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Aim: Azelaic acid (AzA), a comedolytic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory anti-melanogenic agent, prescribed against acne vulgaris is safe on skin. Its combination with another widely used anti-acne agent, tea tree oil (EO) whose delivery is limited by volatility, instability and lipophilicity constraints was attempted. Method: Solvent injection was used to prepare AzA-EO integrated ethosomes. Result: Ethosomes were transformed into carbopol hydrogel, which exhibited pseudo-plastic properties with appreciable firmness, work of shear, stickiness and work of adhesion. The hydrogel showed better permeation and retention characteristics vis-a-vis commercial formulation (AzidermTM), when evaluated in Wistar rat skin. Further, ethosome hydrogel composite was better tolerated with no side effects. Conclusion: The findings suggests that the aforementioned strategy could be a potential treatment used for acne management.

The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most destructive agricultural pests in the world. New attractants are needed as a key strategy for detecting and suppressing insect pest densities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the attractiveness of essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of three Pulicaria species collected from the Al-kharj province of Saudi Arabia, targeting sterile medfly males. The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of P. arabica, P. crispa, and P. somalensis were characterized using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. tau-Cadinol was found to be the major compound in the essential oils of P. arabica (38.6 %) and P. crispa (53.5 %), and intermedeol (15.9 %), α-cadinol (9.7 %), α-, β- (5.2 % each), and γ-eudesmol (9.1 %) were the most abundant components in the essential oil of P. somalensis. Carvotanacetone (10.3 %) was detected only in P. arabica. The essential oils from each of the three Pulicaria species were subjected to short-range attraction bioassays against the sterile male medfly C. capitata. The results were compared with the response to a known strong attractant, tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia); P. arabica exhibited mild attractancy, whereas neither P. crispa nor P. somalensis showed attractant activity.

Demodex blepharitis is a common ophthalmologic disease that is often overlooked in the workup of blepharitis. Demodex infestation occurs in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals at similar rates; consequently, its role in the development of blepharitis has not been well elucidated. Two species have been confirmed to inhabit the human eyelid- Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis. These species differ in their preferred location of infestation, with D. folliculorum occupying the base of the eyelash and D. brevis inhabiting the meibomian glands, contributing to anterior and posterior Demodex blepharitis, respectively. A clinical index of suspicion must be developed from the history when blepharitis, conjunctivitis, or keratitis in adults and blepharoconjunctivitis or chalazia in children are resistant to treatment. The diagnosis can be strongly suspected by the presence of cylindrical dandruff at the base of the eyelash and confirmed by light microscopy of an epilated lash or by in vivo confocal microscopy. No cure is currently available. Management most frequently includes topical tea tree oil and its active ingredient terpinen-4-ol, both of which have produced good clinical outcomes. Topical tea tree oil is typically applied by a professional due to risk of toxicity. Several second-line treatment options have been studied, including ivermectin, metronidazole, selenium sulfide, microblepharoexfoliation, and lid hygiene. Novel, targeted therapies such as TP-03 (Tarsus Pharmaceuticals) are also currently being investigated in phase 2b/3 clinical trials. The purpose of this review purpose is to characterize Demodex blepharitis in detail, including its historical perspective and various classifications, and describe the latest diagnostic and management strategies.

Tungiasis (sand flea disease) is a neglected tropical disease caused by penetration of female sand fleas, Tunga penetrans, into a person’s skin usually in their feet. The disease inflicts immense pain and suffering on millions of people, particularly children. The condition is most prevalent in Latin America, the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, there is no standard drug treatment for tungiasis. The available treatment options are fairly limited and unrealistic to use in endemic areas; as a result, in desperation, the affected people do more harm to themselves by extracting the fleas with non-sterile instruments, further exposing themselves to secondary bacterial infections and/or transmission of diseases such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, or HIV. This highlights the urgent need for simpler, safer, and effective treatment options for tungiasis. Tea tree oil (TTO) has long been used as an antiseptic with extensive safety and efficacy data. The evidence on parasiticidal properties of TTO against ectoparasites such as head lice, mites, and fleas is also compelling. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current tungiasis treatment challenges in endemic settings and highlight the potential role of TTO in the treatment of tungiasis.

Emergence of multi-drug resistant isolates of P. mirabilis and development of new resistant microbial phenotypes are growing and the outlook for the use of antimicrobial drugs in the future is still uncertain. Therefore, there is an increased demand for developing alternative strategies to conventional antibiotic therapy and to continue studies to develop new drugs, either synthetic or natural. In this study, 25 isolates of P. mirabilis were isolated from different clinical samples collected from different departments of Tanta University hospitals. All isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, azithromycin and tetracycline. A high incidence of resistance was also recorded for cefprozil (96%) and cefotaxime (80%). P. mirabilis isolates were moderately resistant to imipenem (64%), lomefloxacin (64%), ampicillin (60%), cefepime (60%) and ciprofloxacin (52%). However, the lowest incidence of resistance was recorded for amikacin (8%). All isolates showed MAR indices >0.2 and exhibited MDR profile. The antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil was evaluated using agar dilution method recording MIC50 value of 12.8 mg/ml. The effect of tea tree oil on the strong biofilm producer isolates with relatively wide swarming zone diameters was evaluated. Results obtained showed that tea tree oil (1/4 and 1/2 MIC) presented significant and dose-dependent inhibition in the biofilm production by the tested isolates of P. mirabilis by ≥50%. In addition, tea tree oil inhibited the swarming motility of P. mirabilis isolates in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, tea tree oil could act as a potential source of alternative antimicrobials or as antipathogenic compound against MDR P.mirabilis.

Acne is one of the most common skin diseases and usually affects almost everyone. Herbal remedies can be given to treat acne and do not cause side effects. The purpose of writing is to see the effectiveness of herbal remedies for healing acne. Methods: Recent literature reviews were conducted using the electronic databases of Pubmed, Wiley Online and Science Direct. The review method uses keyword terms and phrases of Herbal Medicine, Acne, and Facial Treatment. Results: From the results of 9 studies, it was found that there was anti-acne activity of herbal plants and was relatively safe because there were no severe side effects compared to conventional or synthetic treatments. And there is the effectiveness of herbal remedies for healing acne. Conclusion: Herbal plants have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Some of the recommended plants based on journal reviews for treating acne include: Nigela Sativa L, Amurense Phellodendron, Tea Tree Oil, Mangosteen Fruit Skin, Aloe Vera, Lavandulla, Paper Murbey, Green Tea, Hops, Aloe Ferox, Punica Granatum (Pomegranate).

