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Four species of the genus Luzonomyza Malloch, 1929 from southwest China are described as new to science: Luzonomyza vittifacies Li & Yang, sp. nov., L. serrata Li & Yang, sp. nov., L. honghensis Li & Yang, sp. nov., and L. brevis Li & Yang, sp. nov. A key to Luzonomyza species is also presented.

Sixteen known species of the genus Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 have been recorded from China, of which three occur in Yunnan Province. Herein, two new species from Yunnan, P. cordatasp. nov. and P. yunnanicasp. nov., are described from China. An updated key to Ptychoptera is presented for all Chinese species.

The Egyptian fauna of the genus Nemestrinus Latreille, 1802 is revised. In 1967, Steyskal and El-Bialy listed 12 species from the region, but only six species are now recognized. The primary type specimens of the species N. aegyptiacus (Wiedemann, 1828), N. rufipes (Olivier, 1810), and N. lateralis Wiedemann, 1828 (N. lateralis being a synonym of N. rufipes) deposited in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany were examined. Two species (N. abdominalis Olivier, 1811 and N. fascifrons (Bigot, 1888) are placed as new synonyms of N. ater (Olivier, 1811), and N. ruficornis Macquart, 1840 is synonymized with N. rufipes (Olivier, 1811). Nemestrinus jullieni (Efflatoun, 1925) is confirmed as a synonym of N. aegyptiacus. Furthermore, three species (N. caucasicus Fischer, 1806, N. pallipes (Olivier, 1811), and N. persicus Lichtwardt, 1909) have been removed and are doubtful records from Egypt. A key to the species, lists of specimens examined, and Illustrations and distributions for each species are provided. The status of species of doubtful occurrence in Egypt is discussed.

The Fannidae includes over 400 described species, mainly known from the Holarctic Region. The number of species in the Oriental Region are underestimated. The Fannia fuscinata-group was established by Wang et al. in 2011, consisting of nine species at present. A new species of the genus Fannia (Diptera, Fanniidae) is described from Yunnan, part of the Oriental Region in China, namely Fannia menglaensis sp. nov. The detailed description, photographs and drawings of adults and male terminalia of F. menglaensis sp. nov. are provided. All specimens are preserved in the Museum of Beijing Forestry University.

A new species of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912 is described from Baishanzu Nature Reserve, China, based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on standard barcode sequences confirmed a new clade of Polypedilum (Collartomyia) species. The new species is easily distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following morphological characters: membrane of wing with a large spot occupying 70% of the proximal area; tergite without dark brown band pigmentation; tarsi I–V dark brown; superior volsella with three outer lateral setae and six long setae along inner base; inferior volsella with setose tubercules. An updated key to adult males of the subgenus Collartomyia is also provided.

The Niphta Theischinger fauna of South America is revised to include 11 species, nine of which are described as new to science (N. acus Pivar, sp. nov., N. bifurcata Pivar & Moulton, sp. nov., N. bispinosa Pivar & Sinclair, sp. nov., N. brunnea Pivar, sp. nov., N. courtneyi Pivar, sp. nov., N. daniellae Pivar, sp. nov., N. downesi Pivar, sp. nov., N. eurydactyla Pivar, sp. nov., N. mapuche Pivar, sp. nov.). The genus Niphta is redefined, both previously described Chilean species are redescribed, N. halteralis (Edwards) and N. nudipennis (Edwards), and females are described or redescribed where possible. The first descriptions of the immature stages of South American Niphta are provided, which represent a new larval morphotype in Thaumaleidae, as larvae and pupae possess ventral adhesive structures. Furthermore, these larvae were collected from vegetation rather than rocky substrates. Illustrations and micrographs are provided for all species, and scanning electron microscopy images are included for select immatures. A key to species, distribution maps, and discussions regarding phylogenetic affinities and habitat are also included.

