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Verticillium dahliae, the soilborne fungal pathogen, causes vascular wilt on many economically important crops, resulting in significant yield losses. V. klebahnii (isolate PD659) and V. isaacii (isolate PD660), two related species that cause few or no symptoms in some hosts, were evaluated as potential biocontrol agents (BCAs) in eggplant, lettuce, and tomato by pre-, post-, and coinoculation with a virulent race 1 isolate of V. dahliae (VdLs16). Initial studies demonstrated that the biocontrol efficacy of both BCAs was similar to reference BCA Talaromyces flavus (NRRL15936) across all hosts (α = 0.05). Subsequent experiments with PD659 against V. dahliae isolate Sm113 from eggplant, VdLs16 and VdLs17 isolates from lettuce, and Le1811 isolate from tomato demonstrated a significant biocontrol efficacy in eggplant and tomato but not in lettuce (at 95% confidence interval), suggesting host-dependent effectiveness of V. klebahnii. Confocal microscopy using green fluorescent protein-tagged tomato V. dahliae isolate Le1811 indicated delayed xylem colonization or lack of pathogen progression into the vascular system in a host-dependent manner on BCA-treated plants. Quantitative analyses of the expression of defense-related genes PR1a, PR5, acidic extracellular β-1,3-glucanase (GlucA), basic intracellular β-1,3-glucanase (GlucB), acidic extracellular chitinase (Chi3), basic intracellular chitinase (Chi9), and cysteine proteases (cysProteases) in tomato in the presence or absence of PD659 suggested an elevated expression of defense-related genes in compatible interaction of V. dahliae–tomato cultivar Early Pak. V. klebahnii (PD659) may delay the entry of V. dahliae by competing for space or nutrients during the initial stages of root colonization. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Orthoptera comprise an order of common insects, most of which are phytophagous, but there are also predatory orthoptera. They are found all over the world and adapt to the environmental conditions in which they are found. Orthoptera insects are pests of vegetable plants, destroying large areas, so vegetable growers are familiar with them. The research was carried out in the Amărăștii de Jos stationary in 2020 in vegetable crops. The aim of the research was to identify orthoptera species in vegetable crops and two methods were used to collect them: the beer trap method and the Barber soil trap method). Orthopteran insects were identified with the help of specialized determiners, then classified by family down to species level. Orthoptera currently identified in the stationary studied included six species, namely: Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Gryllus campestris, Gryllus desertus, Acrida hungarica, Dociostaurus maroccanus and Calliptamus italicus. The species with the most specimens is Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (42 specimens) and the species with the fewest specimens is Dociostaurus maroccanus (3 specimens).

In India, manual transplanting of vegetable seedlings was the commonly adopted method for raising vegetable crops, but it is laborious, time-consuming and costly. Therefore, mechanical transplanters are developed to overcome the problems in manual transplanting. The present work was to develop multiple seedlings picking and transferring mechanism for protray grown vegetable seedlings. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), chilli (Capsicum annuum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena) seedlings were raised in portrays with coir pith as a growth media and used for transplanting operation. The mechanism was to pick seven numbers of seedlings in one row at a time and transfer them into lateral conveying system, which could deliver the seedlings one by one on to the ground at regular interval. Programmable Logic Controller was used to controlling entire operations of seedlings picking and dropping. At the time of evaluation, a totally 196 number of seedlings were used with 98 cell protray. From the test results, the success rate of 89.28 per cent, missing seedling of 3.57 per cent, damaged seedling of 4.08 per cent, seedling delivering failure of 3.06 per cent were recorded for tomato seedlings. Similarly, in chilli and brinjal the success rate of 95.40 and 91.83 per cent, the missing seedling of 2.04 and 2.55 per cent, damaged seedling of 1.53 and 3.06 per cent and seedling delivering failure of 1.02 and 2.55 per cent respectively were observed. Transplanting frequency of developed mechanism was 2520 seedlings h-1. As a whole, this work was able to develop a working model of vegetable seedling transplanting mechanism, which can eject seven seedlings at a time from portray cell and transfer them into the slotted conveyor.

Four universal primer pairs were tested and compared for specificity and efficiency of detection of diverse potyviruses in vegetable crops. Symptomatic samples of seven vegetable crops were initially exposed to DAS/TAS-ELISA. After initial serological detection positive samples were further exposed to different universal primer pairs. All the primers correspond to most conserved regions/gene of potyvirus genome viz., Nuclear Inclusion B and coat protein. Out of four pairs tested, most potential and reproducible candidate universal primer for detection was NIb2F/3R. This set of primer has great breadth of specificity as compared to others, as it was able to detect six different potyviruses. Comparative success to detect potyviruses was maximum with primers pair NIb2F/NIb3R i.e. 84%, 22 and 20% with P9502/CPUP and Sprimer/M4T, respectively.