Essential oils (EOs) have been recently emerging for their promising biological activities in preventing tumorigenesis or progression of different tumor histotypes, including melanoma. In this study, we investigated the antitumor activity of a panel of EOs in different tumor models. The ability of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) and its main component, terpinen-4-ol, to sensitize the target therapy currently used for melanoma treatment was also assessed. Our results demonstrated that EOs differently affect the viability of human cancer cells and led us to select six EOs effective in melanoma and lung cancer cells, without toxic effects in human fibroblasts. When combined with dabrafenib and/or trametinib, Melaleuca alternifolia synergistically reduced the viability of melanoma cells by activating apoptosis. Through machine learning classification modeling, α-terpineol, tepinolene, and terpinen-4-ol, three components of Melaleuca alternifolia, were identified as the most likely relevant components responsible for the EO’s antitumor effect. Among them, terpinen-4-ol was recognized as the Melaleuca alternifolia component responsible for its antitumor and proapoptotic activity. Overall, our study holds promise for further analysis of EOs as new anticancer agents and supports the rationale for their use to improve target therapy response in melanoma.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of healing as well as anti plaque activity of an antioxidant mouthrinse containing sodium hyaluronate, coenzyme Q10, tea tree oil and aloe vera as active ingredients in a subject population of established clinical gingivitis. A single blind study was conducted among 45 participants, all of whom were in the age group of 18‑60 years. The study subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 15 each. The control group where only oral hygiene instructions were given. Group B1 in which the participants underwent oral prophylaxis at baseline, day 7 and day 14. Group B2 where the participants were given the antioxidant mouthrinse to use thrice daily in addition to undergoing oral prophylaxis at baseline, day 7 and day 14. The clinical parameters assessed were the probing pocket depth, Plaque Index by Sillness and Loe (1964) and Gingival Index by Loe and Sillness (1963). These were assessed at baseline, day 7 and day 14 for all the 3 groups. The results were found to be statistically significant at 14 days interval of plaque and gingival inflammation reduction in the B2 group as compared to the other two groups, however, with regard to reduction of periodontal depth, the result was not found to be significant. This study supports the effectiveness of herbal constituents based antioxidant mouthwash in its role as an antiplaque and healing agent. It should be explored as a cost‑effective, long‑term antiplaque rinse with prophylactic and therapeutic benefits.

Sea cucumbers are attractive marine natural sources as they are enriched with functional biomaterials that can contribute in accelerating wound healing. The present study was carried out to prepare cream formulations comprising extract of sea cucumber with different type of oil phase, namely F1 (olive oil), F2 (tea tree oil) and F3 (lemongrass oil) to assess the influence of the oil on the physicochemical properties and the wound healing efficacy of the creams. The formulated creams showed satisfactory physicochemical characteristics such as homogeneity, spreadability, rheology, pH, and showed no evidence of phase separation even when the creams were kept at extreme conditions. The ex vivorelease profile of sea cucumber extract from the formulated creams was determined by using a Franz diffusion cells. F3 demonstrated a constant and yield the highest release percentage of sea cucumber extract, followed by F2 and F1. Topical application of the formulated creams on the excision wound in rats showed a significant wound healing efficacy compared to the control group. Among the creams formulation, F1 demonstrated a significantly higher rate of wound closure compared to F2, F3, and positive control. The wound healing efficacy of the formulated creams were not dependent on the ability of the oils in promoting skin permeation for the release of sea cucumber extract. This study depicted that lemongrass oil acted as a good skin permeation enhancer for the release of sea cucumber extract while olive oil worked in a more synergistic manner with sea cucumber extract in promoting wound healing.

The current study aimed to investigate antifungal activities of two commercially available essential oils (EOs), specifically Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia; TTEO) and St. John's wort oil (Hypericum perforatum; HPEO) against three Penicillium (P.) species: P. citrinum, P. expansum, and P. crustosum in in situ conditions. For this purpose, EOs were applied in the vapor phase to determine the growth inhibition of fungi artificially inoculated on sliced bread. Changes in colony growth rate were evaluated as markers for the mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) effect of the EOs. The antioxidant activities of the EOs were evaluated using the DPPH method. The moisture content (MC) and water activity (aw) of bread as a substrate for fungal growth were also measured. From the DPPH assay, we have found that both EOs (TTEO, HPEO) exhibited strong antioxidant activity (64.94 ±7.34%; 70.36 ±1.57%, respectively). The values for bread MC and aw were 43.01 ±0.341% and 0.947 ±0.006, respectively. Our results suggest that HPEO is the only weak inhibitor of P. citrinum and P. crustosum colony growths. Also, the highest concentrations of TTEO display only the weak capability of mycelial growth inhibition of P. citrinum and P. crustosum. By contrast, the colony growth of P. expansum was enhanced by both EOs at all levels used. In conclusion, the application of both EOs in the vapor phase against selected Penicillium species seems not to be a promising alternative to chemical inhibitors used for bread preservation.

Purpose To investigate in vitro effects of active ingredients in eye cleansing wipes and solutions on the life span of Demodex. Methods Demodex mites were extracted by eyelash epilation method from volunteers who were found to have chronic demodex blepharitis during an ophthalmological examination. Preparations with three or more motile, live adult Demodex parasites were included in the study. Two drops of the test solution were dropped on the samples: saline, 2% tea tree oil (TTO; Osto (R), AKD Medical products, Turkey), 7.5% TTO (Blefaritto (R), Jeomed, Turkey), and 0.5% terpinen-4-ol (T4O; Blefastop plus (R), NTC, Italy). Under light microscopy at 100x and 400x magnification, samples were examined and followed. The average killing time of Demodex was noted for each preparation. Results The study was analyzed on 120 patient samples. In the control group with saline, the average killing time of Demodex had an average of 323.5 +/- 21.1 min. In other groups, an average mean of 95.9 +/- 25.2 min in the 2% TTO group, 67.1 +/- 21.8 min in the 7.5% TTO group, and 27.3 +/- 6.0 min in the 0.5% T4O group was observed. It was found that the 0.5% T4O group was significantly more effective than the other groups. Conclusion Chronic Demodex blepharitis treatment is quite difficult in ophthalmology practice. It appears that, even at very low concentrations, T4O has an effective anti-Demodex effect.

A survey of in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum to several commercial fungicides and biofungicides was undertaken. In in vitro assays, the tested isolate of V. dahliae proved to be very sensitive to difenoconazole (EC50 = 0.02 mg/l). However, under greenhouse conditions, the highest efficacy in V. dahliae control on inoculated pepper plants was recorded for a product based on thiophanate-methyl (83.10% compared to control). Among the tested fungicides, the lowest efficacy was recorded for a product based on azoxystrobin (23.10 %) with no significant difference compared to control (p > 0.05). In in vitro assays, the tested F. oxysporum isolate was the most sensitive to prochloraz (EC50 = 0.07 mg/l) and the least sensitive to fluopyram (EC50 = 1075.01 mg/l). In in vivo assay, the highest efficacy was achieved by products based on captan (95.60%), and the lowest by a product based on thiophanate-methyl (54.40%). Antagonistic activity of the bacterium B. subtilis under laboratory conditions was not satisfying. Also, the antifungal activity and spectrum of a tested product based on tee tree oil was not efficient in suppressing pepper wilting caused by V. dahliae and F. oxysporum.

Melaleuca (tea tree) oil has become increasingly commonly used in recent decades. The essential oil in Australia for the past 120 years is now available globally as an active component in various products. Historically, Melaleuca oil is known for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions. Currently, microwave technology is applied to extract Melaleuca oil, but this extraction technology is not commercially under practice. Traditionally, Melaleuca oil extraction is possible through steam distillation of the Melaleuca alternifolia terminal branches and leaves, and the resultant extract is always either clear or pale yellowish. Melaleuca oil has been promoted as a therapeutic agent because scientific studies indicate that the Rideal-Walker (RW) coefficients of its extract composition include 8 for cymene, 16 for terpineol, 13.5 for tepinen-4-ol and 3.5 for cineole. The mode of action against bacteria is now partially elucidated, and assumptions exist. Hydrocarbons partition into biological membranes to disrupt the vital functions of Melaleuca oil, and also its components behave in the same manner. Therefore, the inhibition of respiration and the leakage of ions or loss of intracellular material and the inability to maintain homeostasis reflect the loss of membrane integrity and lysis in Melaleuca oil products containing lower than usual terpenes concentrations. Melaleuca oil possesses antifungal properties and is known exclusively for the treatment of Candida albicans. This essential oil strongly changes the permeability of Candida albican cells. C. albicans treatment with 0.25% tea tree oil leads to propidium iodide uptake. However, a significant loss of 260-nmlight-absorbing materials after staining with methylene blue occurs after 6 hours. Melaleuca extracts alter the permeability of Candida glabrata that occurs when the membrane is treated with 0.25% Melaleuca oil. Melaleuca oils possess antiviral properties but most findings evidence that this oil fights against both non-enveloped and enveloped viruses, although the range of viruses tested to date is minimal. Melaleuca oil is known for its antiprotozoal activity because it causes a 50% reduction in the growth of protozoa Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei at concentrations of 403 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively, based on the studies done (in comparison to controls). An investigation has shown that terpinen-4-ol also contributes significantly to antiprotozoal activity. Tea tree oils at 300 mg/ml killed all cells of Trichomonas vaginalis, and also anecdotal in-vivo studies evidence that Melaleuca oil may be effective in treating infections caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. This review article summarizes the developments in our understanding of the phytochemistry, bioactivity, metabolism and the economic aspects of Melaleuca alternifolia, and it details how Melaleuca alternifolia species have evolved in the ecosystem.

