 0.05). Prostaglandin E2 metabolite was higher during the placebo trial (322 ± 153 pg·mg−1 creatinine, P < 0.05) compared with ibuprofen (135 ± 83 pg·mg−1), celecoxib (202 ± 107 pg·mg−1), and flurbiprofen (159 ± 74 pg·mg−1). Conclusions: Plyometric exercise induced changes in bone metabolism, but the responses were unaltered by consuming NSAID 2 h before exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the relationships between inflammatory parameters, including neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and quantitative flow ratio (QFR) in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients (n = 450) enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the associations of NLR, PLR, MLR, and SII evaluated as continuous and binary variables with QFR ≤0.80. When treated as continuous variables, lnNLR was associated with QFR ≤0.80 with borderline significance in univariable (odds ratio (OR) = 1.60, p =.05) and multivariable analysis (OR = 1.72, p =.05), while lnMLR was associated with QFR ≤0.80 significantly in univariable analysis (OR = 1.87, p =.03) and with borderline significance in multivariable analysis (OR = 1.91, p =.05). When treated as binary variables, high levels of MLR and SII were significantly associated with QFR ≤0.80 in univariable (MLR: OR = 1.91, p =.02; SII: OR = 2.42, p =.006) and multivariable analysis (MLR: OR = 1.83, p =.04; SII: OR = 2.19, p =.02). NLR, MLR, and SII, but not PLR, were significantly associated with the severity of coronary physiology in stable CAD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the major causes of death, and as it becomes more malignant, it becomes an intractable disease that is difficult to cure completely. Therefore, early detection is important to increase the survival rate. For this reason, testing with blood biomarkers is currently common. However, in order to accurately diagnose early-stage cancer, new biomarkers and diagnostic methods that enable highly accurate diagnosis are needed. This review summarizes recent studies on cancer biomarker detection. In particular, we focus on the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine and the development of diagnostic methods using olfactory receptors in living organisms. Urinary samples from cancer patients contain a wide variety of VOCs, and the identification of cancer specific compounds is underway. It has also been found that the olfactory sense of organisms can distinguish cancer-specific odors, which may be applicable to cancer diagnosis. We explore the possibility of novel cancer biomarker candidates and novel diagnostic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Even though many metabolic liver diseases can now be diagnosed using blood tests and diagnostic imaging, early diagnosis remains difficult. Understanding mechanisms contributing to the progression from Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH) and Alcoholic Hepatitis (AH) to cirrhosis is critical to reduce the burden of end-stage liver disease. Monitoring individual bile acids has been proposed as a way to distinguish various liver disorders. Methods: This study explored bile acid profiles in patients with MASH and AH. Plasma samples from patients with MASH, AH, and a control group were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify bile acid concentrations. Targeted metabolomic analysis was performed to compare bile acid levels between the hepatitis and control groups. Results: Concentrations of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), and glycocholic acid (GCA) were significantly elevated in the hepatitis group. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between the total and direct bilirubin levels and TUDCA and GCDCA. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) showed strong positive correlations with TCDCA and GCDCA. Child–Pugh score, Fibrosis-4 index, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score were positively correlated with GCA, whereas the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio correlated with TCA, TCDCA, and GCA. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score showed a strong positive correlation with GCDCA. Implications: GCDCA may serve as a predictive biomarker for liver damage, potentially enabling early diagnosis and targeted intervention in patients with MASH and AH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Immunodeficiency conditions, which are characterized by reduced immune activity that promotes the development of chronic diseases, are needed for efficient monitoring. A promising area of monitoring and early diagnosis of immunodeficiency diseases is the determination of metabolic biomarkers in the blood. Methods: In this work, we identified a set of lipid biomarkers of immunodeficiency states by performing high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) analysis of blood plasma samples from mice and processing them with bioinformatics approaches. Potential biomarkers were selected through statistical analysis and further validated by MS/MS. Conclusions: As a result, 15 lipids were confirmed and selected as potential biomarkers of immunodeficiency states. The selected biomarkers can be further studied and serve as promising targets for the early diagnosis of immunodeficiency diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a typical medicinal food homology species, Chinese herbal medicine Astragali radix (AR) has been widely used to regulate the human immune system worldwide. However, the human immunomodulation of AR and its corresponding mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: First, following a fortnight successive AR administration, the changes in immune cytokines and immune cells from 20 healthy human subjects were used as immune indicators to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of AR. Subsequently, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) based lipidomics and metabolomics analysis was performed on human serum, urine, and feces samples to investigate the changes in metabolic profiles. Then, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of feces samples was adopted for the changes of human gut microbiota. Finally, correlation analysis was conducted on the gut microbiome, metabolome/lipidome data, and immune indicators. Results: AR displayed good safety in clinical use and posed a minor impact on gut microbiota major genera, global metabolic profiles, and immune cells. Meanwhile, AR could significantly up-regulate anti-inflammatory cytokines, down-regulate serum creatinine and pro-inflammatory cytokines, promote the anabolism of arginine, glycerolipid, sphingolipid, and purine, and the catabolism of phenylalanine and glycerophospholipid. Moreover, these AR-induced changes were closely correlated with significantly decreased Granulicatella, slightly higher Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, and Subdoligranulum, and slightly lower Blautia. Conclusion: The study clearly demonstrated that AR could modulate the human immune, by modifying the metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and purines in a microbiota-related way. Trial registration ChiCTR, ChiCTR2100054765. Registered 26 December 2021-Prospectively registered, https://www.chictr.org.cn/historyversionpub.html?regno=ChiCTR2100054765 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study is to examine the hematological and biochemical variables in patients diagnosed with cancer-related stroke who have different types of cancer and to evaluate the effects of these variables. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary hospital stroke center and included 153 patients diagnosed with cancer-related stroke. Comprehensive etiological investigations were performed, and patients were classified according to the Trial of Org 101072 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification. Laboratory parameters including d -dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and fibrinogen levels were collected from blood samples taken at the time of stroke. Statistical analysis was performed using 1-way analysis of variance to assess differences in laboratory parameters across different cancer types. Results: The study found significant variations in hematological and biochemical parameters among different cancer types. Specifically, glomerular filtration rate, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and international normalized ratio levels showed significant differences across cancer types (P < 0.05), indicating that these factors may play distinct roles in the pathophysiology of cancer-related strokes. d -dimer, CRP, and sedimentation levels were significantly elevated in certain cancer types such as rectal, endometrial, and pancreatic cancers (P <.01). These findings suggest a strong association between hypercoagulability and increased risk of stroke in these patients. Conclusions: This retrospective study highlights the importance of considering cancer-specific factors in the management of stroke risk, particularly in cancers such as pancreatic and colon, which show a predisposition to earlier stroke occurrence. The elevated coagulation factors in these patients suggest the potential need for early preventive treatment with anticoagulants or thrombin inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study shows the first evidence for pannexin 1 channels as a new target to develop medications for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Due to its history of long‐term safe clinical use and preclinical evidence of reducing excessive alcohol intake in rodents, probenecid has clinical potential for AUD. Methods: We conducted a Phase I/IIa randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial investigating the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of an oral dose of probenecid (2 g) when administered with alcohol (0.08 g/dL) in individuals who regularly consume alcohol to the 0.08 g/dL level (N = 35) and in individuals with mild to severe AUD. Alcohol pharmacokinetics and subjective responses were evaluated to assess potential interactions between probenecid and alcohol. Alcohol craving, inflammatory biomarkers, cognitive assessments, and hemodynamics were assessed as additional alcohol research domains. All outcomes were assessed both in the ascending and descending limb of alcohol intoxication using Generalized Estimating Equation. Results: Probenecid did not exert any significant effect on alcohol pharmacokinetics and did not affect alcohol stimulation or sedation. Probenecid, compared to placebo, significantly decreased alcohol craving during the alcohol ascending limb. Inflammatory biomarkers, cognitive performance following alcohol ingestion, and hemodynamics were likewise not affected by probenecid administration. Analysis of sex as a biological variable revealed no differences of probenecid compared to placebo. Conclusions: Taken together, our data support the potential of probenecid for treatment of AUD and suggest that pannexin 1 channels represent a novel emerging therapeutic target for the development of new pharmacotherapies for treating AUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In recent years, pembrolizumab has become applicable for recurrent and metastatic head and neck cancer (RMHNC), but only a limited number of patients can benefit from it. In this study, we explored predictive markers for the therapeutic effect and prognosis of pembrolizumab for RMHNC. The results showed that the immune-modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (imGPS), which we previously proposed, is a better predictive marker than the previously known neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and mGPS. The imGPS can be easily evaluated with just a blood test, so we hope that it will become more widely used in the clinical environment. Background: Previously, we proposed that the immune-modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (imGPS), which adds the lymphocyte count to the mGPS, is helpful as a prognostic marker for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, we investigated the imGPS as a marker for the therapeutic effect of pembrolizumab in treating recurrent and metastatic head and neck cancer (RMHNC). Methods: This study included RMHNC patients who were treated with pembrolizumab from December 2019 to April 2024. ALB, CRP, lymphocyte counts, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (NLRs), mGPSs, and imGPSs were extracted as biomarkers, and the response rate and prognosis were analyzed for each. Results: A total of 54 patients were enrolled. Lymphocyte counts were correlated with the overall response rates (ORRs) (p = 0.0082). Although the mGPS did not show significant differences in ORRs, imGPSs revealed a significant difference (p = 0.013). CRP, ALB, and lymphocyte counts were correlated with overall survival (OS) and/or progression-free survival (PFS). NLRs, mGPSs, and imGPSs were also correlated with OS and/or PFS, with imGPSs showing the greatest area under the curve (OS; AUC = 0.795, PFS; AUC = 0.754). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the imGPS is an excellent predictive marker for the therapeutic effect and prognosis of pembrolizumab for RMHNC. The imGPS can be employed with daily blood tests, highlighting the potential to forecast the impact of the ICI with high reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive update on biomarkers in rectal cancer, focusing on both established and emerging markers. It highlights the most significant advancements in recent years, particularly those that align with the evolution of neoadjuvant treatment in this disease. Furthermore, it explores the relationship between biomarkers and pathological response, emphasizing their potential to serve as prognostic factors. Despite promising findings, many of these biomarkers have not yet been validated for routine clinical application. This review seeks to consolidate current knowledge, identify existing challenges, and propose future directions for research in this critical area of rectal cancer management. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a neoplasm with a high prevalence worldwide, with a multimodal treatment that includes a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery in locally advanced stages with acceptable pathological complete response (pCR) rates, this has improved with the introduction of total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) reaching pCR rates up to 37% in compare with classic neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) where pCR rates of around 20–25% are achieved. However, the patient population that benefits most from this therapy has not been determined, and there is a lack of biomarkers that can predict the course of the disease. Multiple biomarkers have been studied, ranging from hematological and molecular markers by imaging technique and combinations of them, with contradictory results that prevent their use in routine clinical practice. In this review, we evaluate the most robust prognostic biomarkers to be used in clinical practice, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages and emphasizing biomarker combinations and their predictive value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Children with aggressive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) currently undergo frequent, invasive bone marrow biopsies to monitor their treatment response. This research explores a less invasive alternative using circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood plasma. We used a mouse model of ALL to study how ctDNA levels change during leukemia progression and treatment. Our findings show that ctDNA can accurately reflect the spread of leukemia and may be better at detecting the presence of residual cancer cells in organs compared to traditional blood tests. This research could lead to less invasive and more effective ways of monitoring treatment response in young leukemia patients, potentially improving their care and outcomes. Background: In infant KMT2A (MLL1)-rearranged (MLL-r) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), early relapse and treatment response are currently monitored through invasive repeated bone marrow (BM) biopsies. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in peripheral blood (PB) provides a minimally invasive alternative, allowing for more frequent disease monitoring. However, a poor understanding of ctDNA dynamics has hampered its clinical translation. We explored the predictive value of ctDNA for detecting minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) and drug response in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of infant MLL-r ALL. Methods: Immune-deficient mice engrafted with three MLL-r ALL PDXs were monitored for ctDNA levels before and after treatment with the menin inhibitor SNDX-50469. Results: The amount of ctDNA detected strongly correlated with leukemia burden during initial engraftment prior to drug treatment. However, following SNDX-50469 treatment, the leukemic burden assessed by either PB leukemia cells through flow cytometry or ctDNA levels through droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) was discrepant. This divergence could be attributed to the persistence of leukemia cells in the spleen and BM, highlighting the ability of ctDNA to reflect disease dynamics in key leukemia infiltration sites. Conclusions: Notably, ctDNA analysis proved to be a superior predictor of MRD compared to PB assessment alone, especially in instances of low disease burden. These findings highlight the potential of ctDNA as a sensitive biomarker for monitoring treatment response and detecting MRD in infant MLL-r ALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to determine the association between anthropometric values and laboratory tests with parasitosis diagnosis and identify diagnostic models for parasitosis without relying on copro-parasitological examinations. Methods: Data were collected from 1894 children aged 0–14 who attended a medical center for low-income children in Lima, Peru, between 2021 and 2022. Anthropometric data (BMI, weight, height), laboratory data (red blood cells, hemoglobin, platelets, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, eosinophils), and parasitological examination results were analyzed. Prevalence ratios for the association between parasitosis and each anthropometric and laboratory variable were estimated using multivariable Poisson regression. Regression models were developed for each type of parasite found, and the diagnostic value was assessed using ROC curves. Results: A high prevalence of parasitosis was identified (41.9%), including Blastocystis hominis (29.1%), Endolimax nana (7.76%), Entamoeba coli (5.97%), Giardia duodenalis (6.44%), and Enterobius vermicularis (1.85%). It was found that the male sex (PRa 1.18), the age group of 2–5 years (PRa 4.83) and >5 years (PRa 4.59), the percentage of eosinophils (PRa 1.02 for every 1% increase), and height/age with −5 SD (PRa 1.34) were associated with a greater risk of parasitosis. Satisfactory values were only shown for diagnostic models associating Enterobius vermicularis and BMI, with a diagnostic value of 70.9% and 70.2% for a BMI < 12 and hematocrit > 29.8%, and BMI < 12 and hemoglobin < 10.6 g/L, respectively. Conclusions: Satisfactory diagnostic value models