The soilborne oomycete Phytophthora capsici is the most destructive pathogen of vegetable crops and is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. Here, we present an improved genome assembly of P. capsici generated by Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing (for de novo assembly) and Illumina short-read sequencing (for polishing). The genome of P. capsici is 100.5 Mb in length (GC content = 50.8%) and contains 26,069 predicted protein-coding genes. The whole genome of P. capsici is assembled into 194 scaffolds, 90% of which are larger than 300 kb. The N50 scaffold length and maximum scaffold length are 1.0 and 4.1 Mb, respectively. The whole-genome sequence of P. capsici will broaden our knowledge of this pathogen and enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of its pathogenicity, which will facilitate the development of effective management strategies. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Potato is one of the most vegetable crops consumed in the world. Many cultivars of potato infested by Black scurf disease (Rhizoctonia solani) and affect the quantity and quality of the yield. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of clove extract for controlling R. solani. Six isolates were obtained from infected potato plants from different potato growing areas. The results obtained from the pathogenicity test cleared that lady rosetta potato cultivar was the most susceptible cultivar to R. solani as affect number of plants. While the most resistant cultivar to R. solani during the Pathogenicity test was cara potato cultivar as affected by R. solani as affect the mean number of plants. On the other hand, among all six R. solani isolates tested during the pathogenicity study Rs4 was the most pathogenic isolate on potato plants while the lowest pathogenic isolate was Rs6 on the tested potato cultivars as affecting the number of plants/ pots. The results for the effect of clove extract (alcoholic and water extract) showed that alcoholic extract was very effective to inhibit the growth of all six R. solani isolates as the pathogen was totally inhibited while clove water extract was less effective for inhibiting the growth of the pathogen comparing with control treatment.

The mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi, is a significant agricultural pest, responsible for yield losses in several vegetable crops. A desire to reduce insecticide applications in green house vegetabl...

Le chou fait partie des principales cultures maraîchères pratiquées en Côte d’Ivoire. Sa production est cependant limitée par des problèmes parasitaires entomologiques mal maîtrisés. Cette étude a été réalisée sur trois périmètres maraîchers du département de Korhogo, de juillet 2016 à juin 2017. Elle vise à évaluer les niveaux d’attaques des insectes ravageurs et à déterminer leur impact sur la culture. De façon spécifique, il s’est agi d’identifier les espèces d’insectes collectés sur les plants, de décrire leurs dégâts et de déterminer l’intensité de leurs attaques à travers un indice (I) compris entre 0% et 100%. Les observations ont révélé la présence dequinze espèces d’insectes. Les larves et/ou les adultes de ces insectes attaquaient les plants de chou. Les dégâts affectent les feuilles, le bourgeon apical, la pomme et la tige. Les espèces Hellula undalis et Plutella xylostella ont été identifiées comme les ravageurs majeurs du chou car elles ont attaqué respectivement 57,04% des plants avec une forte intensité (I = 38,89 ± 21,45%) et 88,15% des plants avec une très forte intensité (I = 56,11 ± 18,87%). La connaissance de ces ravageurs majeurs et de leurs dégâts pourrait contribuer à une meilleure gestion de ces nuisibles.Mots clés : Chou, intensité des attaques, Hellula undalis, Plutella xylostella, Côte d'Ivoire Cabbage is one of the main vegetable crops grown in Côte d'Ivoire. However, its production is limited by the poor insect management. This study was carried out through three vegetable areas in the division of Korhogo from July 2016 to June 2017. It aims to assess the damage caused by insect and determine their impact on the crop. Specifically, it involved identifying the insect species collected from the plants, describing their damage and determining the intensity of their attacks using an index between 0% and 100%. Observations revealed fifteen insect species. The larvae and/or adults of these insects attacked cabbage plants. The damage affects the leaves, the apical bud, the apple and the stem. The species Hellula undalis and Plutella xylostella were identified as the major pests of cabbage because they attacked respectively 57.04% of the plants with high intensity (I = 38.89 ± 21.45%) and 88.15% of the plants with a very high intensity (I = 56.11 ± 18.87%). Knowledge of these major pests and their domages could contribute to better management of these pests. Keywords: Cabbage, intensity of attacks, Hellula undalis, Plutella xylostella, Côte d'Ivoire.

Soil contamination by heavy metals has received considerable attention in recent years. In this study, heavy metal accumulation in two vegetable crops (Corchorus olitorius and Solanum nigrum L.) wa...

The article presents the monitoring of sucking pests of vegetable crops of the families Aphrophoridae and Cicadellidae from the Auchenorrhyncha series, their sistematic position, food connections, harmfulness, and modern control measures are recommended.

Desa Padang Birik-Birik was located in the North Pariaman District of Pariaman City and the village near to the beach. The daily activities of women in this area are housewives and farming. During the Covid-19 pandemic the economic conditions of the community became increasingly difficult so that the additional alternative funds were needed to meet family needs. Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivation techniques with an aquaponic system can be used as a source of additional income in addition to meet the nutritional needs of the family. Nile Tilapia cultivation techniques with an aquaponic system can increase the income of housewives during the Covid-19 pandemic. Aquaponic method is a land and water saving technology that can be combined with various vegetable crops. Meanwhile, vegetable crops from the aquaponic system can also be consumed to meet the nutritional needs of the family. This community service activity is carried out by counseling and direct practice. Presentation of material on Nile Tilapia cultivation techniques using the aquaponic system includes how to assemble tools, direct practice how to plant seeds, and how to maintain them. The result of the activity was that the enthusiastic community received the material presented and seriously followed the activity until it was finished. The community is committed to trying to make this aquaponic cultivation system themselves in their respective homes.

Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary are presented. The Sanctuary is located in the District Shopian of Kashmir Valley (33°39'28.6"N 74°41'15.2"E). The area is rich in both floral and faunal diversity with most of the area covered with lush green forests. Around the sanctuary, Agro and Horticultural plantations such as Apple, Pear, Peach and vegetable crops abides most of the land cover in the area. The present study was carried out from June to October 2020. A total number of 10 species from six families were recorded in and around the area. The most abundant species recorded are from the family Libellulidae which are active mostly in the months from June to October. A number of freshwater bodies flow through the district and receives annual precipitation of around 1800mm, which makes the area more suitable for the Odonates diversity. Here we present the first preliminary report of order Odonata collected from the sanctuary and adjoining areas of Kashmir Valley.

This is a review on the current status of Ascaris and Toxocara as agents of disease as a foodborne pathogen that is often transmitted onto produce via contaminated water. The paper introduces the parasites, their biology, disease caused, and mode of transmission. It summarizes recent research on methods for the detection of the parasites on crops, their prevalence in recent surveys of ready to eat plants in different parts of the world, and potential aspects of their means for remediation on vegetable crops. Also discussed is the ubiquitous nature of the presence of these eggs in the environment due to the many humans infected and means currently underway to control these parasites though improve water quality, sanitation, and hygiene.

Various management systems are being broadly employed to minimize crop yield loss resulting from abiotic and biotic stresses. Here we introduce a Bacillus zanthoxyli HS1 strain as a potent candidate for managing manifold stresses on vegetable plants. Considering 16S rDNA sequence and biochemical characteristics, the strain is closely related to B. zanthoxyli. The B. zanthoxyli HS1's soil-drench confers disease resistance on tomato and paprika plants against infection with Ralstonia solanacearum and Phytophthora capsici, respectively. Root and shoot growths are also increased in B. zanthoxyli HS1-treated cabbage, cucumber, and tomato plants, compared with those in mock-treated plants, after application of high salinity solution. Moreover, the pretreatment of B. zanthoxyli HS1 on cabbage plants inhibits the degradation of chloroplast pigments caused by high salinity stresses, whereas the inhibitory effect is not observed in cucumber plants. These findings suggest that B. zanthoxyli HS1 stain inhibits disease development and confers tolerance to salinity stress on vegetable plants.

Diamondback moth is one of the destructive insect pests of brassicaceous vegetable crops worldwide with increased insecticide resistance. Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely-used organophosphate...

Tomato plant (Solanum lycopersium Mill.) is among the highly cultivated vegetable crops worldwide. With the increase in cadmium (Cd)-polluted area, the risk of tomato safe production has increased....

Phytophthora capsici is an oomycete pathogen causing economically important diseases in a wide range of hosts worldwide including cucurbitaceous, solanaceous, and fabaceous crops. All plant parts, crown and roots, or only the fruit may be affected depending on the host, and symptoms can range from wilting to rot and plant death. Considered a hemibiotroph, P. capsici can be cultured in artificial media and maintained in long-term storage. In this diagnostic guide, we describe methods to identify P. capsici infection based on disease symptoms and pathogen signs. We also outline methods for molecular identification, pathogen isolation, storage of single-sporangium cultures, and pathogenicity testing.

Phytophthora capsici is a destructive soilborne pathogen, which causes Phytophthora blight in many vegetable crops including chile pepper (Capsicum sp.). Our research was aimed at evaluating the resistance of jalapeño cultivars in field conditions and identifying the factors associated with reduction of Phytophthora blight caused by P. capsici. Six jalapeño (NuMex Orange Spice, NuMex Pumpkin Spice, NuMex Jalmundo, TAM Jalapeño, Early Jalapeño, and NuMex Vaquero) and two non-jalapeño (CM-334 and NM 6-4) cultivars were inoculated with P. capsici at the fruiting stage. Disease severity index (DSI), disease incidence (DI), and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for each cultivar were measured. The most susceptible jalapeño cultivars with the highest DSI, DI, and AUDPC were NuMex Orange Spice, NuMex Jalmundo, and NuMex Pumpkin Spice, whereas the least susceptible jalapeño cultivars were Early Jalapeño, TAM Jalapeño, and NuMex Vaquero, with the lowest DSI, DI, and AUDPC. The identified jalapeños with reduced susceptibility to Phytophthora blight can be planted in infested fields, combined with other control methods, which may help in soil disinfestation by reducing the inoculum level in soil over time.

Fourteen underground vegetables including roots, bulbs, rhizomes, corms and tubers have been observed to be infected by sixteen different species of Alternaria which cause leafs pots/blight, root rot and black rot in the field and decay, deterioration in storage. Radish, turnip and knol khol are affected by A. raphani, A. brassicae and A. brassiciola. Carrot, an underground taproot vegetable is infected by three species of Alternaria causing leaf blight and black rot. A. porri and A. alli cause purple blotch in onion, garlic and leek. On sweet potato and potato, four Alternaria spp. are involved and in case of rhizomes and corms. A. alternata of wide spread occurrence, appeared to cause the lesions, spots and blight in six underground vegetables like radish, sugarbeet, ginger, turmeric, zimikand and potato. All the sixteen species of Alternaria representing different sections of this genus differ in their morphological characteristics. Simple and suitable keys for their correct identification have been framed also where there is the involvement of more than one Alternaria species in causation of disease.