Resumen Introducción. El aceite del árbol de té es un aceite esencial reconocido por sus propiedades antimicrobianas. Objetivos. Evaluar la composición, características y efecto antimicrobiano del aceite al 2 % del árbol de té y su concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) contra Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó el quimiotipo en tres lotes diferentes de este aceite mediante cromatografía de gases, así como su actividad antimicrobiana en concentración al 2 % v/v y la CIM contra C. acnes mediante ensayo de difusión en agar (guía M11-A8 CLSI). Resultados. Los lotes evaluados presentaron los quimiotipos ajustados a la norma ISO 4730, lo que indicó la alta calidad del producto. Los lotes contenían de 30 a 40 % de terpinen-4-ol, compuesto que favorece la actividad antimicrobiana, la cual presentó en todos los lotes un efecto dependiente de la concentración contra C. acnes, con una inhibición del crecimiento microbiano en concentración al 2 % v/v en todas las pruebas. La concentración inhibitoria mínima fue de 0,25 % v/v. La actividad antimicrobiana del aceite del árbol de té contra este microorganismo ya ha sido reportada con una concentración inhibitoria mínima entre 0,05 y 1,25 % v/v, rango que cobija la obtenida en este estudio. Conclusiones. Los resultados evidenciaron la gran calidad de este producto y su capacidad como agente antibacteriano contra C. acnes. Se deben hacer estudios con otros aislamientos del microorganismo provenientes de pacientes con acné vulgar para confirmar su actividad general y la de cada uno de sus componentes. Abstract Introduction: Tea tree oil is an essential oil recognized for its antimicrobial properties. Objective: To evaluate the composition, features, and antimicrobial effect at 2% v/v, and its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes). Materials and methods: Three different batches of tea tree oil were evaluated. We characterized its chemotype by gas chromatography and its 2% v/v antimicrobial activity against C. acnes by agar diffusion assay (guide M11-A8 CLSI). Results: The three batches of oil had the chemotypes required by the ISO 4730 standard, which indicates that it is a high-quality product. Additionally, they had 30% to 40% of terpinen-4-ol, a compound that favors its antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity against C. acnes for all batches had a concentration-dependent effect with microbial growth inhibitory activity in all assays at 2% v/v. The MIC obtained against C. acnes for all batches was 0.25% v/v. The antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil against this microorganism has been previously reported with a MIC between 0.05% and 1.25% v/v, a range that covers the one obtained in this study. Conclusion: These results show the high quality of the oil and its capacity as an antibacterial agent against C. acnes. New studies should be conducted to confirm its activity and that of its components in isolates of the microorganism from patients with acne vulgaris.

The use of cannabidiol is becoming so popular that even pharmacies now carry over-the-counter (OTC) cannabidiol products in Colorado, USA. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate cannabidiol products sold in the community pharmacy setting to determine the content of cannabidiol and other active ingredients and the safety information that may be provided to individuals considering the use of these products. Documentation of cannabidiol products available for purchase in pharmacies was compiled by visiting chain and independent pharmacies within the state of Colorado. Cannabidiol products were documented for claims of use, dose, route, administration, additional ingredients, and cost. In total, 60 cannabidiol products (15 oral, 44 topical, and one transdermal) were found in 35 pharmacies. The concentrations of oral cannabidiol varied from 10 to 60 mg/mL. In total, 13 (87%) of the oral products were labeled as “full spectrum.” Six (40%) of the oral cannabidiol products listed medium-chain triglycerides, a compound with evidence of increasing oral bioavailability. The amount of cannabidiol labeled on topical products varied from 30 mg cannabidiol/15 mL to 1000 mg cannabidiol. Some products did not indicate any quantity of cannabidiol or did provide the amount of hemp extract/oil but did not specify how much cannabidiol was present. In total, 29 (66%) of the topical products contained additional active ingredients: arnica, camphor, capsaicin, menthol, peppermint oil, white willow bark (salicylic acid), tea tree oil, and trolamine salicylate. Only one type of transdermal product for cannabidiol delivery was found, which provided a dose of 20 mg cannabidiol/24 h. The findings of this study illustrate the extensive variability of cannabidiol products and the importance of communication with people considering their use. Counseling those utilizing these products may help to avoid drug–drug or drug–supplement interactions and adverse events.

The Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (MEO) has been widely used due to its healing and antimicrobial action. Its incorporation into drug delivery systems is a reality, and numerous studies have already been developed for this purpose. In this regard, the aim of this work was to develop, characterize, and evaluate the in vivo pharmacological activity of bicontinuous microemulsions (BME) containing MEO. Through diagram construction, a formulation consisting of Kolliphor® HS 15 (31.05%), Span® 80 (3.45%), isopropyl myristate (34.5%), and distilled water (31%) was selected and MEO was incorporated in the proportion of 3.45% (v/v). Morphological analysis characterization confirms that the system studied herein is a BME. The evaluated formulation showed physicochemical characteristics that allow its topical use. Rheologically, samples were characterized as pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian thixotropic fluids. The chromatographic method developed is in accordance with the current recommendations. The extraction method used assured a 100% recovery of the pharmacological marker (terpinen-4-ol). In vivo studies suggest that BME loaded with MEO may contribute to the healing process of skin wounds. In addition, it demonstrated antibacterial activity for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the BME system loaded with MEO is promising as a healing and antimicrobial agent for skin wounds.Graphical abstract.

Tea tree oil, a basic oil extricated from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia by steam refining, supercritical liquid extraction, soxhlet extraction followed by progressive extraction and small scale stove extraction forms by various solvents has discovered a wide scope of antimicrobial exercises as antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, against protozoval because of the nearness of terpinen–4-ol as the significant constituent. TTO was contain flavonoids, glycosides, quinolines, starches and so forth. TTO is considered and the rate yield of tea tree oil extricated is resolved and the piece of tea tree absolutes (terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene and α-terpineol) separated was contrasted and standard tea tree oil just as with ISO 4730 TTO has discovered the mitigating and hostile to skin break out vulgaris, Psoriasis, free radical rummaging exercises. Tea tree oil is normal items, so it is non-harmful, effectively available, biodegradable, and biocompatible. The few points of interest of tea tree oil make it one of the gainful item having helpful impacts. The current audit article depends on the use of tea tree oil, extraction procedure of tea tree oil, constituents, security contemplations and so on.