An adult male Synorthocladius was collected in the middle basin of the Adige River in the city of Verona, northern Italy. A combination of atypical characters for the genus signalled a new species. Synorthocladius federicoisp. nov. is here diagnosed and described. The new species is known only from its type locality and is presumed to be a local biogeographical representative of the Italian Pre-Alps. An emended generic diagnosis, a key to known Synorthocladius from Europe and comments on the taxonomic position of the new species are given.

The genusDettopsomyiawas established by Lamb in 1914 for a single species,De. formosadescribed therein. It contains 13 known species recorded from the Old World (the Oriental, Australasian, Palearctic and Afrotropical regions). In the present paper, five new species discovered from southern China are described as members ofDettopsomyia:De. acutipenisWang & Gao,sp. nov.,De. serripenisWang & Gao,sp. nov.,De. discontinuaWang & Gao,sp. nov.,De. camelonotaWang, Li & Gao,sp. nov.andDe. paranigrovittataWang, Li & Gao,sp. nov.The new species were delimitated, based on not only morphological characters but also molecular data.

Records of 46 Psychodidae (Sycoracinae 1, Trichomyiinae 1, Psychodinae 44) species/subspecies are presented in this paper based on specimens collected by sweep-netting in Azerbaijan and Georgia in 2019. Nine species are recorded for the first time since their original description; 12 species are new for Transcaucasia; 22 species are new for Azerbaijan; and 17 species are new for Georgia. Saraiella ressli montana Ježek, 1990 is proposed as a synonym of S. ressli Wagner, 1983, syn. nov. Knowledge of some aspects of the ecology and biogeography of selected (especially rare) species has been expanded and a clear pattern was found in species richness, rare species, and new records in relation to land use, habitat diversity, and preservation of the environment surrounding the sampling site.

The Afrotropical representatives of the hover fly genusMesembriusRondani, 1857 (Diptera) are divided into two subgenera, namelyMesembriuss.s. andVadonimyiaSéguy, 1951 and, in this present work, the subgenus Mesembrius s.s. is revised. A total of 23Mesembriuss.s. species are recognised for the Afrotropics. Known species are re-described and six species new to science are described:Mesembrius arcuatussp. nov.,M. copelandisp. nov.,M. longipilosussp. nov.,M. sulcussp. nov.,M. tibialissp. nov.andM. vockerothisp. nov.Mesembrius africanus(Verrall, 1898) is considered a junior synonym ofM. senegalensis(Macquart, 1842),M. cteniferHull, 1941 a junior synonym ofM. caffer(Loew, 1858),M. lagopus(Loew, 1869) a junior synonym ofM. capensis(Macquart, 1842) andM. platytarsisCurran, 1929 a junior synonym ofM. simplicipesCurran, 1929. The females ofMesembrius chapiniCurran, 1939,M. rexCurran, 1927 andM. regulus(Hull, 1937) are described for the first time. Lectotypes are designated forMesembrius caffer,M. capensis,M. cyanipennis(Bezzi, 1915),M. minor(Bezzi, 1915),M. senegalensis,M. strigilatus(Bezzi, 1912) andM. tarsatus(Bigot, 1883). Separate identification keys for males and females are presented. We obtained 236 DNA barcodes for 18 species. The relationships amongst the differentMesembriusspecies are briefly discussed, based on morphological and DNA barcode data.

A new natural hybrid Saxifraga ×klimesii Hajman, Horák & Hroneš from Ladakh (NW India) is described and illustrated. This hybrid resulted from cross between Saxifraga meeboldii Engler & Irmscher and Saxifraga pulvinaria Harry Smith. The morphology of the hybrid plants and its parental taxa was evaluated using morphometric analysis of both living plants and herbarium specimens. An artificial cross was also made to compare its morphology with spontaneous hybrids. Ploidy level and relative genome size was established using flow cytometry. Saxifraga ×klimesii is intermediate in morphology and relative genome size between both parents. It differs from S. meeboldii by shorter and wider rosette leaves and lighter yellow, larger and wider petals and from S. pulvinaria by larger rosettes, often more than one pore on leaves and usually yellow coloured petals. A lectotype is selected for S. pulvinaria.