The aim of work is to support and study the genetic collection of carrots ( Daucus carota L.) of Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery (ARHCBAN) in the Moscow Region. The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted method. The area of accounting plots in experiments is 2–10 square meters. m., the repetition is fourfold. The standart variety is carrot variety dining Nantskaya-4. In the laboratory of vegetable crops and potatoes of the Center for the Gene Pool and Bioresources of Plants of the ARHCBAN 120 collection samples of carrots are maintained and stored annually. In 2018, the genetic collection of the dining carrot was replenished with 17 sources with a complex of economically valuable traits. Early maturing varieties of carrots with a growing period of up to 70 days were identified: the Parizhskiy Rynok, Kamila. The combination of parameters of root mass and high marketability of root vegetables was observed in the varieties Vita Long, Dolyanka, Zholtaya, Dar Podmoskovya, Minchanka, Litvinka. In terms of marketable yields, the following varieties stood out: Alyonka, Litvinka, Vita Long, Dolyanka, Dar Podmoskovya, Leander, Flaker, Minchanka, Samson. When assessing carrot varieties for resistance to brown leaf spot, 5 highly resistant sources were identified: Vita Long, Alyonka, Dolyanka, Flaker, Zheltaya, Dar Podmoskovya, Litvinka. The best collection varieties according to the results of the tasting evaluation were Nanika, Gollandka, Samson, Natofi, Coral, Minsk, Litvinka, Dar Podmoskovya. As a result of studying the collection varieties of table carrots in the conditions of the Moscow region, varieties with valuable economic characteristics were identified. The genetic carrot collection of the dining room of the ARHCBAN has been replenished with new sources of economically valuable traits that can be used in the breeding of highly productive varieties and hybrids.

Tomato is one of the commercial vegetable crops, being affected with many diseases, among which early blight caused by Alternaria solani resulting in huge yield loss. As an alternative to the agro chemicals, botanicals were widely adopted owing to its eco friendliness. Several botanical extracts were prepared and screened against this seed borne pathogen. All treatment showed the varied antifungal activity against the pathogen. Among the screened botanicals percent growth inhibition of pathogen was higher in zimmu leaf extract (89%). Plant biometric observations viz., seed germination (94%) and seedling vigor (2383) was maximum with lower percent disease index (12%) was recorded in zimmu leaf extract treated seeds and seedlings of tomato cultivar PKM 1.

This article covers phytonematodaphauna of vegetable crops and measures against parasites in the greenhouse conditions of the Surkhandarya region. The phytonematodes found and identified as a result of the research carried out belong to 5 categories, 18 families, 32 generations, 68 species according to taxonomic classification. Studies 15 species of true parasite fetonimatoda in the soil around the tomato plant and its roots in the greenhouse conditions of the Surkhandarya region (Bitylenchusdubius, Merliniines brevidens, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, Rotylenchus robustus, Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus, H. digonicus, H. Dihystera, H. digitiformis,H.erythrinae, Pratylenchus pratensis, P.penetrans, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, Ditylenehus dipsaci) the prevalence was determined.

Le maraîchage dans les villes et les localités périurbaines ne sont pas sans conséquence sur la qualité des produits maraîchers qui y sont cultivés. La présente étude vise à évaluer la qualité des produits maraîchers consommés au Bénin afin de mieux appréhender les risques pour la santé humaine. Les métaux lourds (Pb, Cu et Zn) ont été dosés par la spectrophotométrie d’absorption atomique dans le sol et les cultures maraîchères fraîches et cuites. Il ressort de l’étude que le sol des différentes cultures maraîchères est contaminé par les métaux lourds (Pb : 0,028 à 2,235 mg/kg, Cu : 0,037 mg/kg à 0,264 mg/kg, Zn : 0,613 à 3,234 mg/kg) ainsi que le compost utilisé pour son amendement (Pb : 0,224 mg/kg, Cu : 0,419 mg/kg et Zn : 1,717 mg/kg). Les cultures maraîchères analysées sont aussi contaminés par les métaux lourds (Pb : 0,009 à 4,124 mg/kg, Cu : 0,073 mg/kg à 2,146 mg/kg, Zn : 0,573 à 14,12 mg/kg) avec des facteurs de bioconcentration allant à plus de 4 pour le Brassica oleracea et 8 pour le Vernonia amygdalina qui sont les plus contaminés. Toutefois, la cuisson a entraîné une réduction considérable des teneurs en métaux lourds, ce qui réduit le risque sanitaire pour le consommateur. Une vigilance de la population et une variation de l’alimentation sont alors importantes pour garantir une meilleure santé. Il est prévu de continuer les travaux de recherche sur d’autres spéculations maraîchères et polluants chimiques.Mots clés: Éléments métalliques, spéculations maraîchères, influence modes de cuisson. English Title: Determination of heavy metals in soil and vegetable products in BeninMarket gardening in towns and peri-urban localities is not without consequence on the quality of the market garden products which are cultivated there. This study aims to evaluate the quality of market garden produce consumed in Benin in order to better understand the risks to human health. Heavy metals (Pb, Cu and Zn) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in soil and fresh and cooked vegetable crops. The study showed that the soil of the various vegetable crops is contaminated by heavy metals (Pb: 0.028 to 2.235 mg/kg, Cu: 0.037 mg/kg to 0.264 mg/kg, Zn: 0.613 to 3.234 mg/kg) and the compost used for its amendment too (Pb: 0.224 mg/kg, Cu: 0.419 mg/kg and Zn: 1.717 mg/kg). The vegetable crops analyzed are also contaminated by heavy metals (Pb: 0.009 to 4.124 mg/kg, Cu: 0.073 mg/kg to 2.146 mg/kg, Zn: 0.573 to 14.12 mg/kg) with bioconcentration factors ranging from more than 4 for Brassica oleracea and 8 for Vernonia amygdalina which are the most contaminated. However, cooking has resulted in a significant reduction in heavy metal contents, which reduces the health risk for the consumer. A vigilance of the population and a variation of the food are then important to guarantee a better health. It is planned to continue research on other vegetable crops and chemical pollutantsKeywords: Metallic elements, vegetables crops, cooking methods influence.