Infestation with Demodex spp. is an increasingly common dermatological and ophthalmic problem. Preparations for daily cleaning of eyes and the surrounding area (gels, soaked wipes) contain mainly tea tree oil or terpinen-4-ol. To date, the use of other essential oils supporting the fight against demodicosis is limited due to insufficient number of clinical trials. The aim of this review is to present the most commonly used medicinal plants and their active ingredients used in the treatment of infestation with Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis , with particular emphasis on tea tree oil. PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar databases were searched for the selection of scientific literature. (JNNN 2020;9(4):160–165)

Purpose To describe the effectiveness of cyclic treatment with terpinen-4-ol, a tea tree oil component, on Demodex blepharitis. Methods The presence of Demodex was determined by eyelash rotation as proposed by Mastrota. Schirmer test, tear breakup time, ocular surface disease index, lid margin score, meibomian gland expressibility score, and Oxford grade were performed. Patients were advised to apply heat followed by terpinen-4-ol soaked wipes to eyelids twice a day for 2 weeks. At the end of 2 weeks, treatment was interrupted for 7–10 days. The same treatment was repeated once again. The patients were examined after the first and second cycle of treatment and after 1 year. Results There was a statistically significant improvement in Schirmer test (10.37 ± 4.73 and 13.13 ± 3.44 mm/5 min), tear breakup time (6.47 ± 3.31 and 7.6 ± 2.89 s), ocular surface disease index (47.94 ± 19.77 and 34.28 ± 13.40), lid margin score (3.2 ± 0.7 and 2.63 ± 0.71), meibomian gland expressibility scores (1.93 ± 0.64 and 1.4 ± 0.67), and Oxford grade (0.9 ± 0.8 and 0.5 ± 0.63) after the first cycle of treatment ( p Conclusion The administration of terpinen-4-ol to the eyelid margins in a cyclic manner in Demodex blepharitis is effective against adult and hatching Demodex and breaks the vicious cycle.

Monoterpenoids are widely used in industrial applications, e.g. as active ingredients in pharmaceuticals, in flavor and fragrance compositions, and in agriculture. Severe toxic effects are known for some monoterpenoids making them challenging compounds for biotechnological production processes. Some strains of the bacterium Pseudomonas putida show an inherent extraordinarily high tolerance towards solvents including monoterpenoids. An understanding of the underlying factors can help to create suitable strains for monoterpenoids de novo production or conversion. In addition, knowledge about tolerance mechanisms could allow a deeper insight into how bacteria can oppose monoterpenoid containing drugs, like tea tree oil. Within this work, the resistance mechanisms of P. putida GS1 were investigated using selected monoterpenoid-hypertolerant mutants. Most of the mutations were found in efflux pump promoter regions or associated transcription factors. Surprisingly, while for the tested monoterpenoid alcohols, ketone, and ether high efflux pump expression increased monoterpenoid tolerance, it reduced the tolerance against geranic acid. However, an increase of geranic acid tolerance could be gained by a mutation in an efflux pump component. It was also found that increased monoterpenoid tolerance can counteract efficient biotransformation ability, indicating the need for a fine-tuned and knowledge-based tolerance improvement for production strain development.Key points• Altered monoterpenoid tolerance mainly related to altered activity of efflux pumps.• Increased tolerance to geranic acid surprisingly caused by decreased export activity.• Reduction of export activity can be beneficial for biotechnological conversions.

Azelaic acid (AzA) is a USFDA bioactive prescribed against acne vulgaris. It possesses delivery challenges like poor aqueous solubility, low skin-penetrability, and dose-dependent side effects, which could be overcome by its synergistic combination with tea tree oil (TTO) as a microemulsion (ME)-based hydrogel composite. AzA-TTO ME was prepared to employ pseudo-ternary phase diagram construction. The best AzA-TTO ME was of uniform size (polydispersity index 90%), and negative zeta potential (−1.42 ± 0.25% mV) values. ME hydrogel composite with optimum rheological and textural attributes showed better permeation, retention, and skin-compliant characteristics, vis-a-vis marketed formulation (Aziderm™) when evaluated in Wistar rat skin. In vitro antibacterial efficacy in bacterial strains, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acne, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, was evaluated employing agar well plate diffusion and broth dilution assay. ME hydrogel has shown an increase in zone of inhibition by two folds and a decrease in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by eightfold against P. acnes vis-a-vis AzA. Finally, ME hydrogel composite exhibited a better reduction in the papule density (93.75 ± 1.64%) in comparison to Aziderm™ 72.69 ± 4.67%) on acne as developed in rats by inducing testosterone. Thus, the developed AzA-TTO ME hydrogel composite promises an efficacious and comparatively safer drug delivery system for the topical therapy of acne vulgaris. Graphical abstract

Viral disease management has been proven difficult, and there are no broadly licensed vaccines or therapeutics. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an active pathogen of wild ungulates and livestock; its infection frequently caused irreversible vesicles on the tongue or other positions, leading to enormous economic loss. Tea tree oil (TTO) has been shown to be a popular remedy for many skin diseases owing to its antibacterial, antipruritic, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the potential effect of TTO on VSV proliferation and the corresponding inflammatory response in cells remain unclear. In this study, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay was used to evaluate the cell viability of TTO, and cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50) was calculated. Then, fluorescence observation, reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot (WB), and flow cytometry (FCM) assay were used to evaluate the antiviral effect of TTO against VSV under three manners of pre-infection before medication, co-administration, pretreatment before infection at safe doses to Vero cells. Meanwhile, the mRNA expressions of interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor α, and ISG56 in cells were also detected. The results showed that the maximum safe concentration of TTO to Vero cells was 0.063% and the CC50 is 0.32%. Most notably, TTO dose-dependently inhibited the VSV GFP fluorescence generation and restrained the replication of VSV in gene and protein levels regardless of the treatment modes. Based on the results of the FCM, effective concentration 50 of TTO against VSV is 0.019%. Similarly, the mRNA expression of the above cytokines induced by viral infection was also remarkably curbed. These findings suggest that TTO emerged blocking, prophylaxis, and treatment action against VSV replication and suppressed the related inflammation in Vero cells. This study provides a novel potential for TTO fighting against viral infection and anti-inflammatory activities in Vero cells.

Currently, due to the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, new procedures and devices for effective disinfection of indoor air are of obvious interest. Various studies demonstrated quite broad ranges of the efficiency of essential oils in the control of biological aerosols. This project reports the results of investigation of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils natural for Australia (tea tree oil, eucalyptus oil and lemon myrtle) distributed by newly developed VaxiPod device for various scenarios, including bacterial, viral and fungal inactivation on various surfaces and in aerosol form. It was found that the device was capable of operating continuously over 24-h periods, providing sufficient aerosol concentration to efficiently inactivate microorganisms both on the surface and in airborne form. Twenty-four to forty-eight hours were required to achieve inactivation above 90% of most of the tested microbes on solid surfaces (stainless steel discs and agar plates), whilst similar efficiency of inactivation on fibrous filter surface as well as in aerosol form was achieved over 30–60 min of the process run. The results look very promising for further development of bioaerosol inactivating procedures and technologies for air quality control applications.

Baculoviruses inactivation by UV sunlight is considered one of the most important factors that reduce their potential use in insect management programs. The three antioxidant essential oils, marjoram, orange, and tea tree were tested as protective additives to the multiple nucleopolyhedrosis virus (SpliMNPV) against UV. The results revealed that the orange oil was promising for virus protection, while the tea tree oil and marjoram oil did not protect the virus. The results also showed that the pathogenicity of the combination treatment of SpliMNPV and orange oil was increased drastically by adding the LC50 (1.0%) concentration of the oil to the virus concentrations. Consequently, the LC50 of the mixture was reduced to 5.3 × 103 PIB/ml compared to 3.2 × 105 PIB/ml concentration of virus alone. Concomitantly, the ovicidal and larvicidal effects of orange oils were determined. The results suggested that the combination treatment of orange oil and SpliMNPV could be used as an effective method for the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), management.