were only found for parasitosis by Enterobius vermicularis, suggesting the potential for reducing reliance on copro-parasitological exams in resource-limited settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the effects of a gluten-free diet on bone structure in children with celiac disease using fractal analysis on panoramic radiographs. Method and materials: A total of 49 patients with celiac disease aged 6 to 13 years, separated into two groups as previously and newly diagnosed, and a control group of 32 healthy individuals were evaluated. In previously and newly diagnosed patients with celiac disease, body mass index Z-scores were calculated, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D3, and parathormone levels were measured, and bone mineral density Z-scores were obtained from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. In all patients, the fractal dimensions of the right and left temporomandibular condyles were evaluated with the fractal analysis method on panoramic radiographs. Results: The mean values of serum biomarker levels and the body mass index and bone mineral density Z-scores for both celiac groups were within the normal reference range. No statistically significant difference was determined between right and left condyle fractal dimensions values in the three groups examined. In terms of both right and left condyle fractal dimensions values, there was a statistically significant difference between groups. The highest fractal dimensions values were determined in the previously diagnosed group. Conclusions: Differences in fractal dimensions values were observed among patients with celiac disease following the gluten-free diet. Utilizing fractal analysis on panoramic radiographs can prove valuable for dental practitioners in evaluating bone mineral density due to its cost-effect iveness, easy accessibility, and reduced radiation exposure for patients, enabling them to provide comprehensive oral health care and potential early interventions for patients with celiac disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the effects of two differing amino acid beverage interventions on biomarkers of intestinal epithelial integrity and systemic inflammation in response to an exertional-heat stress challenge. One week after the initial assessment, participants (n = 20) were randomly allocated to complete two exertional-heat stress trials, with at least 1 week washout. Trials included a water control trial (CON), and one of two possible amino acid beverage intervention trials (VS001 or VS006). On VS001 (4.5 g/L) and VS006 (6.4 g/L), participants were asked to consume two 237-ml prefabricated doses daily for 7 days before the exertional-heat stress, and one 237-ml dose immediately before, and every 20 min during 2-hr running at 60% maximal oxygen uptake in 35 °C ambient conditions. A water volume equivalent was provided on CON. Whole blood samples were collected pre-, immediately post-, 1 and 2 hr postexercise, and analyzed for plasma concentrations of cortisol, intestinal fatty acid protein, soluble CD14, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) by ELISA, and systemic inflammatory cytokines by multiplex. Preexercise resting biomarker concentrations for all variables did not significantly differ between trials (p >.05). A lower response magnitude for intestinal fatty acid protein (mean [95% CI]: 249 [60, 437] pg/ml, 900 [464, 1,336] pg/ml), soluble CD14 (−93 [−458, 272] ng/ml, 12 [−174, 197] ng/ml), and IgM (−6.5 [−23.0, 9.9] MMU/ml, −10.4 [−16.2, 4.7] MMU/ml) were observed on VS001 and V006 compared with CON (p <.05), respectively. Systemic inflammatory response profile was lower on VS001, but not VS006, versus CON (p <.05). Total gastrointestinal symptoms did not significantly differ between trials. Amino acid beverages' consumption (i.e., 4.5–6.4 g/L), twice daily for 7 days, immediately before, and during exertional-heat stress ameliorated intestinal epithelial integrity and systemic inflammatory perturbations associated with exercising in the heat, but without exacerbating gastrointestinal symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Glycated hemoglobin, or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), serves as a crucial marker for diagnosing diabetes and monitoring its progression. We aimed to assess the interference posed by common Hb variants on popular HbA1c measurement systems. Methods A total of 63 variant and nonvariant samples with target values assigned by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC)-calibrated methods were included. We assessed 6 methods for measuring HbA1c in the presence of HbS, HbC, HbD, HbE, and fetal hemoglobin (HbF): 2 cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods (Bio-Rad D-100 and HLC-723 G8), a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method (Sebia Capillarys 3 TERA), an immunoassay (Roche c501), an enzyme assay system (Mindray BS-600M), and a boronate affinity method (Primus Premier Hb9210). Results The HbA1c results for nonvariant samples from the 6 methods were in good agreement with the IFCC-calibrated method results. The Bio-Rad D-100, Capillarys 3, Mindray BS-600M, Premier Hb9210, and Roche c501 showed no interference from HbS, HbC, HbD, and HbE. Clinically significant interference was observed for the HLC-723 G8 standard mode. Elevated HbF levels caused significant negative biases for all 6 methods, which increased with increasing HbF concentration. Conclusion Elevated levels of HbF can severely affect HbA1c measurements by borate affinity, immunoassays, and enzyme assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Roux-en-Y (RYGB) and one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) represent two of the most used bariatric/metabolic surgery (BMS) procedures. Gut microbiota (GM) shift after bypass surgeries, currently understated, may be a possible key driver for the short- and long-term outcomes. Methods: Prospective, multicenter study enrolling patients with severe obesity, randomized between OAGB or RYGB. Fecal and blood samples were collected, pre- (T0) and 24 months postoperatively (T1). GM was determined by V3-V4 16S rRNA regions sequencing and home-made bioinformatic pipeline based on Qiime2 plugin and R packages. Objects: To compare OAGB vs RYGB microbiota profile at T1 and its impact on metabolic and nutritional status. Results: 54 patients completed the study, 27 for each procedure. An overall significant variation was detected in anthropometric and serum nutritional parameters at T1, with a significant, similar decrease in overall microbial alpha and beta diversity observed in both groups. An increase in relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and a reduction of Bacteroidetes, no significant changes in Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia, with an increase of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were observed. Conclusions: BMS promotes a dramatic change in GM composition. This is the first multicenter, RCT evaluating the impact of OAGB vs Roux-en-Y bypass on GM profile. The bypass technique per se did not impact differently on GM or other examined metabolic parameters. The emergence of slightly different GM profile postoperatively may be related to clinical conditions or may influence medium or long-term outcomes and as such GM profile may represent a biomarker for bariatric surgery's outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the potential of antiamyloid monoclonal antibodies (MABs) as a promising treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Topics include the role of amyloid plaques in the development of AD and the evolution of the amyloid hypothesis, advancements in diagnostic tools such as blood tests and retinal hyperspectral imaging, and recent treatment breakthroughs like Aducanumab and Lecanemab, which target amyloid-beta plaques in the brain.

Background: The presence of Actinomyces can be associated with complications. Aims: This study aimed to determine the frequency of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH), the presence of Actinomyces in palatine tonsils and serum inflammatory biomarker levels in PTH. Material and methods: The cases who underwent tonsillectomy at a single center were included in the study. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune inflammation index (SII) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) values were calculated from the complete blood count test. The presence of Actinomyces was recorded from histopathological tonsillectomy material. Results: A total of 1137 patients were included in the study. Actinomyces was detected in 93 (8.18%) patients. Bleeding complications were encountered in 65 cases (5.72%). No relationship was detected between the presence of Actinomyces and PTH rates (p = 0.433). While a relationship was found between age, NLR, and SIRI values and Actinomyces status (respectively, p < 0.001, p = 0.017, p = 0.038), no statistically significant relationship was found between tonsil size, PLR, and SII (p > 0.05). Conclusion and significance: According to the data in our study, NLR and SIRI values were elevated in subjects with Actinomyces. Our findings suggest that this entity has a systemic manifestation. Serum inflammatory biomarkers and the presence of Actinomyces were not found to be associated with PTH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long-COVID syndrome is characterised by a plethora of symptoms. Given its social and economic impact, many studies have stressed the urgency of proposing innovative strategies other than hospital settings. In this double-blinded, randomised, case--control trial, we investigate the effects of sulphur thermal water inhalations, rich in H2 S, compared to distilled water inhalations on symptoms, inflammatory markers and nasal microbiome in long-COVID patients. Methods: About 30 outpatients aged 18-75 with positive diagnosis for long-COVID were randomised in two groups undergoing 12 consecutive days of inhalations. The active group (STW) received sulphur thermal water inhalations whereas the placebo group received inhalations of sterile distilled non-pyrogenic water (SDW). Each participant was tested prior treatment at day 1 (T0), after the inhalations at day 14 (T1) and at 3 months follow-up (T2). At each time point, blood tests, nasal swabs for microbiome sampling, pulmonary functionality tests (PFTs) and pro-inflammatory marker measure were performed. Results: The scores obtained in the administered tests (6MWT, Borg score and SGRQ) at T0 showed a significant variation in the STW group, at T1 and T2. Serum cytokine levels and other inflammatory biomarkers reported a statistically significant decrease. Some specific parameters of PFTs showed ameliorations in the STW group only. Changes in the STW nasopharyngeal microbiota composition were noticed, especially from T0 to T2. Conclusions: Inhalations of sulphur thermal water exerted objective and subjective improvements on participants affected by long-COVID. Significant reduction of inflammatory markers, dyspnoea scores and quantitative and qualitative changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiome were also assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study aimed at understanding the dynamics of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and S-receptor binding protein (SRBD) antibodies in individuals receiving the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Topics include the study's objective to examine factors influencing antibody levels after vaccination, the methods used in the study, including a cohort of 243 healthcare workers, and the importance of identifying strategies for antibody assay testing to improve clinical practices.

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) poses a significant global health burden and is a leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. ALD encompasses a spectrum of disease states ranging from asymptomatic steatosis to acute hepatitis and cirrhosis. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) significantly increases the risk of developing ALD, and insight into AUD can provide a more complete understanding of ALD and the patients affected by these interrelated diseases. Accurate and timely identification of AUD, even in primary care, through validated screening tools combined with blood tests and imaging techniques facilitates early detection of ALD. Although liver transplantation (LT) remains the most effective treatment for end-stage ALD, patient outcomes post-LT have evolved because of shifting perspectives on ALD transplant eligibility, comprehensive pre-LT evaluations, and advancements in post-LT ALD detection. Nonetheless, addressing disparities in LT practices for ALD is paramount for ensuring equitable access to this life-saving intervention. This article offers an updated synopsis of ALD definitions, screening methodologies, and contemporary management approaches, particularly in the context of LT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stunting is a common issue affecting children who suffer from chronic malnutrition in Indonesia. The Indonesian government has introduced supplementary food programs for stunted children, but the results have been less satisfactory. This may be due to the presence of anaemia and comorbid diseases. Haematology tests and inflammation markers are necessary to identify these conditions. This study aimed to examine the anaemia profiles and inflammation markers in stunted children under two years old. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design with cluster samples and consecutive analysis was used. The study was conducted between December 2023 and March 2024 at the West Nusa Tenggara Hospital and Palabuhanratu Sukabumi Hospital laboratories. Samples were obtained from various Public Health Centres in Sukabumi, West Java, North Maluku, and West Nusa Tenggara. Data collection comprised interviews, measurements, and the assessment of haematology, biochemical, and inflammatory markers. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 20, which includes descriptive analysis, correlation, comparison, and chi-square tests. Results: Two hundred and ten stunted children were identified with various anaemias and comorbidities. These anaemias included suspected thalassemia (38.1%), iron deficiency (18.1%), and anaemia of chronic diseases (13.3%). Based on the inflammatory markers obtained, TB was suspected (21.4%), inflammatory bowel disease (18.1%) was suspected, and allergic proctocolitis was suspected (31.9%). Conclusions: Analysis of the anaemia profiles and inflammatory markers revealed various types of anaemia and suspected comorbidities in stunted children. It is recommended that anaemia profiles and inflammation markers be assessed at the primary healthcare level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hematological alterations have been observed in diabetes, with some studies showing controversial associations between specific hematologic parameters and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objectives: This study aims to determine the association between hematological indices, specifically white blood cell (WBC) count, red cell distribution width (RDW), and platelet distribution width (PDW), and the presence of T2DM in an Iranian population, using data from the Bandare-Kong non-communicable diseases (BKNCD) cohort. Methods: Data from the BKNCD cohort, which includes 4063 individuals aged 35 - 70 years, was used in this study. After excluding participants with conditions that could interfere with the analysis, 2318 subjects remained for final evaluation. Results: Among the 2318 individuals, T2DM was present in 530 (22.9%). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of T2DM increased by approximately 7% for every 109/L increase in WBC count, after adjusting for variables such as occupation, age, body mass index, sex, place of residence, education, smoking, marital status, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and physical activity (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.066, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.003; 1.133, P = 0.039). Additionally, elevated PDW was associated with a 63% increase in the odds of T2DM (aOR = 1.625,95% CI 1.159; 2.279, P = 0.005), while increased RDW was associated with decreased odds of T2DM (aOR= 0.801,95% CI 0.716; 0.895, P< 0.001). Conclusions: Elevated PDW and WBC counts in T2DM patients in this study suggest an inflammatory state and hypercoagulability. However, the paradoxically decreased RDW maybe linked to poor glycemic control in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Koala retrovirus (KoRV), a major pathogen of koalas, exists in both endogenous (KoRV-A) and exogenous forms (KoRV-A to I and K to M) and causes multiple disease phenotypes, including carcinomas and immunosuppression. However, the direct association between the different KoRV subtypes and carcinogenesis remains unknown. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of koalas carrying both endogenous (KoRV-A) and exogenous (KoRV-A, B, and C) subtypes was performed using a high-throughput RNA-seq approach. PBMCs were obtained from three healthy koalas: one infected with endogenous (KoRV-A; Group I) and two infected with exogenous (KoRV-B and/or KoRV-C; Group II) subtypes. Additionally, spleen samples (n = 6) from six KoRV-infected deceased koalas (K1- K6) and blood samples (n = 1) from a live koala (K7) were collected and examined to validate the findings. Results: All koalas were positive for the endogenous KoRV-A subtype, and eight koalas were positive for KoRV-B and/or KoRV-C. Transcription of KoRV gag, pol, and env genes was detected in all koalas. Upregulation of cytokine and immunosuppressive genes was observed in koalas infected with KoRV-B or KoRV-B and -C subtypes, compared to koalas infected with only KoRV-A. We found 550 DEG signatures with significant (absolute p < 0.05, and absolute log2 Fold Change (FC) > 1.5) dysregulation, out of which 77.6% and 22.4% DEGs were upregulated (log2FC > 1.5) and downregulated (log2FC < − 1.5), and downregulated (log2 FC < − 1), respectively. We identified 17 unique hub genes (82.3% upregulated and 17.7% down-regulated), with KIF23, CCNB2, POLR3F, and RSL24D1 detected as the potential hub genes modified with KoRV infection. Real-time RT-qPCR was performed on seven koalas to ascertain the expression levels of four potential hub genes, which were subsequently normalized to actin copies. Notably, all seven koalas exhibited distinct expression signatures for the hub genes, especially, KIF23 and CCNB2 show the highest expression in healthy koala PBMC, and POLR3F shows the highest expression in koala with lymphoma (K1). Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that multiple KoRV subtypes affect disease progression in koalas and that the predicted hub genes could be promising prognostic biomarkers for pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prompt diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) is necessary to minimize its symptoms and limit sequelae. The current UTI screening by urine test strip analysis and microscopic examination has suboptimal diagnostic accuracy. A definitive diagnosis of UTI by urine culture takes two to three days for the results. These limitations necessitate a need for better biomarkers for the diagnosis and subsequent management of UTI in children. Here, we review the value of currently available UTI biomarkers and highlight the potential of emerging biomarkers that can facilitate a more rapid and accurate UTI diagnosis. Of the newer UTI biomarkers, the most promising are blood procalcitonin (PCT) and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). PCT can provide diagnostic benefits and should be considered in patients who have a blood test for other reasons. NGAL, which is on the threshold of clinical care, needs more research to address its scope and utilization, including point-of-care application. Employment of these and other biomarkers may ultimately improve UTI diagnosis, guide UTI therapy, reduce antibiotic use, and mitigate UTI complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) are popular for weight loss but lack evidence about micronutrient sufficiency in real-life use. This study assessed the intake and biochemical status of selected micronutrients in people voluntarily following LCDs. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted (2018-20) among 98 adults recruited as self-reporting either LCD (n = 49) or diets not restricting carbohydrates (controls; n = 49). Diets were assessed using the 130-item EPIC-Norfolk food-frequency questionnaire. Red-blood-cell thiamine diphosphate (TDP) was measured for thiamine status using HPLC. Plasma magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Between-group biomarker comparisons were conducted using ANCOVA and adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and diabetes status. Results: LCD-followers (26% male, median age 36 years, median BMI 24.2 kg/m2) reported adhering to LCDs for a median duration of 9 months (IQR 4–36). The most followed LCD type was 'their own variations of LCD' (30%), followed by ketogenic (23%), 'palaeolithic' (15%), and Atkins diets (8%). Among controls, 41% were male (median age 27 years, median BMI 23 kg/m2). Median macronutrient intakes for LCD vs control groups were carbohydrate 16%Energy (E) vs. 50%E; protein 25%E vs. 19%E; and fat 55%E vs 34%E (saturated fat 18%E vs. 11%E). Two-thirds of LCD followers (32/49) and half of the controls (24/49) reported some use of dietary supplements (p = 0.19). Among LCD-followers, assessing from food data only, 21 (43%) failed to meet the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for thiamine (vs.14% controls, p = 0.002). When thiamine from supplementation (single- or multivitamin) was included, there appeared to be no difference in thiamine intake between groups. Still, red-blood-cell TDP was lower in LCD-followers than controls (407 ± 91 vs. 633 ± 234 ng/gHb, p < 0.001). Three LCD-followers were thiamine-deficient (RBC thiamine < 275 ng/gHb) vs. one control. There were no significant differences in dietary intakes or plasma concentrations of magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium between groups. Conclusions: Following LCDs is associated with lower thiamine intake and TDP status than diets without carbohydrate restriction, incompletely corrected by supplement use. These data, coupled with a lack of RCT evidence on body weight control, do not support recommending LCDs for weight management without appropriate guidance and diet supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our study aimed to explore the efficacy of Bifidobacterium breve 207-1 on specific neurotransmitters and hormones and the ability to regulate lifestyle behaviors in healthy adults. Methods: In total, 120 healthy adults with high mental stress, overweight, insomnia, and constipation were randomly assigned to receive low-dose B. breve 207-1 (LD, n = 40), high-dose B. breve 207-1 (HD, n = 40), or placebo (n = 40) for 28 days. Fecal and blood samples were collected and questionnaires were answered before and after the trial. Neurotransmitters and serum hormones were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The gut microbiota composition was assessed using 16 S rRNA sequencing. Short–chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations were determined via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results: The primary outcome of our study was changes in mental wellness, including neurotransmitters, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrena (HPA) axis hormones, and the psychological scales. The results showed that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) increased significantly and the HPA axis hormones were suppressed overall in the probiotic groups while 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) did not change significantly. However, there was no significant change in mood scale scores. The secondary outcome focused on the ability of 207-1 to regulate the body and lifestyle of healthy adults (e.g., sleep, diet, exercise, etc.). The PSQI scores in the probiotics groups significantly decreased, indicating improved sleep quality. Meanwhile, the probiotic groups had a slight increase in exercise consumption while dietary intake stabilized. By physical examination, the participants showed weight loss although no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. Then, validated by gut microbiota, changes in the gut microbiota were observed under the effective intervention of 207-1 while short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased in the LD group, particularly acetic and propionic acids. There was a slight decrease in alpha–diversity in the HD group. Conclusion: Bifidobacterium breve 207-1 entered the organism and affected neurotransmitter and the HPA axis hormone levels via the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Meanwhile, 207-1 supplementation improved daily lifestyle behaviors in healthy adults, which may in turn lead to changes in their bodies (e.g. weight and lipid metabolism). However, this study did not find significant mood-modulating efficacy. The mechanism of the overall study is unclear, but we hypothesize that SCFAs may be the key pathway, and more experiments are needed for validation in the future. Trial registration: This trial was retrospectively registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry under the accession number ChiCTR2300069453 on March 16, 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Repeated polyserositis, another name for familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), is an autoimmune disorder with an autosomal recessive nature primarily characterized by short-lived repeated periods of peritonitis, pleuritis, and arthritis, generally accompanied by fever. Methods: Our participants were divided into two groups. Group I (patients): 100 individuals who were diagnosed as patients with FMF and were monitored. Group II (control): matched- healthy individuals (100 controls). They were compared and followed up as regards demographic, clinical, and laboratory data: routine investigations, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and mean platelet volume (MPV), red cell distribution width (RDW), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Results: Group I: MPV mean was 12.03 ± 2.89, whereas group II MPV mean was 7.74 ± 0.57. MPV was significantly statistically greater in group I than in group II. RDW mean in group I was 17.07 ± 1.39 and in group II was 12.92 ± 0.63. RDW was also significantly statistically greater in group I compared with group II. Group I's NLR mean was 3.05 ± 0.71, whereas group II's NLR mean was 1.75 ± 0.2. PLR mean in group I was 164.8 ± 122.8 and in group II was 111.26 ± 29.16. Conclusion: A statistically significant association was shown between the diagnosis of adult FMF and NLR, PLR, MPV, and RDW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a high recurrence rate even after radical resection because of subclinical tumors. To manage them, a reliable biomarker that can indicate the presence of subclinical tumors and predict their chemosensitivity is required. This study aimed to identify a miRNA as a biomarker that can be used to individualize postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy using postoperative peripheral blood samples. Integrating miRNA microarray data from the blood of 18 patients with PDAC and the in vitro results regarding the phenotypes of chemoresistant PDAC cells, a candidate miRNA was identified. The relationships between candidate miRNA expression and chemosensitivity were examined in vitro and in clinical samples from other cohorts of 33 patients with recurrence. Comprehensive analyses of blood samples detected 5 candidate miRNAs. Of these, miR-26a-5p was considered a candidate biomarker of chemosensitive phenotypes. In validation experiments, chemosensitivity was inversely correlated with miR-26a-5p expression in vitro. Moreover, the ability of miR-26a-5p to predict chemosensitivity was clinically evaluated using blood samples. Patients with high miR-26a-5p expression in the blood after radical resection exhibited a significantly longer survival time after recurrence. Thus, we concluded that miR-26a-5p is a potentially useful biomarker for managing patients with PDAC, especially those undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the biological mechanisms behind multimorbidity patterns in adolescence is important as they may act as intermediary risk factor for long-term health. We aimed to explore relationship between prenatal exposures and adolescent's psycho-cardiometabolic intermediary traits mediated through epigenetic biomarkers, using structural equation modeling (SEM). We used data from mother–child dyads from pregnancy and adolescents at 16–17 years from two prospective cohorts: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986) and Raine Study from Australia. Factor