Relevance. Currently, the range of vegetable crops has firmly entered the bean, the protein of which is absorbed by the human body by 87% or higher. The main factor limiting the cultivation of beans in Belarus is the lack of varieties of this crop that are resistant to mycological diseases, primarily Anthracnose.Materials and methods.The study included 34 samples of vegetable beans of mutant and hybrid origin obtained in the sector of legumes of vegetable crops of RUP "Institute of vegetable growing of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus". To obtain a mutagenic effect, induced mutagenesis was used in the form of the action of a radioactive isotope 60Со and a neodymium laser. Hybrid combinations were obtained by intraspecific hybridization of mutant samples. For molecular genome testing, DNA was isolated from plant leaves before flowering, and its purification was performed by Fermentas using a Genomic DNA Purification Kit. The concentration of the resulting DNA solution was determined by a spectrophotometric method on a CARY 50 SCAN. A Thermo Hybaid RX2 amplifier was used for PCR. The annealing temperature of the primer was determined using the program "oligocalculator". The CV 2014 primer was used as a marker. resistant genotypes to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Br. et Cav were at the band level of about 450 BP. Phytopathological assessment of plant infectivity was carried out on the basis of visual and instrumental methods, taking into account the reaction of plants and the intensity of the lesion, in the conditions of a natural infectious background in the phase of technical ripeness.Results. Seven samples of beans were identified that have genetic resistance to Anthracnose and show it in the conditions of a natural infectious background.

Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) cause enormous yield reductions in vegetable crops. While nematicides are the most effective method for controlling RKN in carrot (Dacatus carota), the e...

Carrot (Daucus carota L.), which is one of the 10 most important vegetable crops worldwide, is an edible root vegetable desired for its taste as well as its medicinal uses. However, a fungus isolated from carrot seeds was observed to substantially decrease the germination rate. The isolate was identified as Alternaria alternata based on morphological and molecular characteristics as well as a phylogenetic tree. The maximum seed infection rate of selected carrot cultivars was approximately 60%, with the main infection site just underneath the seed shell. Additionally, the germination rate of infected seeds decreased by 28.7%. However, the seed infection rate varied among the examined carrot cultivars. Regarding the effects of chemical fungicides, the optimal treatment involved immersing seeds in amistar top suspension concentrate (SC) (effective concentration of 0.65 g/L) for 6 h, which effectively killed the fungi inside the carrot seeds. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development of efficient methods for preventing the infection of carrot seeds by specific fungi and increasing the germination rate and vigour index.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and Cucurbita species (squashes, pumpkins, and gourds), belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, are among the major vegetable crops in the world. Transgenic approaches could contribute to the accumulation of new knowledge of these species and to the development of elite cultivars. Despite this, research reports using transformants of these species are very limited so far. One of the reasons for this may be that although there are effective transformation methods, these methods are not well known among researchers. In the present review, we describe efficient protocols for the transformation of cucumber and squash plants and mention possible pitfalls in and advice for following these protocols. In addition, we discuss the current progress of genetic transformation research using cucumbers and squash, including genome editing.

Compatibility of the Turkish entomopathogenic nematode isolates Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) with six chemical pesticides registered for vegetable crops in Turkey was investigated. Mortality, infectivity, and reproduction capacity of pesticide-treated EPNs have been assessed. Our study indicated that imidacloprid and cyflumetofen showed no adverse effect on the survival, infectivity, and reproduction rates of EPNs and can be considered as the most compatible pesticides. The fungicides, fluxapyroxad + difenoconazole and ametoctradin + dimethomorph, caused significantly higher mortality on S. feltiae; however, only fluxapyroxad + difenoconazole showed the negative effect on the survival of H. bacteriophora. Although spiromesifen, spinosad and fluxapyroxad + difenoconazole treated H. bacteriophora had significantly lower reproduction capacity, no negative effect has been observed on the progeny production of S. feltiae among the tested pesticides. In this study, compatibility of cyflumetofen, fluxapyroxad + difenoconazole and ametoctradin + dimethomorph with EPNs have been reported for the first time. The results of the present study will contribute to cost-effective and sustainable management of vegetable pests.

Relevance. Climatic factors of Primorsky Region make the most favorable conditions for developing of a diseases of vegetable crops. In such conditions leaves surfaces of the plants are defeated with the phytopathogens from Phytophthora, Alternaria, Septoria and Xanthomonas genus. Materials and methods. In the years 2016, 2017 some research on determination of the effectiveness of protective activities for the diseases control of tomatoes in the open field were taken in the Primorskaya Vegetable experimental station. Some activity was carried out with the sort of tomatoes Odissey in the coastal zone of Primorsky Region in the conditions of the monsoon climate with annual rainfall 700-800 mm, greater part of which falls in the summer season. Fungicides Acrobat MT, Orvego, Cignum and Skor were chosen for studying. The first cultivation with preparations took place in the first decade of July in a period of appearing of the first signs of Alternaria on tomato leaves surfaces. Two next cultivations were carried out with the intervals of 14-16 days according to the weather conditions. Results. At protecting from Alternaria (79.4%) the greatest biological effectiveness was shown by the fungicide Cignum. The biggest tomato crop productivity was also reached thank to cultivation with this fungicide: the crop raising of tomato commercial fruit was 15.2 t/h or 70.4% by comparison with the control version.