Tea tree oil (TTO) and its two characteristic components (terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole) have been shown to inhibit Botrytis cinerea growth. In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis to determine the effects of TTO and its characteristic components, alone and in combination, against B. cinerea. Most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from B. cinerea cells treated with terpinen-4-ol participated in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. All treatments containing terpinen-4-ol potentially induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. These were further confirmed by the decreased activities of several enzymes (e.g., succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH)), the increased activities of certain enzymes (e.g., catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD)), and increased content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). 1,8-Cineole mainly affected DEGs involved in genetic information processing, resulting in cell death. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of B. cinerea inhibition by TTO, and explains the synergistic effect of terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole on B. cinerea.

In vitro and in vivo sensitivity of Rhizoctonia solani to several commercial fungicides and biofungicides was studied. An isolate of R. solani, derived from diseased pepper plants originating from a greenhouse in Knjazevac, Serbia, was used. The highest efficacy in R. solani control under greenhouse conditions was achieved by iprodione (95.80%, compared to control), although differences in the effectiveness of iprodione, tea tree oil, azoxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl were not statistically significant. The isolate was sensitive to all tested products in vitro. The obtained EC50s were: 0.43 mg/l for iprodione, 1.84 mg/l for thiophanate-methyl, 13.84 mg/l for prochloraz, 430.37 mg/l for fluopyram, 596.60 mg/l for azoxystrobin, and 496.79 mg/l for tea tree oil.

The unceasing emerging of multidrug-resistant bacteria imposes a global foremost human health threat and discovery of new alternative remedies are necessity. The use of plant essential oil in the treatment of many pathogenic bacteria is promising. Acne vulgaris is the most common skin complaint that fears many people about their aesthetic appearance. In this work we investigated the antibacterial activity of some plant oils against acne-inducing bacteria. Three bacterial isolates were identified from Egypt, biochemically and by means of 16s rRNA gene typing, and were designated as Staphylococcus aureus EG-AE1, Staphylococcus epidermidis EG-AE2 and Cutibacterium acnes EG-AE1. Antibiotic susceptibility test showed resistance of the isolates to at least six antibiotics, yet they are still susceptible to the last resort Vancomycin. In vitro investigations of eleven Egyptian plant oils, identified tea tree and rosemary oils to exhibit antibacterial activity against the antibiotic-resistant acne isolates. Inhibition zones of 15 ± 0.5, 21.02 ± 0.73 and 20.85 ± 0.76 mm was detected when tea tree oil applied against the above-mentioned bacteria respectively, while inhibition zones of 12.5 ± 1.5, 15.18 ± 0.38 and 14.77 ± 0.35 mm were detected by rosemary oils. Tea tree and rosemary oils exhibited bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against all the strains with MICs/MBCs ranging between 39-78 mg/L for tea tree oil and 39–156 mg/L for rosemary oil. All the isolates were killed after 4 and 6 h upon growing with 200 mg/L of tea tree and rosemary oils, respectively. Additionally, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) profiling identified and detected a variable number of antimicrobial compounds in both oils. Keywords: Acne vulgaris, Multidrug-resistant bacteria, Natural oil, Egypt, Minimum inhibitory concentration, GC–MS

Background: Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) is known to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of TTO on the ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilms to adhere to enamel surfaces in vitro. Methods: P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth at 37°C for 24 h in anaerobic conditions. Eighteen premolar teeth were inoculated and incubated for 48 h to form biofilms on enamel surfaces. Subsequently, TTO in 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% concentrations was added and incubated for 1 and 3 h. Chlorhexidine (0.2%) and BHI broth were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The remaining biofilm colonies were counted using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader (490 nm). The teeth were placed in microtubes containing phosphate-buffered saline and vortexed for 20 s. Subsequently, biofilms were cultured in BHI agar for 24 h. The colonies in each concentration were estimated as colony-forming units per milliliter. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance. The level of statistical significance was set to P < 0.05. Results: Treatment with all concentrations of TTO significantly reduces biofilm adhesion compared to the negative control after both incubation periods (P < 0.05). The concentration that most effectively inhibited the adhesion of P. gingivalis was 12.5% after 1 h incubation. The concentration that most effectively inhibited the adhesion of A. actinomycetemcomitans was 25% after 1 h incubation. Conclusion: TTO inhibits the adhesion of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms to enamel surfaces and may be useful as a treatment for oral diseases. Further studies should examine its efficacy in vivo.

This study aimed to develop an anti-acne concealer containing essential oil with anti-Propionibacterium acnes activity. Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon oil, galangal oil, and eucalyptus oil against P. acnes DMST 14916 was assayed using agar disc diffusion and the broth dilution method. Cinnamon oil showed the maximum inhibitory activity against P. acnes with a clear zone diameter of 36.75 ± 1.06 mm, compared to 14.67 ± 0.58 and 41.83 ± 1.04 mm for tea tree oil and clindamycin, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of cinnamon oil was 5 mg/mL. Among five formulations of concealer incorporating 0.5% w/w cinnamon oil, F4 provided good texture, coverage, and spreadability with anti-P. acnes activity and stable under determined storage conditions. Cinnamon oil could be a promising cosmetic ingredient for anti-acne products, and F4 concealer may be useful for both covering skin imperfections and the management of acne.

Enterococcus faecalis is a microorganism commonly detected in persistent endodontic infections which leads to root canal failure. It can gain entry into the root canal system during treatment, between appointments or even after the treatment has been completed. The use of the effective intra-canal medicaments can significantly enhance bacterial elimination during root canal treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of Teatree oil, Nisin and Calcium hydroxide against E. faecalis. Typtic Soya agar plates were prepared. The agar well diffusion method was used and plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24hr. The antibacterial efficacy was then evaluated. The zone of inhibition (mm) of each antimicrobial medicament was measured by standard method. Maximum antibacterial efficacy was exhibited by Tea tree oil followed by Nisin and Calcium hydroxide. The results showed that Teatree oil and Nisin have better antibacterial efficacy than the routinely used Calcium hydroxide and they can be used as an alternative intra-canal medicament in endodontics.

Many complementary and alternative medicines have enjoyed increased popularity in recent decades. Efforts to validate their use have seen their putative therapeutic properties, which come under increasing scrutiny in vitro and in some cases in vivo. One of such products is tea and its tree oil (TTO); which is a secondary metabolite derived from tea plant (Melaleuca alternifolia). Both black and green tea has several polyphenolic compounds with possible antibacterial effects. It is employed largely due to its antimicrobial properties, and is incorporated as the active ingredient in many topical formulations used to treat cutaneous infections, in addition to being marketed as a remedy for various ailments. The essential oil of M. alternifolia exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential. The TTO may help to treat severe yeast infections. Results also suggested that TTO exerts a greater bactericidal potency against biofilm-grown methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and methicillin-sensitive Staph. aureus (MSSA) strains. Moreover, tea has inhibitory efficacy against the carcinogenic bacteria.