PREMISE: The genetic structure between plant populations is facilitated by the spatial population arrangement and limited dispersal of seed and pollen. Saxifraga acerifolia, a local endemic species in Japan, is a habitat specialist that is confined to waterfalls in riparian environments. Its sister species, Saxifraga fortunei, is a generalist that is widely distributed along riverbanks. Here, we examined sympatric populations of the two Saxifraga species to test whether the differences in habitat preference and colonization process influenced regional and local genetic structures. METHODS: To reveal genetic structures, we examined chloroplast microsatellite variations and genome-wide nucleotide polymorphisms obtained by genotyping by sequencing. We also estimated the gene flow among and within populations and performed landscape genetic analyses to evaluate seed and pollen movement and the extent of genetic isolation related to geographic distance and/or habitat differences. RESULTS: We found strong genetic structure in the specialist S. acerifolia, even on a small spatial scale (

A new species of Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae), C. fallax (ser. Pilosa), is described and illustrated from Primorsky Krai, the Far East of Russia. Chrysosplenium fallax forms specialized underground stolons during budding and early flowering. The largest leaves are located at the top of vegetative shoot and have a cuneate base and pubescence on the abaxial side. The top of vegetative shoot does not take roots. The distinguishing morphological features and the differences in the seasonal development of C. fallax from the closely related C. pilosum and C. villosum (ser. Pilosa) are listed.

Chrysosplenium nudicaule Bunge, Tibetan name ‘Yajima,’ growing in the highlands of China is a perennial herb belonging to the genus Chrysosplenium Saxifragaceae. As a traditional Chinese medicine, it has been used to treat digestive diseases for hundreds of years. The complete chloroplast genome of Chrysosplenium nudicaule is 152,775 bp in length and comprises two inverted repeats (IR, 25,962 bp), a large single-copy region (LSC, 83,533 bp), and a small single-copy region (SSC, 17,318 bp). It harbors 112 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, four ribosomal RNA genes, and 30 transfer RNA genes. In addition, the rpl32 gene was deleted. The GC content of the whole chloroplast genome is 37.54%. This chloroplast genome resource will be useful for study on the evolution and genetic diversity of C. nudicaule in the future.

Saxifraga umbellulata Hook & Thomson (1857:71), an Eastern Himalayan member of the genus Saxifraga Linnaeus (1753:398) (Saxifragaceae) was described based on specimens collected from the Sikkim Himalaya. The species was characterized by having a brown, densely glandular stem; many basal, very thick, fleshy (leathery), glabrous or sparsely setose-ciliate leaves, forming a rosette; few to several, erect, yellow flowers in a terminal subumbellate inflorescence. At present, the species is distributed in Nepal, India (Sikkim), Bhutan and China (Tibet) (Pan et al. 2001, Maity et al. 2018). Later Marquand and Airy Shaw described S. umbellulata f. pectinata Marquand & Airy Shaw in Marquand (1929:183) (Fig. 1) based on a few specimens, collected by F. Kingdon Ward from Pasum Lake in Tibet (Xizang), China, with cartilaginous setose-ciliate margin of basal leaves and yellow flowers. Pan (1992) raised this taxon to the rank of variety as S. umbellulata var. pectinata (C.Marquand & Airy Shaw) Pan (1992:165). Until now the variety has been accepted taxonomically.

International audience; Saxifraga florulenta is a monocarpic species endemic to SW Alps, whose reproductive biology is still unknown. Its knowledge may provide useful information on how the species may face the global warming. In this study, we investigated the plant-pollinator interactions and the mating system of the plant. We described the phenology of the inflorescences, we evaluated the type of pollinators, we verified self and cross-pollination and lastly we quantified the reproductive success of the plants. In spite of the low visitation rate of pollinators, S. florulenta shows high fruit set and seed set. The plant exhibits a prolonged flowering period and has a definite inflorescence, characterized by a sequential blooming bearing both female-or male-phase flowers at the same time; in addition, flowers show a delayed maturation and movement of stamens. These floral and inflorescence traits lead to a mixed reproduction mode which guarantees reproductive success by adopting the "best of two worlds" strategy. The species maximizes its resource investment by having inflorescence size and number of flowers directly related to plant size, whilst fruit and seed set as well as seeds per flower did not show any statistically significant relationship with plant size.