Vegetable crop productivity is susceptible to damage from weed competition, with early season weeds a control priority to prevent significant yield loss. There is an urgent need for a reliable robotic sensing system that can work well in a variety of crops to achieve universal weed/crop differentiation, which would facilitate further development in robotic technologies for farming and bring economic benefits to vegetable production. The aim of this study was to develop a novel technique to create a machine-readable crop plant using a systemic crop signalling compound applied to seeds or transplants. The protocols for the crop signalling method and its detection are described. Rhodamine B (Rh–B) was selected as the signalling compound in this study, because it could be used as a fluorescent tracer, had a unique optical appearance in plants, and had the necessary properties to allow systemic behaviour in vegetable seedlings. The Rh–B tracer was applied to snap bean and the systemic behaviour analysed with a fluorescent macroscope. The uptake of Rh–B varied among treatment methods. The Rh–B uptake through the seed coat of snap beans was found mainly in the seedling hypocotyls. The results for root uptake showed that Rh–B could be more readily transported to the whole plant through the root system as compared to the application to seeds. The midvein and secondary veins of bean leaves showed stronger Rh–B fluorescence than other regions of the leaf. Higher concentrations of Rh–B resulted in greater absorption by the plant. Although the crop signalling compound could follow both seed and root pathways for plant uptake, the uptake based on the root pathway had greater capacity than that of the seed pathway. The use of Rh–B provided a systemic crop signalling compound was discussed on further research and field tested to have application to enhance weed/crop differentiation by automated weeders in vegetable crops. The systemic crop signalling system successfully created a machine-readable signal on vegetable crops, and appeared to be non-destructive, cost effective, efficient and accurate for performing automatic plant care tasks.

A series of experiments in a plastic house were carried out to test the accumulation of Pb metal in Chinese cabbage and bean plants from the application of several Pb sources. The research method used was a split-plot design with the main plot was the application of Pb source consisting of A1 = pesticide (99 mg Pb/kg), A2 = fertilizer (21 mg Pb/kg), A3 = Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (50 mg Pb/kg) and A4 = control (without the application of Pb), and the subplot was the vegetable crops consisting of B1 = Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa ) and B2 = bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ). The results of the experiment showed that the Pb content in the shoots of Chinese cabbage and bean plants that were previously sprayed with pesticide was significantly 231.02% (Chinese cabbage) and 257.18% (bean) higher than control plants. Meanwhile, the largest Pb concentrations in the roots of Chinese cabbage and bean plants were obtained in plants applied with Pb(NO 3 ) 2 . Compared to the control treatment, there was an increase in Pb concentration by 206.32% in the roots of Chinese cabbage plant and by 310.03% in the roots of bean plant which were applied with Pb(NO 3 ) 2 . Pb concentrations of Chinese cabbage which were given fertilizer increased by 14.86% in the shoot and 30.59% in the root, while those in bean increased by 10.74% in the shoot and 98.77% in the root. Pb concentrations in Chinese cabbage and beans that were given fertilizer were not significantly different from control plants. These results indicate that the application of pesticide and fertilizer containing Pb results in Pb accumulation in the plant shoots and roots as well as in the soil.

Actuality. Industrial technologies of vegetable crops cultivation, including squash cultivation, a lot of attention is paid to the uniformity of seeds by morphometric traits as a condition allowing to use the precision technologies.The goal of the study is to determine specificities of measured polyvariance the seeds of Cucurbita pepo var. giramontia Duch. under changes of climate conditions in Transnistria.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out at the experimental plot of Pridnestrovian State University (Tiraspol) in 2005-2012. Objects of studies – 5 lines (166/5; 19/84; 98/5; 5Б; 48/20) of squash. Morphometric traits of seeds: mass, width, length, thickness were evaluated in the sample of 100 seeds. Mass of the seed was evaluated with help of torsion scales with exactness to 0,001 g. Width, length, thickness were mesuared with microscope MBS-10 with exactness to 0,1 mm. squash plants were treated with water solutions of the preperation Micefit in concentrations 10 and 100 mg/l in the phase of "2-3 true leaves" and "6-7 true leaves", standard is water treatment.Meteorological conditions (temperature, amount of precipitation) the year of seed reproduction were characterized by the data of Tiraspol Agrometeorological Station. Hydrothermal regime the growing of squash plants was characterized by the hydrothermal coefficient (CHT) of Selyaninov.Results. The nature of changes in temperature and precipitation over 7 years (2005-2012 periods) were reflected increased anomality of weather conditions in Transnistrian region. First of all, it concerns the quantity and the intensity of precipitation during the formation and maturation of squash seeds. Distribution decades of total precipitation and temperatures caused extremely uneven hydration: CHT variation ratio was 29.2-61.3%. Almost all periods of study were stressful for plants and led to the dimensional polyvariance of squash seeds. The variation of morphometric traits (coefficient of variation) is depended on changes in the hydrothermal regime of the growing season. It has a non-linear character and was genotypically caused. Applying the preparation Micefit had a significant effect on the manifestation of traits of squash seeds and its interaction with meteorological factors determined their modifying ability in the following order: mass (78,2%)→ length (56,6%)→ thickness (43,7%)→ width (40,4%).