Purpose To investigate the effect of Blephadex™ Eyelid Wipes on Demodex mites, ocular microbiota, bacterial lipase, tear film characteristics and ocular comfort after one month of daily use. Methods Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to use the Blephadex™ Eyelid Wipes on either eye once daily for 30 days whilst the contralateral eye was left untreated in this observer-masked, within-subject study. Demodex count, eyelid bacterial colony count, Tearscope Plus non-invasive tear break up time (NITBUT), Lipiview® tear film lipid layer thickness and phenol red thread test tear volume were measured at baseline and 30 days. Bacterial lipase was quantified from single bacterial colonies using a glycerol monolaurate assay. Ocular comfort was assessed at both visits using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and visual analogue scales (VAS) to capture monocular symptoms of itching, dryness and overall discomfort. Results Six males and 14 females, median age 63.5 (range 48–76) completed the study. A statistically significant reduction in Demodex count was observed in treated eyes only (median ± IQR: treated eyes 2 ± 3 vs. 0 ± 2, ANOVA p = 0.04). Bacterial colony count, lipase production, NITBUT, lipid layer thickness and tear volume remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Overall comfort improved over time in treated eyes only (15 ± 32 vs. 10 ± 16, p = 0.05). Dryness symptoms significantly reduced in both treated and untreated eyes (23 ± 42 vs. 12 ± 21 and 23 ± 41 vs. 10 ± 15, p = 0.02). The OSDI and ocular itch scores remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Conclusion In this pilot study, no changes were observed in ocular microbiota, tear film characteristics or bacterial lipase in eyes treated with Blephadex™ Eyelid Wipes after one month of daily use in this normal healthy population. Although a statistically significant reduction in Demodex count was observed in treated eyes, overall numbers of Demodex were low. A parallel group, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial in a population with active blepharitis is warranted to further elucidate these preliminary findings.

The aim of this research was to determine the inhibitory effect of vapor phase of five essential oils (EOs) on the growth of seven strains of Penicillium commune isolated from moldy milk products. Another objective was to determine the minimum inhibitory doses (in vitro and probit analyses) of EOs, which at concentration 625 μL.L-1 of air completely inhibited the growth of all strains. The antifungal activity was evaluated by the micro-atmosphere method. The essential oils used in this study were extract of plants from family Myrtaceae. Only one essential oil – clove (from Syzygium aromaticum L.; leaves) completely inhibited the growth of all strains during cultivation at 25 °C and 5 °C. Eucalyptus essential oil (from Eucaliptus globulus; leaves), tea tree essential oil (from Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel; leaves), cajeput essential oil (from Melaleuca leucadendra L.; leaves and twigs), niaouli essential oil (from Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake; leaves) have different effects on the growth of P. commune strains. The order of tested essential oils according to the inhibition effect on the growth of the strains of P. commune (from the strongest to the weakest effect) was: clove > tea tree > cajeput > niaouli > eucalyptus. Clove EO that completely inhibited the growth of all strains was used to determine minimum inhibitory doses (MIDs). The MIDs were 125 µL.L-1 of air for two strains of P. commune and 250 µL.L-1 of air for five strains of P. commune on the 7th and 14th day of cultivation, also. Using probit analysis, predicted MIDs90 and MIDs50 were calculated. The MIDs90 were determined from 104.93 to 301.37 µL.L-1 of air.

The chemical composition of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) essential oils as well as their phytotoxic effects against two invasive species – Cortaderia selloana and Nicotiana glauca – were studied. Fifty-eight compounds accounting for 98.89–99.94% of the total commercial tea tree and wintergreen essential oils were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Tea tree essential oil with terpinen- 4-ol (28.37 ± 0.05%) followed by 1,8-cineole (15.81 ± 0.06%), γ-terpinene (15.60 ± 0.03%), α-pinene (10.92 ± 0.08%) and α-terpinene (8.52 ± 0.01%) as the main compounds did not produce significant effects against seed germination and hypocotyl growth of N. glauca, but showed significant effects in seed germination inhibition of C. selloana (34.69%) as well as in hypocotyl (60.96%) and radicle (62.55%) growth, at the highest dose (1 μl ⋅ ml–1) assayed. High amounts of methyl salicylate (99.63 ± 0.02%) were found in G. procumbens essential oil with remarkable phytotoxic effects in C. seollana. Methyl salicylate inhibited seed germination (77.38%) and hypocotyl and radicle growth (96.38% and 96.65%, respectively) at the highest dose (1 μl ⋅ ml–1) assayed. Wintergreen essential oil constitutes an eco-friendly alternative to control the high capacity of invasiveness of C. selloana.

Melaleuca is one of the genera of the Myrtaceae family enriched in tea tree oil (TTO). Tea tree oils of Melaleuca bracteata and Melaleuca alternifolia are of prime importance and have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Terpinen-4-ol and 1-8 cineole are major constituents of M. alternifolia oil. The percentages of the compounds in the oils can slightly vary according to the region of plant harvest, the distillation technique, or the part of the plant used for oil extraction. TTO has a bactericidal effect against various bacterial species such as Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli, Pseudomonas putida, and S. aureus. Several reports proved that this essential oil is also effective against fungal strains of Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Candida species. It also has antioxidant properties such as radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The antioxidant properties of TTO at a concentration of 30 mM were observed to be greater than those of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), commonly used as a synthetic antioxidant. TTO is also an effective organic fungicide, herbicide, and insecticide for use in the agriculture sector. Postharvest application of the oil has been found efficient on sweet basil, citrus, and strawberry. It is concluded that tea tree oil has the potential to be used in the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries as a natural antimicrobial and preservative agent. This review provides comprehensive information regarding the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tea tree oil and its potential applications in agriculture.

Background Onychomycosis is defined as infection caused by nondermatophytic molds and yeasts: tinea unguium is caused by dermatophytes. Purpose: Within this study, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as an important non-ionic, water-soluble cellulose derivative was chosen to develop formulations containing tea tree oil as active antifungal agent were developed and evaluated for their potential in the treatment of onychomycosis. Methods Two polymeric films based on HEC (HEC-B-04 and HEC-E-10) were obtained by solvent evaporation method and characterized in terms of appearance, disintegration, stickiness, elongation, rheological behavior and adhesiveness. Moreover, different strains of dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum and yeasts as Candida albicans were treated with polymeric films containing tea tree oil (0.5 – 2 % v/v) in order to determine their antifungal potential by the inhibition zone assay. Results HEC-B-04 and HEC-E-10 were investigated by SEM measurements resulting in confluent surface morphology. HEC-B-04 and HEC-E-10 showed disintegration after 32.7 min and 34.0 min, respectively. Furthermore, HEC-E-10 revealed a moisture index of 1.74 and underpinned adhesive properties in terms of required detachment force with 4.86 N. HEC-E-10 pointed to the most antifungal one among the others against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans. Conclusion Taking these findings in consideration, promising adhesive onychial formulations were developed as forthcoming approach in treatment of nail infections.

IntroductionTungiasis (sand flea disease or jigger infestation) is a neglected tropical disease caused by penetration of female sand fleas, Tunga penetrans, in the skin. The disease inflicts immense pain and suffering on millions of people, particularly children, in Latin America, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, there is no standard treatment for tungiasis, and a simple, safe and effective tungiasis treatment option is required. Tea tree oil (TTO) has long been used as a parasiticidal agent against ectoparasites such as headlice, mites and fleas with proven safety and efficacy data. However, current data are insufficient to warrant a recommendation for its use in tungiasis. This trial aims to generate these data by comparing the safety and efficacy of a 5% (v/w) TTO proprietary gel formulation with 0.05% (w/v) potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution for tungiasis treatment.Methods and analysisThis trial is a randomised controlled trial (RCT) in primary schools (n=8) in South-Western Kenya. The study will include school children (n=88) aged 6–15 years with a confirmed diagnosis of tungiasis. The participants will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive a 3-day two times a day treatment of either 5% TTO gel or 0.05% KMnO4 solution. Two viable embedded sandflea lesions per participant will be targeted and the viability of these lesions will be followed throughout the study using a digital handheld microscope. The primary outcome is the proportion of observed viable embedded sand fleas that have lost viability (non-viable lesions) by day 10 (9 days after first treatment). Secondary outcomes include improvement in acute tungiasis morbidities assessed using a validated severity score for tungiasis, safety assessed through adverse events and product acceptability assessed by interviewing the participants to rate the treatment in terms of effectiveness, side effects, convenience, suitability and overall satisfaction.Ethics and disseminationThe trial protocol has been reviewed and approved by the University of Canberra Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC-2019-2114). The findings of the study will be presented at scientific conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numbersAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001610123); PACTR202003651095100 and U1111-1243-2294.