—Flora endemic to the cold habitats of the Northern Hemisphere provide important models for investigating diversification and disjunctions, given both the intense climatic fluctuations of these areas in the recent past and the fascinating biogeographic patterns of today’s Arctic-alpine plant communities.MicranthesHaw. (Saxifragaceae), a clade of small-flowered herbaceous flowering plants comprising ∼80 species, is an ideal group for investigating the evolution and diversification of plants in montane and Arctic ecosystems.Micrantheshas proven to be a particularly challenging clade to unravel taxonomically due in part to rampant auto- and allopolyploidy, hybridization, and cryptic speciation. With the goal of providing an updated conspectus for this group, we build upon a recent large phylogenomic analysis to help elucidate the evolution ofMicranthes. Here, we present new downstream analyses including diversification analyses, biogeographical reconstructions, and a comparison of methods for dating phylogenomic data sets. To complement these new analyses, we also synthesize chromosomal variation, new observations regarding morphology and species identification, comprehensive field studies, and an extensive review of the literature for Saxifragaceae andMicranthes. A new perspective on the systematics and taxonomy ofMicranthesis provided.

An audit of two species of the Chrysosplenium ser. Pilosa in the Russian Far East showed that Chrysosplenium woroschilovii Neczajeva is synonym of C. pilosum Maxim. Significance of the vegetative organs signs and the consideration of their seasonal changes in taxonomy of Chrysosplenium ser. Pilosa are shown. The borders of the Russian part of the range of C. pilosum are outlined, its typical location is precised. A detailed description of the morphological characteristics of this species is given, and diagnostic features are highlighted.

Background Macrophages play a crucial role in inflammation. Astilbe chinensis is one of perennial herbs belonging to the genus Astilbe. Plants in the genus have been used for pain, headaches, arthralgia, and chronic bronchitis. However, the effect of A.chinensis on inflammation remains unclear. To study the anti-inflammatory action of A.chinensis ethanol extract (ACE), we investigated the effect of ACE on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in macrophages. Methods We evaluated the effectiveness of ACE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and thioglycollate (TG)-elicited peritoneal macrophages from male C57BL/6 mice. We measured the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and examined the anti-inflammatory actions of ACE on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway in the macrophages. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to determine protein level and translocation, respectively. Results ACE suppressed the output of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines in stimulated macrophages via inhibiting the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins. ACE suppressed mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). We examined the efficacies of ACE on NF-κB activation by measuring the expressions including IκB kinase (IKK), inhibitor of κB (IκB), and nuclear p65 proteins. In addition, the inhibition of NF-κB p65’s translocation was determined with immunofluorescence assay. Conclusion Our findings manifested that ACE inhibited LPS or TG-induced inflammation by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages. It indicated that ACE is a potential therapeutic mean for inflammation and related diseases.

Storing seeds in seed banks is an effective way to preserve plant diversity and conserve species. An essential step towards a valuable conservation is the validation of germination. This study presents a germination screening of seeds from 255 species of the European Eastern Alps, which were to be stored at the Millennium Seed Bank (Kew, UK). The final germination percentage (FGP) was determined using a standard protocol in the laboratory. Species were classified according to species rarity, plant community, occurrence at elevation belts, bedrock types, as well as CSR strategies, and further, seed mass was examined. We could not find statistically significant differences of FGP within these classes, but 74.9% of all tested species germinated using the standard protocol, and half of them had FGP ≥ 20.1–100%. A treatment with gibberellic acid enhanced the germination in half of the species to which this treatment was applied. Common families in alpine regions, i.e. Asteraceae, Poaceae and Saxifragaceae were highlighted in terms of their germination behaviour. The results provide an evaluation of the application of standard protocols to a broad Alpine species pool on the one hand, and on the other hand, provide ecological insights of the species tested. Germination is not only one of the most important events of the reproductive cycle of plants but could also be a key feature in species' responses to changing environmental conditions.