The experiments were carried out at private farm belonging to Mansoura region. Four host plants from different vegetable families were chosen as eggplant (Solanaceae), squash (Cucurbitaceae), okra (Molvaceae) and cowpea. (Leguminosae). The population density of the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)recorded the highest peaks of abundance on okra plants during the two successive seasons 2018 and 2019 and presented by 341 and 397individuals in the third week of October 2018 and in the second week of October 2019, respectively. Moreover, on squash plants the highest peaks were recorded in the third week of October 2018 and in the second week of October 2019 and represented by 209 and 263, individuals respectively. Meanwhile, on eggplant, the highest peaks were recorded in the second week of October 2018 and in the third week of October 2019 and represented by 134 and 207 individuals, respectively. While, the population of the insect pest showed the highest peaks on cowpea plants in the fourth week of October in the two seasons and represented by 119 and 142 individuals, respectively. The highest average numbers of the insect pest on different vegetable crops were recorded in October for all tested host plants during the two successive seasons 2018 and 2019. Okra as vegetable host plant recorded the highest average number followed by squash, eggplant and cowpea with significantly differences during the two seasons. Also, okra attracted the highest total numbers of the insect during the two seasons.

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic plant pathogen that causes plenty of crop losses in Egypt and worldwide. Fifteen isolates of B. cinerea were collected from cabbage, pepper and lettuce grown in different locations in Egypt and subjected to investigation. Diversity in phenotypic, pathological and molecular characteristics was detected among isolates, leading to categorising them into four different groups. Molecular variation was demonstrated in all isolates by transposable elements (TEs) analyses. Four TE types, based on the presence or absence of two transposable elements, boty and flipper, were recognised among B. cinerea isolates in which transposa type (having both TE, boty + flipper) was predominant (40%), while only boty and only flipper types appeared with distribution values of 26.7 and 20%, respectively and vacuma type (Lacking both TEs) showed the lowest distribution value (13.3%). Furthermore, vacuma population demonstrated the lowest potential comparing to others. A correlation was found between TE type and virulence level of isolate, but no impact of TE type was observed on phenotypic characteristics of B. cinerea. The present study revealed a correlation between the TE type and the isolate virulence, but no correlation was observed between phenotypic characteristic/sensitivity to fenhexamid and TE type

Spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) are the most important phytophagous mite pests of agricultural crops over the worldwide. This study aims to study the effect of different temperature degrees on the developmental stages of the phytophagous mite Eutetranychus orientalis complex (Klein) on some vegetable crops and to predict the population according to the prevailing temperature. Development times of the Eutetranychus orientalis complex (Klein) were evaluated in the laboratory on excised leaf disc of (green bean) Phaseolus vulgarisL at various degrees of temperature (20, 25 and 30±2 °C) with 60±5% relative humidity (RH)under laboratory conditions. Total development times from egg to adult stage were 26.37±1.28 and 24.24±0.92 days at 20±2 °C, 21.25±1.23 and 18.99±1.28 days at 25±2 °C and 11.48±1.07 and 9.88±1.16 at 30±2 °C for female and male respectively. The pre-ovipositionperiod, oviposition period and post-oviposition period were 4.96±1.44, 8.13±2.22 and 4.87±1.23 days at 20±2 °C,1.46±0.35, 6.73±0.82 and 1.99±0.79 days at 25±2 °C and 1.04±0.27, 6.20±0.87 and 1.67±0.40 days respectively at 30±2 °C. Total eggs laid by mite were found to reach the maximum limit at 30±2 °C (22.60 ± 3.63 eggs/mite) followed by 25±2 °C (16.44 ± 3.87 eggs/mite) and 20±2 °C (3.14 ± 2.56 eggs/mite). In conclusion, the time required for female life cycle, longevity and life span was longer than the male at different tested temperature degrees and the differences were significant and the 20±2°C gave the longest life cycle, while the temperature of 30±2°C gave the shortest life cycle.

Increasing weed control costs and limited herbicide options threaten vegetable crop profitability. Traditional interrow mechanical cultivation is very effective at removing weeds between crop rows. However, weed control within the crop rows is necessary to establish the crop and prevent yield loss. Currently, many vegetable crops require hand weeding to remove weeds within the row that remain after traditional cultivation and herbicide use. Intelligent cultivators have come into commercial use to remove intrarow weeds and reduce cost of hand weeding. Intelligent cultivators currently on the market such as the Robovator, use pattern recognition to detect the crop row. These cultivators do not differentiate crops and weeds and do not work well among high weed populations. One approach to differentiate weeds is to place a machine-detectable mark or signal on the crop (i.e., the crop has the mark and the weed does not), thereby facilitating weed/crop differentiation. Lettuce and tomato plants were marked with labels and topical markers, then cultivated with an intelligent cultivator programmed to identify the markers. Results from field trials in marked tomato and lettuce found that the intelligent cultivator removed 90% more weeds from tomato and 66% more weeds from lettuce than standard cultivators without reducing yields. Accurate crop and weed differentiation described here resulted in a 45% to 48% reduction in hand-weeding time per hectare.Nomenclature: lettuce, Lactuca sativa L.; tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L

La mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci es un complejo de especies de importancia para la industria agrícola debido a los daños que ocasiona por más del 50% en los cultivos de hortalizas. Con el fin de relacionar las variaciones morfológicas con los biotipos de B. tabaci se colectaron tres muestras de poblaciones provenientes de los municipios de Mocorito, Elota y Culiacán del Estado de Sinaloa, México, y fueron identificadas genéticamente mediante el gen (mtCO-1) como los biotipos A, B y Q respectivamente. El estudio morfométrico se realizó con 30 individuos de cada biotipo y los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y prueba de Tukey. Se obtuvo que el biotipo B presentó mayor longitud y anchura en todos los instares, seguido del biotipo A con diferencias estadísticas significativas del 2do, 3er instar y “pseudopupa” entre los biotipos, finalmente, el biotipo Q exhibió las menores dimensiones.

Various analytical approaches for determining β-carotene in vegetable crops and commercial dosage forms have been documented. However, neither the qualitative nor quantitative environmental safety and greener aspects of the literature analytical methodologies of β-carotene analysis have been assessed. As a result, the goal of this research is to develop and validate a reversed-phase “high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” approach for determining β-carotene in traditional (TE) and ultrasound-assisted (UBE) extracts of different fractions of Daucus carota (L.), Ipomea batatas (L.), and commercial formulation. The greener mobile phase for β-carotene analysis was a ternary mixture of ethanol, cyclohexane, and ammonia (95:2.5:2.5, v v v−1). The detection of β-carotene was done at a wavelength of 459 nm. In the 25–1000 ng band−1 range, the greener reversed-phase HPTLC approach was linear. Other validation factors for β-carotene analysis, including as accuracy, precision, robustness, and sensitivity, were likewise dependable. The contents of β-carotene were found to be maximum in hexane: acetone (50:50%) fractions of TE and UBE of D. carota and I. batatas compared to their acetone and hexane fractions. The amount of β-carotene in hexane: acetone (50:50%) portions of TE of D. carota, I. batatas and commercial formulation A was estimated to be 10.32, 3.73, and 6.73 percent w w−1, respectively. However, the amount of β-carotene in hexane: acetone (50:50%) portions of UBE of D. carota, I. batatas and commercial formulation A was estimated to be 11.03, 4.43, and 6.89 percent w w−1, respectively. The greenness scale for the proposed HPTLC strategy was calculated as 0.81 using the “analytical GREEnness (AGREE)” method, indicating that the proposed HPTLC methodology has good greenness. The UBE approach for extracting β-carotene outperformed the TE procedure. These results indicated that the greener reversed-phase HPTLC approach can be utilized for the determination of β-carotene in different vegetable crops, plant-based phytopharmaceuticals, and commercial products. In addition, this approach is also safe and sustainable due to the utilization of a greener mobile phase compared to the toxic mobile phases utilized in literature analytical approaches of β-carotene estimation.

Sweet dessert watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is one of the most important vegetable crops consumed throughout the world. The chemical composition of watermelon provides both high nutritional value and various health benefits. The present manuscript introduces a catalog of 1,679 small molecules occurring in the watermelon and their cheminformatics analysis for diverse features. In this catalog, the phytochemicals are associated with the literature describing their presence in the watermelon plant, and when possible, concentration values in various plant parts (flesh, seeds, leaves, roots, rind). Also cataloged are the chemical classes, molecular weight and formula, chemical structure, and certain physical and chemical properties for each phytochemical. In our view, knowing precisely what is in what we eat, as this catalog does for watermelon, supports both the rationale for certain controlled feeding studies in the field of precision nutrition, and plant breeding efforts for the development of new varieties with enhanced concentrations of specific phytochemicals. Additionally, improved and comprehensive collections of natural products accessible to the public will be especially useful to researchers in nutrition, cheminformatics, bioinformatics, and drug development, among other disciplines.

Beans are one of the world's most consumed and widely grown vegetable crops, but their yield is hampered by a variety of diseases caused by whiteflies and other insects.Whiteflies can also spread a variety of viral diseases to beans. Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV), Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV), Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV) etc. A variety of synthetic pesticides have been used in agriculture to control insects, which damage the plant and have a negative impact on the environment; however, their negative impact on the environment necessitates the use of more environmentally friendly methods for pest management. This paper discusses the synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and application of a mixture of potassium palmitate and pyrethroids; pyrethroids, and potassium stearate as non- persistent insecticides against whiteflies found on bean plants, as well as the use of the T-test to compare the efficacy of prepared insecticidal formulations.

Given the new spread and potential damage of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Asia, it has become imperative to understand the development biology of this invasive species on selected vegetable crops in newer geographical regions. In this study, we investigated the ovipositional preference of FAW females on different host plants, under choice- and non-choice tests. In addition, using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory, we assessed the performance of immature FAW individuals fed and reared on selected vegetable crops to get information related to development time, survival, reproduction and longevity. Fall armyworm females had an oviposition preference on maize compared to other vegetable crops, including cabbage and soybean, and reluctance for tomato, which was confirmed during the choice and non-choice tests. In contrast to the oviposition preference, our results also suggest that despite low preference for cabbage, soybean, and tomato, these crops seemed to provide a high benefit for an appropriate offspring performance, exceeding in some cases the benefits from a maize-based diet. Information from this study was discussed in terms of FAW ecology and how female's decision affects their reproductive fitness, and the survival and performance of its offspring.