PURPOSE The comparison of the efficacy of swabs containing tea tree oil and chamomile oil and baby shampoo (BS) in the treatment of seborrheic blepharitis was aimed. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, active control, multicenter clinical trial included patients with seborrheic blepharitis using block randomization (BS, n=23; swabs, n=26). Patients were treated with BS or swabs for 8 weeks followed by 4 weeks of treatment withdrawal. Change in Blepharitis Symptom measure (BLISS), Demodex count, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, Schirmer test, tear breakup time (TBUT), noninvasive TBUT (NI-TBUT), corneal staining, and meibography at different visits (baseline, fourth, , and 12th week) were the main outcome measures. RESULTS Patients in both groups showed similar baseline parameters (P>0.05). Patients using swabs showed significantly lower BLISS scores compared with patients using BS at the 4th, 8th, and 12th week visits (3.6±6.1 vs. 6.3±4.5 P=0.011; 1.1±2.8 vs. 6.6±6.7, P

ESSENTIAL oils (EOs) are one of antimicrobial agents that naturally found in many plant’s parts and have long been recognized for their medicinal properties. The efficacy of ten essential oils (Tea tree, Lavender, Eucalyptus, Rosemary, Lemon grass, Basil, Olbanum, Cumin, Onion and Cress) against food pathogens isolates and their enzymes have been evaluated. Lemon grass exhibited a potent inhibitory activity against all isolates and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most susceptible with MIC and MBC values of 3.12μL/mL and 6.25μL/mL, respectively. Tea tree oil was most effective against fungal isolates, Aspergillus flavus was the most susceptible with MIC value 1.56μL/mL and MFC value 3.12μL/mL. Transmission electron micrographs also confirmed that MIC concentrations of both oils caused many alternations in cell structure of both sensitive bacterial and fungal isolates. The most active antimicrobial fractions of Lemongrass and Tea tree oil were separated using TLC and analyzed by GC-MS as Citral and Terpinen-4-ol, respectively. These compounds exhibited a pronounced inhibitory effect on food spoilage enzymes (amylases, proteases, lactase, and lipases) with inhibition percentages ranged between 80 and 90%.

Ameobae belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba are responsible for the human diseases Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The treatment of these illnesses is hampered by the existence of a resistance stage (cysts). In an attempt to add new agents that are effective against trophozoites and cysts, tea tree oil (TTO) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), separately and in combination, were tested In Vitro against two Acanthamoeba isolates, T3 and T4 genotypes. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) assay was used as a drug screening method, which is to some extent useful in amoebicide drug screening; however, evaluation of lethal effects may be misleading when testing products that promote encystment. Trophozoite viability analysis showed that the effectiveness of the combination of both compounds is higher than when either compound is used alone. Therefore, the TTO alone or TTO + DMSO in combination were an amoebicide, but most of the amoebicidal activity in the combination’s treatments seemed to be caused mainly by the TTO effect. In fact, DMSO alone seems to be a non-amoebicide, triggering encystment. Regarding cytotoxicity, these compounds showed toxicity in human corneal epithelial cells (HCEpiC), even at low concentrations when tested in combination. In conclusion, the use of TTO and DMSO, in combination or alone, cannot be recommended as an alternative for AK treatment until more cytotoxicity and cyst adhesion tests are performed.

Tea tree oil (TTO) from the genus Melaleuca L. has antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties and is used by the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and horticultural industries. In Pakistan, Melaleuca bracteata can be exploited for essential oil purposes, as this species is well adapted to Pakistan’s agroclimatic conditions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the yield of M. bracteata essential oil together with its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties under local prevailing conditions of the subtropics. Essential oil was extracted through the hydrodistillation method. Using this method, six batches of 8 kg samples (fresh leaves and branches) underwent a distillation process for 4–5 h. The average yield obtained was about 0.2%. The GCMS was used to identify the components of extracted essential oil. Eugenol methyl ether is the major component in extracted essential oil, i.e., 96% of the total. A high content of flavonoids and phenolics and a Fe-reducing power ability of M. bracteata were observed. The oil was also found effective against B. subtilis, B. cereus, White rot, and A. flavus. Hence, it is concluded that there is a possibility to use TTO for its biocidal properties, and it must also be inspected and then commercialized in Pakistan by the agriculture and cosmetic industries.

Background Hand hygiene is paramount in preventing healthcare-associated infections in medical environments and the spread of infectious diseases in non-medical environments. Aims This study used a randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of a tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil disinfectant on hand disinfection and skin condition. Methods A tea tree oil group received 5 ml of 10% tea tree oil disinfectant mixed in a ratio of 2:2:1:15 of Melaleuca alternifolia oil, solubilizer, glycerin, and sterile distilled water. Data collection took place between April 9 and April 13, 2018. The subjects were 112 healthy adults. An alcohol group received 2 ml of a gel-type hand sanitizer comprising 83% ethanol used without water; a benzalkonium chloride group received 0.8 ml of a foam-type hand sanitizer containing benzalkonium chloride used without water; a control group received no treatment. Subjective skin condition, transepidermal water loss, and adenosine triphosphate were assessed, and a microbial culture test was performed following treatment. Results The general characteristics and the pre-treatment dependent variables did not differ significantly by group. Post-treatment adenosine triphosphate log10 values significantly differed across all four groups (F=3.23, p=.025). Similarly, post-treatment bacterial density log10 values differed significantly across the tea tree oil, alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, and control groups (F=91.71, p Conclusion The study confirmed that tea tree oil disinfectant is effective for hand disinfection. Accordingly, tea tree oil disinfectants may be introduced to nursing practice as a new hand hygiene product to prevent and reduce healthcare-associated infections.

Preparation and characterization of microemulsions consisting of a plant-derived alkyl polyglycoside (APG) surfactant and the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) was studied. This nonionic APG surfactant used was Triton CG-110 with a CMC at 1748 ppm at 25 °C. Tea tree oil (TTO) was extracted from tea tree leaves by Triton CG-110-assisted hydrodistillation method. The preparation of the microemulsion was aided by the construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, which were investigated at the different weight ratios of surfactant mixtures (Smix = Triton CG-110/PPG) as 0.6:1, 1.8:1, 1:0 with hydrodistilled and commercial TTO by water titration method at room temperature. Particularly, structure of microemulsion was identified by electrical conductivity and viscosity. Moreover, shelf stability of some microemulsion made of 1% TTO with various concentration of Triton CG-110/PPG (1.8:1 w/w) were monitored for over a two-month period with dynamic light scattering. These results showed that microemulsion made of 1%TTO, 9% Triton CG-110/PPG (1.8:1 w/w) was insensitive with time and temperature of storage.