A new variety of Micranthes is described from a low-elevation granite outcrop in Pickens County, South Carolina. It is similar to high elevation Micranthes petiolaris populations in leaf morphology and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences, but differs in its annual habit, floral morphology, phenology, and ecology. The variety is known only from the type locality, with most clusters of individuals occurring along the forested boundary of an open granite outcrop, associated with Juniperus virginiana L., and growing upon moist to saturated moss mats and/or shallow soils. A discussion comparing the proposed taxon with M. petiolaris is provided, with notes about the distribution, habitat, and taxonomy of the variety.

As a renewable source of unique aromatic compounds, lignin attracts the attention of many researchers. However, for its successful application, it is necessary to have a clear and accurate idea of its chemical structure. Therefore, it is necessary to expand knowledge about the structure of lignins of various nature using the informative analytical methods. The aim of this study was to characterize the dioxane lignin of the Saxifraga oppositifolia L. — the northernmost angiosperm. The lignin of plants growing in the Arctic zone may differ significantly from other plants, both due to species differences and peculiarities of growing conditions. Studies were conducted on an isolated lignin preparation obtained by the Pepper's method. Analysis of Py-GC/MS data and NMR spectroscopy showed that saxifrage lignin belongs to GH-type. This is evidenced by a significant proportion of p-hydroxyphenyl units (40%), while the content of syringyl units is about 14%. The major substructures of the studied lignin were β-aryl ether, phenylcoumaran, and resinol. It was found that the γ‑carbon of the lignin side chains are partly acetylated, and forms ester bonds with the p-hydroxybenzoate structure. In addition, the NMR spectrum showed a signal of the phenylglycoside evidenced the presence of the lignin-carbohydrate complex.

UV radiation affects the biochemical, physiological and morphological responses of plants. The effect is most pronounced at high altitude, such as alpine regions, and low latitude environments. The effect of UV radiation is impacted by different environmental conditions including temperature. We examined the response of the alpine plant Saxifraga hostii Tausch subsp. hostii growing at two altitudes (montane, 1100 m a.s.l. and alpine, 1500 m a.s.l.) in the Slovenian Alps. Selected ecophysiological, anatomical and pigment analyses along with measurements of the leaf optical properties were carried out during the growing season from July to September. Plants were grown under two different UV levels, near-ambient UV (UV) and reduced UV (UV-) radiation, and temperature conditions were monitored at both altitudes. Saxifraga hostii exhibited high photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and stomatal conductance under near-ambient UV radiation in August, which indicates that it is a well-acclimated plant. In September, photochemical efficiency was higher under reduced UV at the alpine altitude which together with a lower photosynthetic pigment content indicate delayed senescence for plants growing under reduced UV. Most leaf tissue thicknesses were not affected by UV radiation and altitude difference. There was a trend of increased stomatal density and reduced stomatal length on both leaf surfaces under near-ambient UV in August. However, there was no effect of UV attenuation or location at the alpine or montane site on the content of UV-B absorbing compounds, which implies the plant's tolerance of UV-B radiation. Saxifraga hostii leaves showed high absorption in the UV spectrum at higher altitudes, as shown by their optical properties. This study shows that Saxifraga hostii is well-acclimated to ambient UV radiation and to the environmental conditions at both altitudes. The effect of UV radiation is impacted by site conditions and this produces diverse plant responses, which contribute to the specific functional traits of Saxifraga hostii in the high-altitude environment.

Ptychoptera castor Keresztes & Klappert, sp. nov. and P. pollux Keresztes & Török, sp. nov. both belong to the subgenus Ptychoptera (Paraptychoptera)Tonnoir (1919) and are described from boggy headwaters in the south Balkan area. These new species are closely related to the range-restricted P. helena Peus, 1958, which is known only from Oiti village, Mount Oeta, Phthioitis region, Greece and, together with P. lacustris, forms a morphologically well-defined unit in the subgenus Paraptychoptera. Based on cladistic analyses of 53 different morphological characters using the male antenna, wing, and genital structures, a general revision of the “lacustris” group is proposed with a dichotomous key of Paraptychoptera species.