analysis was applied to generate two different latent factor structures: (a) prenatal exposures and (b) adolescence psycho-cardiometabolic intermediary traits. Furthermore, three types of epigenetic biomarkers were included: (1) DNA methylation score for maternal smoking during pregnancy (DNAmMSS), (2) DNAm age estimate PhenoAge and (3) DNAm estimate for telomere length (DNAmTL). Similar factor structure was observed between both cohorts yielding three prenatal factors, namely BMI (Body Mass Index), SOP (Socio-Obstetric-Profile), and Lifestyle, and four adolescent factors: Anthropometric, Insulin-Triglycerides, Blood Pressure, and Mental health. In the SEM pathways, stronger direct effects of F1prenatal-BMI (NFBC1986 = β: 0.27; Raine = β: 0.39) and F2prenatal-SOP (β: −0.11) factors were observed on adolescent psycho-cardiometabolic multimorbidity. We observed an indirect effect of prenatal latent factors through epigenetic markers on a psycho-cardiometabolic multimorbidity factor in Raine study (P < 0.05). The present study exemplifies an evidence-based approach in two different birth cohorts to demonstrate similar composite structure of prenatal exposures and psycho-cardiometabolic traits (despite cultural, social, and genetic differences) and a common plausible pathway between them through underlying epigenetic markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This narrative review delves into the evolution and clinical utility of ageing clocks in predicting biological age. It highlights their development, accuracy, and application in both research and clinical settings. Results from studies underscore the importance of biological age as a more precise indicator of health and disease risk compared to chronological age. The review explores the role of ageing clocks in personalised medicine, risk assessment, and monitoring health over time. Of the various ageing clocks available, the blood age clocks provide a framework for healthcare providers to discuss various aspects of health with their patients including nutrition, exercise, lifestyle choices, medication and preventive medicine. Blood age clocks provide tangible, graphic evidence of biological aging, which can be easily understood by patients. This visual representation helps in identifying specific biomarkers that need attention, making it easier for patients to comprehend their health status and the impact of their lifestyle choices. The blood clock model is not only cost-effective, but also easy to use. It has the potential to be integrated into routine clinical practice to identify interventions that could slow down the aging process and improve the quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis may lead to multi-organ dysfunction as a result of an inflammatory response. If untreated or if treatment is delayed, it can be fatal. A case presentation on sepsis and septic shock is provided to aid nurses in delivering safe, quality patient care. Implications for nursing are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The successes in the field of pediatric kidney transplantation over the past 60 years have been extraordinary. Year over year, there have been significant improvements in short‐term graft survival. However, improvements in longer‐term outcomes have been much less apparent. One important contributor has been the phenomenon of low‐level rejection in the absence of clinical manifestations—so‐called subclinical rejection (SCR). Methods: Traditionally, rejection has been diagnosed by changes in clinical parameters, including but not limited to serum creatinine and proteinuria. This review examines the shortcomings of this approach, the effects of SCR on kidney allograft outcome, the benefits and drawbacks of surveillance biopsies to identify SCR, and new urine and blood biomarkers that define the presence or absence of SCR. Results: Serum creatinine is an unreliable index of SCR. Surveillance biopsies are the method most utilized to detect SCR. However, these have significant drawbacks. New biomarkers show promise. These biomarkers include blood gene expression profiles and donor derived‐cell free DNA; urine gene expression profiles; urinary cytokines, chemokines, and metabolomics; and other promising blood and urine tests. Conclusion: Specific emphasis is placed on studies carried out in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03719339 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension (HT) is a common chronic disease that often causes target-organ damage and severe complications, contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation plays a prominent role in the initiation and progression of HT. Multiple inflammatory biomarkers have been proposed to predict HT. Several new hematological parameters can reflect the inflammatory response and platelet activation. The major advantage of hematological parameters over conventional inflammatory markers is that they are relatively inexpensive and easily obtained from routine blood tests. Numerous studies have investigated several hematological parameters for their utility as predictive biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of HT. Among them, the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR), red cell distribution width (RDW), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) have recently received attention. We searched PubMed and Embase databases (up to September 18, 2022) to assess the relationships between hematological parameters and HT. This review discusses the diagnostic and prognostic value of these hematological parameters in HT, providing an important basis for early screening, risk stratification, and optimal management of hypertensive patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethanol blood analysis is the most common request in forensic toxicology, and some studies point to positive results in approximately one-third of all unnatural deaths. However, distinguishing sober deaths from drunk deaths is not as simple as it may seem. This technical, clinical, and forensic interpretation is proposed to interpret the ethanol toxicological results, discussing several artefacts and pitfalls that must be considered, namely focusing on driving under the influence. This work is presented with a practical and objective approach, aiming to alleviate the complexities associated with clinical, physiological, pathophysiological, and toxicological aspects to enhance comprehension, practicality, and applicability of its content, especially to courts. Particularly the physical integrity of the body, the postmortem interval, putrefactive signs, anatomic place of blood collection, alternative samples such as vitreous humour and urine, the possibility of postmortem redistribution, the inclusion of preservatives in containers, and optimal temperature conditions of shipment are among some of the aspects to pay attention. Although several biomarkers related to postmortem microbial ethanol production have been proposed, their translation into forensic routine is slow to be implemented due to the uncertainties of their application and analytical difficulties. Specifically, in the interpretation of ethanol toxicological results, "not everything that can be counted counts and not everything that counts can be counted" (attributed to Albert Einstein). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder perforation (GBP) is a rare but life-threatening complication of acute cholecystitis. Despite advancements in imaging technology and biochemical analysis, perforations are still diagnosed intraoperatively in some cases. This situation has revealed the need for new markers in the diagnosis of perforation. In this study, we aimed to analyze the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis of perforated cholecystitis cases. METHODS: In this retrospective study, blood samples (white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin, platelet count, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, CRP/albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), urea, creatinine, glucose, amylase, lipase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin) were analyzed in patients who were diagnosed with acute cholecystitis in the emergency department. RESULTS: One hundred seventy patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of gallbladder perforation. Sixty-three (37.1%) patients had perforation. Transition from laparoscopy to open operation, intensive care unit admission, length of hospital stay, and mortality were higher in the perforated group compared to the non-perforated group. When we analyzed the patients according to laboratory findings, there was a difference in WBC, NLR, CRP, albumin, and CAR parameters in the perforation group. In regression analysis, CRP and CAR performed better. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that CRP and CAR may be diagnostic biomarkers with low specificity and sensitivity in predicting GBP in patients with acute cholecystitis. This marker is a low-cost and easily accessible parameter that may help clinicians make an early diagnosis and plan appropriate treatment for this condition with high morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores the evolving landscape of blood biomarkers in the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), focusing on biomarkers derived both from the pathogen and the host. These biomarkers provide critical insights that can improve diagnostic accuracy and timeliness, essential for effective TB management. The document highlights recent advancements in molecular techniques that have enhanced the detection and characterization of specific biomarkers. It also discusses the integration of these biomarkers into clinical practice, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize TB diagnostics by enabling more precise detection and monitoring of the disease progression. Challenges such as variability in biomarker expression and the need for standardized validation processes are addressed to ensure reliability across different populations and settings. The review calls for further research to refine these biomarkers and fully harness their potential in the fight against TB, suggesting a multidisciplinary approach to overcome existing barriers and optimize diagnostic strategies. This comprehensive analysis underscores the significance of blood biomarkers as invaluable tools in the global effort to control and eliminate TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge, with India bearing a significant burden. Despite advancements in TB diagnosis and treatment, monitoring TB treatment is challenging, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to explore the mean platelet volume (MPV) as a potential surrogate marker for monitoring TB treatment and assessing if the neutrophil-to-albumin ratio (NAR) enhances treatment monitoring. Methods: Patients diagnosed with TB following NTEP guidelines were recruited. Participants underwent routine blood tests during the six-month Anti-Tubercular therapy course at the start, end of the intensive phase, and end of the continuous phase. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlation, Friedman test, linear mixed effects (LME) models, and multiple linear regression. Results: 150 individuals were included for analysis. Deviations from normality were noted. Significant associations were found between CRP and sputum grade. MPV mediated between CRP and sputum grade. Significant differences were observed across the three-time points. LME models showed changes in MPV and CRP levels over time. Including NAR enhanced predictive capability. Conclusions: MPV may serve as a promising surrogate marker for monitoring ATT. Personalized approaches are crucial in TB treatment monitoring. LME models revealed MPV and CRP level trends. Future research should explore MPV's treatment response mechanisms and cost-effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a growing interest in using DNA methylation analysis for age estimation. Despite this growing interest, there is a scarcity of research on the potential of DNA methylation as a biomarker for age estimation in Indonesia. This study aims to investigate the applicability of ELOVL2, PRKG2, and EDARADD genes for forensic identification in the 11–20 age group among Indonesians. This research utilizes 43 archived blood samples from healthy individuals who underwent blood tests at the Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD) in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. The methylation-specific PCR (MSP) technique assessed the DNA methylation level. The key findings of this study include (1) a strong positive correlation between methylation levels in the ELOVL2 gene and age; (2) a strong negative correlation between methylation levels in PRKG2 and EDARADD genes with age; (3) the development of three linear regression formulas for age prediction; and (4) mean absolute error (MAE) values derived from this research, which are ±0.48 for ELOVL2 gene regression formula, ±0.58 for PRKG2 gene regression formula, and ±0.72 for EDARADD gene regression formula. In summary, this study explores the potential of DNA methylation analysis for age estimation in Indonesia, focusing on ELOVL2, PRKG2, and EDARADD genes in the 11–20 age group. The findings underscore the applicability of DNA methylation analysis in forensic identification and age estimation, paving the way for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigated the associations between intermediate hyperglycemia (IH) and increased body mass index (BMI), abdominal obesity (AO), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and leptin levels in Korean adults. Methods: The participants were 248 adults (≥ 19 years) who understood the purpose of the study, had no cognitive impairment, and were able to communicate. Physical examinations, BMI, AO measurements, and blood tests were performed. Data were analyzed using the t-test, chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple logistic regression analyses. The risk factors for IH were predicted after adjusting for BMI, waist circumference (WC), age, hs-CRP and leptin levels, education, and economic status. Results: WC, hs-CRP and leptin levels, and age were higher in the IH group than in the non-IH group. According to the multiple logistic regression analysis, the factors affecting IH prevalence were WC, hs-CRP, leptin, and age. AO (male, WC ≥ 90 cm; female, WC ≥ 85 cm) exhibited an adjusted odds ratio of 5.45 for IH. IH was 2.43 times higher in those with hs-CRP > 3 mg than in those with hs-CRP < 1 mg. As leptin levels increased, the odds ratio for IH increased by 3.05 times. IH was 8.07, 8.79, 18.42, and 35.33 times more common for those in their 30s, 40s, 50s, and ≥ 60 years of age, respectively, than those 19-29 years old. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that interventions for AO should be included in IH management programs. Identifying the predictive factors for IH may contribute to the early detection of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combat sports athletes often undergo rapid body mass loss (BML), which presents health risks. Hydration testing has been proposed as a possible solution to reduce or eliminate rapid BML. However, combat sports athletes may exhibit distinct physiological characteristics due to repeated exposure to BML. Thus, traditional and emerging hydration biomarkers should be investigated to determine their potential suitability for field use in this cohort. This study examined whether BML can explain changes in serum and urine osmolality (SosmΔ, UosmΔ), tear osmolarity (TosmΔ), hematocrit (HctΔ), and urine‐specific gravity (USGΔ) after mild–moderate passive dehydration. Biomarker reliability was also assessed across two trials. Fifteen male and female combat sports athletes (age: 26.3 ± 5.3 years, body mass: 67.7 ± 9.9 kg) underwent a sauna protocol twice (5–28 days apart) aiming for 4% BML. The average BML in Trials 1 and 2 was 3.0 ± 0.7%. Regression analysis revealed that BML explained HctΔ (R2 = 0.22, p = 0.009) but not SosmΔ (R2 = 0.11, p = 0.079) or other biomarkers. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were significant for all biomarkers except TosmΔ (ICC = 0.06, p = 0.37) and post‐Tosm (ICC = 0.04, p = 0.42); post‐Hct performed best (ICC = 0.82, p < 0.001). Contingency tables with post‐Sosm (295 mOsm/kg) and post‐USG (1.020) cutoffs revealed an 80% true negative rate (TNR) and a 62% true positive rate (TPR). Increasing the Sosm cutoff to 301 mOsm/kg decreased the TNR to 52% but increased the TPR to 83%. Although blood parameters were most sensitive to BML, they could only explain 11%–22% of biomarker variation. The typical USG cutoff misclassified 42% of athletes postdehydration, and reliability was generally poor‐moderate. Alternative strategies should be pursued to manage rapid BML in combat sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency medical services (EMSs) face critical situations that require patient risk classification based on analytical and vital signs. We aimed to establish clustering-derived phenotypes based on prehospital analytical and vital signs that allow risk stratification. This was a prospective, multicenter, EMS-delivered, ambulance-based cohort study considering six advanced life support units, 38 basic life support units, and four tertiary hospitals in Spain. Adults with unselected acute diseases managed by the EMS and evacuated with discharge priority to emergency departments were considered between January 1, 2020, and June 30, 2023. Prehospital point-of-care testing and on-scene vital signs were used for the unsupervised machine learning method (clustering) to determine the phenotypes. Then phenotypes were compared with the primary outcome (cumulative mortality (all-cause) at 2, 7, and 30 days). A total of 7909 patients were included. The median (IQR) age was 64 (51–80) years, 41% were women, and 26% were living in rural areas. Three clusters were identified: alpha 16.2% (1281 patients), beta 28.8% (2279), and gamma 55% (4349). The mortality rates for alpha, beta and gamma at 2 days were 18.6%, 4.1%, and 0.8%, respectively; at 7 days, were 24.7%, 6.2%, and 1.7%; and at 30 days, were 33%, 10.2%, and 3.2%, respectively. Based on standard vital signs and blood test biomarkers in the prehospital scenario, three clusters were identified: alpha (high-risk), beta and gamma (medium- and low-risk, respectively). This permits the EMS system to quickly identify patients who are potentially compromised and to proactively implement the necessary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most studies have focused on comparing blood lipid biomarkers between Parkinson's disease (PD) and normal controls (NC). However, further research is necessary to explore the impact of blood lipid levels on motor and cognitive function, as well as the progression of motor dysfunction and cognitive decline over time. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between blood lipid biomarkers and these indicators in individuals with PD. Methods: The cohort study enrolled 157 PD patients and 146 NC from the Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from September 2017 to September 2019. Serum lipid fractions were detected in fasting serum samples. PD patients were followed up at 2 ± 0.6 years for clinical assessment. Results: PD patients exhibited lower serum triglyceride (TG) levels as compared to NC (P = 0.008). PD male patients exhibited lower serum lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL‐C) and total cholesterol (TC) levels than female patients (LDL‐C: P = 0.034; TC: P = 0.019). Serum TG levels correlated significantly with Unified PD Rating Scale III, Hoehn and Yahr stage and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores in PD patients. Additionally, serum TG levels were associated with follow‐up motor function decline and cognitive decline in adjusted regression models in PD patients. Conclusions: To summarise, the study findings suggest that decreased serum TG levels are significantly associated with greater motor dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction and the greater deterioration of the two indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) development is increase by viral infections that affect the central nerve system and altered immune response with demyelination and loss of nerve axons. Objectives. This study aimed to focus on the role of MiR-326 in relation to CMV, HSV and IL-17 concentration in MS. Material and methods. A case-control study was carried out for 100 participants classified as 80 multiple sclerosis patients (case group), which included 60 female and 20 male at different ages, at the Al-Husseini Teaching Hospital in the holy city of Karbala from November 2022 till end of April 2023, along with 20 apparently healthy subjects (control group). Approx. 4 ml of blood was taken from all participants, which was divided into 2 ml of blood to separate serum for detected IL-17 level by enzyme linked immunosorbent as- say (ELISA) and examined CMV and HSV-1 antibodies, and by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique 2 ml of blood used to investigate whether expression level of micR326 could be used as predictor for multiple sclerosis and its correlation with IL-17. Statistical analysis was completed with the use of statical software (IBM SPSS statistics 26). The chi-square test was used to determining the statistical difference of qualitative results among the different groups. The results of IL-17 level and miR-326 are given as arithmetic mean ± S.D. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the comparison between patients and the control group. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statically significant. Results. The study revealed that females with multiple sclerosis more than males with a female: male ratio (3:1), the age of patients range from 18-63 and the 20-40 years were highest age group with 44 (55%). According to type of disease 22.5% of patients were SPMS and 77.5% were RRMS type, 20 (25%) of patients infected with HSV-1 14 (7.5%) of patients infected with CMV, while 46 (57%) of patients infected with both CMV & HSV-1. IL-17 level increased in the patients with multiple sclerosis as compared to healthy and have higher IL-17 serum level in SPMS than RRMS. Increase miRNA-326 mean fold change expression in patients (3.1 ± 1.65) in compare to healthy subjects (1.0 ± 0.23). Conclusions. This result bolsters the theory that there is a connection between viral infection multiple sclerosis, serum level concentration of interleukin-17 play key role in progressive disease, microRNA-326 may take part in the development of MS and microRNA-326 expression can be useful biomarker for prediction of multiple sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Kidney disease is prevalent among veterinary species, including zoo animals; however, investigations into this condition in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are scarce. Diagnostic tools for kidney diseases in this species also remain limited. Objective: This study aimed to assess the utility of symmetric dimethylarginine as a biomarker for kidney disease in captive striped skunks in Korea. Methods: This retrospective study analysed 11 striped skunks housed at the Everland Zoo between 2017 and 2021. Blood samples were collected during health checks. Kidney function was assessed through blood analysis and diagnostic ultrasound, with necropsies conducted on deceased animals. Symmetric dimethylarginine levels were measured in 27 plasma samples collected from 11 skunks. Results: Over the study period, seven skunks were diagnosed with kidney disease. Analysis of 27 blood samples revealed a concurrent increase in SDMA levels with concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and blood creatinine. In 3 of the 7 skunks with kidney disease, symmetric dimethylarginine exceeded 14 µg/dL prior to the elevation of blood urea nitrogen and blood creatinine above the upper reference limit. Conclusions and Relevance: To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating symmetric dimethylarginine in captive striped skunks in Korea. Our findings suggest that symmetric dimethylarginine may serve as an early and consistent biomarker for renal dysfunction in striped skunks. Further studies with larger clinical sample size from striped skunks are needed to validate the clinical utility of blood symmetric dimethylarginine concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying patients at high risk of in-hospital mortality within the early days of admission is crucial for guiding medical decisions and allocating resources effectively. This study aimed to explore whether changes in routinely conducted in-hospital admission tests were associated with sudden death among patients (all causes) in the Regional Hospital in Racibórz, Poland. The first laboratory tests of ten biomarkers from 7,827 unique patients were examined, from January 1 to December 31, 2023. Associations between risk factors and all-cause sudden death outcomes were estimated using Cox regression. Based on the estimated concordance statistic, C-reactive protein, among other biomarkers, showed the best fit in the model. Its values were categorized following the interquartile ranges and death rates for each range were modeled using Poisson regression. Despite acknowledging all other possible causes that may have contributed to the early deaths of patients, a surprisingly low and statistically significant (p < 0.05) CRP threshold of 7.4 mg/L was found to differentiate 30-day mortality in patients. Regarding patient deaths, the estimates for hospital wards align with expectations, indicating that an elevated mortality risk was observed in the Intensive Care Unit and Internal Medicine Ward compared to the Emergency Department. The study results shed new light on CRP significance, suggesting the need for further research and verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chemoresistance constitutes a prevalent factor that significantly impacts thesurvival of patients undergoing treatment for smal-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Chemotherapy resistance in SCLC patients is generally classified as primary or acquired resistance, each governedby distinct mechanisms that remain inadequately researched. Methods: In this study, we performed transcriptome screening of peripheral blood plasma obtained from 17 patients before and after receiving combined etoposide and platinum treatment. We firs testimated pseudo-single-cell analysis using xCell and ESTIMATE and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), then performed network analysis to discover key hub genes involved in chemotherapy resistance. Results: Our analysis showed a significant increase in class-switched memory B cell scores acrossboth chemotherapy resistance patterns, indicating their potential crucial role in mediatingresistance. Moreover, network analysis identifed PRICKLE3, TNFSFI0, ACSLl and EP300 as potential contributors to primary resistance, with SNWl, SENP2 and SMNDCl emerging assignificant factors in acquired resistance, providing valuable insights into chemotherapy resistancein SCLC. Discussion: These findings offer valuable insights for understanding chemotherapy resistance and related gene signatures in SCLC, which could help further biological validation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Sepsis poses a significant threat to adult patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. Neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) expression has been linked to inflammatory responses during infection or tissue injury, suggesting its potential as a predictive marker for sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective analytical study over 2 years at a tertiary care hospital, enrolling 91 sepsis cases from the adult ICU. Alongside routine laboratory parameters, including complete blood count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin, the expression of nCD64 was analyzed using a Beckman Coulter Navios flow cytometer. Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) was calculated for these cases. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0 software, with a significance threshold of P < 0.05. RESULTS: MFI scores demonstrated a notable increase in diagnosed sepsis cases, as determined by clinical and biochemical parameters. Moreover, changes in MFI scores on Day 4 exhibited a correlation with other clinical and biochemical parameters, strengthening the association between nCD64 expression and sepsis severity. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that nCD64 serves as an independent prognostic factor in adult ICU sepsis patients. It offers a promising alternative to traditional sepsis markers for predicting patient outcomes, emphasizing its potential clinical utility in guiding therapeutic interventions and improving patient care in ICU settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]