Background: Dandruff is a frequent occurring scalp problem that causes significant discomfort to approximately 50% population at some stage of life, especially post-puberty and preadult age. Objective: In this review, we aim to summarise the recent findings regarding anti-fungal properties of herbal essential oils against pathogens involved in dandruff prognosis. Methods: A literature search of studies published between 2000 and 2020 was conducted over databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct. Literature was explored using the guidelines given in Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results: Dandruff, characterised by clinical symptoms of dryness, pruritis, scaly, and flaky scalp, is considered as a primary manifestation of seborrheic dermatitis. Amongst various etiological and pathophysiological factors, significant role of yeasts, primarily, species of Malassezia, Candida, has been strongly correlated with dandruff, while incidences of M. furfur, M. restricta and M. globosa are high compared to others. Due to relapse of symptoms with withdrawal of conventional anti-dandruff products, patients find best alternatives in natural products. Essential oils of herbal origin such as tea tree oil, lime oil, rosemary oil, have gained global importance in dermatology. These oils are rich in aromatic secondary metabolites, especially terpenes and phenolic components that impart substantial antimicrobial properties and resisting biofilm production. Conclusion: On the basis of the available information, we can conclude that essential oils have huge potential to be developed as anti-dandruff products, however, further studies are warranted to establish their efficacy in dandruff cure.

Demodex infection gradually develops to Demodex blepharitis, which is characterized as chronic inflammation of the eyelid and meibomian gland (MG) and ultimately leads to MG dysfunction. In the present prospective study, the anti-demodectic effects of an okra eyelid patch in patients Demodex blepharitis were investigated. A total of 52 patients with Demodex blepharitis with ocular discomfort were recruited. Patients were randomized to receive either an okra eyelid patch treatment (treatment group, n=27) or tea tree oil (TTO) eye care patch treatment (control group, n=25) for three months. The Demodex count, the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score, MG expressibility (MGE) and meibum quality, Schirmer I test (SIT), tear break-up time (TBUT) and corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) were determined prior to treatment and after 1 and 3 months of treatment. Changes in the parameters were compared between the treatment group and control group after 1 and 3 months of treatment. The average survival time in the okra group was 115.25±11.87 min, which was significantly lower compared with the average ST of 378.75±37.94 min in the blank group (P

Sulphate-reducing bacteria are commonly associated with biological causes of oil well souring. Biosulphetogenesis can directly affect oil quality and storage due to the accumulation of sulphides. In addition, these microorganisms can create bio-incrustation that can clog pipes. Sulphite reductase (SIR) is the enzyme responsible for converting ion sulphite into sulphide and several substances may interfere or control such activity. This interference can hinder growth of the sulphate-reducing bacteria and, consequently, it reduces sulphide accumulation in situ. This work focuses on molecular modelling techniques along with in vitro experiments in order to investigate the potential of two essential oils and one vegetable oil as main inhibitors of sulphite reductase activity. Docking simulation identified several substances present in Rosmarinus officinalis, Tea tree and Neem extractable oils as potential inhibitors of SIR. Substances present in Neem vegetable oil are the most potent inhibitors, followed by Rosmarinus officinalis and Tea tree essential oils. The Neem oil mixture showed a superior effectiveness in intracellular SIR inhibitory effects.

In the treatment of acne and rosacea, several essential oils may play a therapeutic role via both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory pathways. The particular microbial target in acne vulgaris appears to be the Cutibacterium acnes bacterium. Essential oils investigated for this review include tea tree oil, Oregon grape root oil, pomegranate seed oil, rosemary oil, witch hazel, rose oil, rosehip oil, orange/citrus oil, Korean fir oil, frankincense oil, chamomile oil, clary sage oil, lavender oil, ylang-ylang oil, juniper berry oil, and clove basil oil. Many of these essential oils need a carrier oil to avoid evaporation, and carrier oils reviewed here include olive oil, jojoba, coconut, sesame seed, grape seed, sweet almond, and sunflower seed oil. Of those listed, tea tree oil is the most common and well-known essential oil with evidence available in both acne and rosacea treatments.

Chitosan - tea tree essential oil (TTEO) films were obtained as a new biodegradable material. Malic acid or lactic acid solvents were evaluated to obtain easy-removing films. The microstructure by SEM and FT-IR, the thermal properties by TGA/DSC, the mechanical properties, the water vapor permeability, the antioxidant (DPPH• and ABTS•+) activity and the optical properties of the formulated films were evaluated. A complete dissolution of the film in water was obtained. The elongation to break was higher in the films with malic acid (145.88–317.33%), comparing with those with lactic acid (25.54–44.08%). Chitosan film obtained in malic acid with TTEO showed the highest antioxidant activity. The colour and transparency of the samples did not suffer significant variations by TTEO addition. Films showed good UV-barrier properties, with a slightly improvement by TTEO addition. The films obtained showed a great potential for food packaging applications The authors appreciate the funding support of PROM International Scholarship Exchange for PhD Students and Academic Staff (NAWA, Poland), co-financed from the European Social Fund under the Operational Programme Knowledge Education Development, non-competitive project entitled International Scholarship Exchange for PhD Students and Academic Staff, under the contract POWR.03.03.00-00-PN13/18, with the fellowship granted to Patricia Cazón Díaz SI

The activity of mouthwash ingredients used in daily oral care (chlorhexidine digluconate, benzalkonium chloride, povidone iodine solution, tea tree oil) and of nystatin was evaluated not only on planktonic Candida albicans or C. glabrata, but also on the inhibition of biofilm formation. A microbroth dilution technique was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of the substances against two laboratory strains and seven clinical isolates. Furthermore, a potential inhibition of biofilm formation of C. albicans or C. glabrata (single-species biofilm or mixed with two oral bacteria) was assessed. The results showed an activity of all tested substances against all C. albicans and C. glabratastrains. In the biofilm assays, a concentration-dependent effect of the substances was visible. However, a low concentration of povidone iodine solution and in particular of benzalkonium chloride seemed to increase the virulence of C. albicans. Most test substances affected both bacteria and yeasts in the mixed biofilms, only nystatin predominately reduced the yeasts. In conclusion, nystatin might be the drug of choice when exclusively preventing the colonization of Candida sp. in biofilms. The alternatives, benzalkonium chloride, povidone iodine solution, and tea tree oil, should be investigated further.

Vibriosis, caused by Vibrio strains, is an important bacterial disease and capable of causing significant high mortality in aquatic animals. Essential oils (EOs) have been considered as an alternative approach for the treatment of aquatic bacterial diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of essential oils (n = 22) or essential oil components (EOCs, n = 12) against Vibrio strains belonging to the harveyi clade. It was verified by three different approaches, e.g., (i) a bacterial growth assay, comparing Vibrio growth with or without EO(C)s at various concentrations, (ii) a vapor-phase-mediated susceptibility assay, comparing the effect of EO(C)s on bacterial growth through the vapor phase, and (iii) a quorum sensing-inhibitory assay, based on specific inhibition of quorum sensing-regulated bioluminescence. The results showed that, in the bacterial growth assay, EOs of Melaleuca alternifolia and Litsea citrata at 0.0001%, Eucalyptus citriodora at 0.01% can inhibit the growth of Vibrio campbellii BB120. These EOs can also prevent the growth of V. parahaemolyticus strains but need to be present at a higher concentration (0.1%). Moreover, in the vapor-phase-mediated susceptibility assay, EOs of M. alternifolia, L. citrata and E. citriodora can inhibit the growth of V. campbellii BB120 through their vapor phase. However, V. parahaemolyticus strains (CAIM170, LMG2850 and MO904) cannot be inhibited by these EOs. Additionally, in the quorum sensing-inhibitory assay, EOs of Mentha pulegium, Cuminum cyminum, Zingiber officinalis, and E. citriodora, all at 0.001%, have quorum sensing-inhibitory activity in V. campbellii BB120. Taken together, our study provides substantial evidence that usage of the major components, individually or in combination, of the tested commercial EOs (extracted from M. alternifolia, L. citrata, and E. citriodora) could be a promising approach to control V. campbellii BB120.