We revise the taxonomy of the genus Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 from Zhejiang, East China. One new species from Zhejiang, P. tianmushanasp. nov., is described and illustrated. Morphologically, the new species is most similar to P. emeica Kang, Xue & Zhang, 2019 and P. formosensis Alexander, 1924, but it can be distinguished by the coloration of the abdomen and the details of the male genitalia. In addition, P. bellula Alexander, 1937 is recorded from Zhejiang for the first time. Two known species from Zhejiang, P. longwangshana Yang & Chen, 1998 and P. gutianshana Yang & Chen, 1995, are redescribed and illustrated. A key to Chinese species of Ptychoptera is provided.

Saxifraga viridiflora, a remarkable new species of the genus Saxifraga sect. Irregulares (Saxifragaceae) from Guangxi, is described and illustrated herein. This new species morphologically differs from all known S. sect. Irregulares taxa by its greenish petals, verruculose sepals, and thick leathery leaf blade abaxially scarlet with white spots.

Exechia is a diverse genus of small fungus gnats, widespread in the Holarctic Region, while the fauna is largely unknown elsewhere, such as in the Afrotropical and Oriental Region. Members of Exechia can be arranged into several species groups, based on homologies in the male and female terminalia. The Exechia parva group is delimited, based on male terminalia possessing a pair of gonocoxal lobes on the apicoventral gonocoxal margin. Eight previously-described species can be placed in this group, of which six are from the Holarctic Region, while one is recorded each from the Oriental and the Afrotropical Regions. The Exechia parva group was reviewed and found to include 33 species, of which 24 were described as new to science and six were re-described. Identification keys to 32 species for males and nine species for females are provided together with illustrations and photos of male and female terminalia. Species delimitations were based on morphological examination of 94 male and female specimens, as well as DNA barcodes obtained from 124 specimens. Molecular and morphological species delimitations were mostly congruent, except in two cases where two species were delimited within a single Barcode Index Number (BIN). We found that each species is only known from a single zoogeographical region and that several species complexes are largely congruent with zoogeographical divisions, indicating that intercontinental barriers may have a strong impact on the species diversity of the group.

Recently, Rodgersia podophylla has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. However, little is known about the potential mechanisms about its anti-inflammatory activity. We elucidated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of leaves extracts from Rodgersia podophylla (RP-L) in RAW264.7 cells. LPS-induced NO was measured by Griess and mRNA of pro-inflammatory mediators was analyzed by RT-PCR. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. The protein level was analyzed by Western blot. RP-L significantly inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. RP-L increased HO-1 expression in RAW264.7 cells, and the inhibition of HO-1 by ZnPP reduced the inhibitory effect of RP-L against LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Inhibition of p38, ROS and GSK3β attenuated RP-L-mediated HO-1 expression. Inhibition of ROS inhibited p38 phosphorylation and GSK3β expression induced by RP-L. In addition, inhibition of GSK3β blocked RP-L-mediated p38 phosphorylation. RP-L induced nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, and inhibition of p38, ROS and GSK3β abolished RP-L-mediated nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Furthermore, RP-L blocked LPS-induced degradation of IκB-α and nuclear accumulation of p65. RP-L also attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38. In GC/MS analysis of RP-L, pyrogallol was detected as bioactive compound for anti-inflammatory activity of RP-L. Pyrogallol was observed to activate HO-1 expression through ROS/GSK3β/p38/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Our results suggest that RP-L exerts potential anti-inflammatory activity by activating ROS/GSK3β/p38/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling in RAW264.7 cells. These findings suggest that RP-L may have great potential for the development of anti-inflammatory drug.

Saxifraga sinomontana J.-T. Pan & Gornall belongs to Saxifraga sect. Ciliatae subsect. Hirculoideae, a lineage containing ca. 110 species whose phylogenetic relationships are largely unresolved due to recent rapid radiations. Analyses of complete chloroplast genomes have the potential to significantly improve the resolution of phylogenetic relationships in this young plant lineage. The complete chloroplast genome of S. sinomontana was de novo sequenced, assembled and then compared with that of other six Saxifragaceae species. The S. sinomontana chloroplast genome is 147,240 bp in length with a typical quadripartite structure, including a large single-copy region of 79,310 bp and a small single-copy region of 16,874 bp separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,528 bp each. The chloroplast genome contains 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, four rRNAs and 30 tRNAs, with 18 duplicates in the IRs. The gene content and organization are similar to other Saxifragaceae chloroplast genomes. Sixty-one simple sequence repeats were identified in the S. sinomontana chloroplast genome, mostly represented by mononucleotide repeats of polyadenine or polythymine. Comparative analysis revealed 12 highly divergent regions in the intergenic spacers, as well as coding genes of matK, ndhK, accD, cemA, rpoA, rps19, ndhF, ccsA, ndhD and ycf1. Phylogenetic reconstruction of seven Saxifragaceae species based on 66 protein-coding genes received high bootstrap support values for nearly all identified nodes, suggesting a promising opportunity to resolve infrasectional relationships of the most species-rich section Ciliatae of Saxifraga.

The genus Enderleiniella Becker, 1912 is revised. The genus is distinguished on the basis of a somewhat flattened head with the inner vertical setae located anteromedially to the outer vertical setae, three lightly incised lines on the scutum, trapezoidal or rectangular scutellum with marginal setae borne on tubercles, reduced alula and anal angle of the wing, and the structure of the male genitalia. The genus contains eleven species in the northern Neotropical and southern Nearctic Regions: E. caeruleasp. nov. (type locality: Blue Creek, Belize); E. crypticasp. nov. (type locality: 24 km W Piedras Blancas, Costa Rica); E. flavidasp. nov. (type locality: Emerald Pool, Dominica); E. longiventris (Enderlein, 1911) (type species; type locality: Costa Rica); E. maculatasp. nov. (type locality: Xilitla, San Luis Potosi, Mexico); E. marshallisp. nov. (type locality: Guanacaste, Costa Rica); E. mayasp. nov. (type locality: Las Escobas, Guatemala); E. punctatasp. nov. (type locality: Potrerillo, Bolivia); E. tripunctata (Becker, 1916) (type locality: San Mateo, Costa Rica); E. tumescenssp. nov. (type locality: San Esteban, Venezuela); and E. wheelerisp. nov. (type locality: Turrialba, Costa Rica).

Saxifraga shennongii L. Wang, W.B. Liao et J. J. Zhang, a new species of Saxifragaceae from Hunan, China, is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to genus Saxifraga sect. Irregulares and can be distinguished from other species by stolons absent, basal leaf blade subrounded and abaxially spotted, absence of foliar embryos in the sinus, petiole sparsely short glandular pilose or glabrous and inflorescence branches up to 10 cm long. Phylogenetic analysis based on four chloroplast DNA regions (rbcL, psbA-trnH, matK and psaJ-rpl33) confirmed that the new species differed from those similar species of Saxifraga sect. Irregulares. The new species is similar to S. daqiaoensis and S. mengtzeana, but differs in indumentum and the shape of leaf.

Saxifraga artvinensis V.A.Matthews, which is endemic to Turkey, was discovered on Tiryal Mountain (A8 Artvin, northeastern Turkey). Approximately 175 km from its type locality, a new population of the species was discovered, in the Picea orientalis forest in the Altındere Valley National Park, in A7 Trabzon (northeastern Turkey). A comparison with the known population of S. artvinensis confirmed that this new population represented a new taxon and is described as S. artvinensis subsp. meryemii Terzioğlu & Coşkunç. An identification key and comparison with closely related taxa, based on both morphological and molecular properties, are also provided. The studied samples, belonging to subsp. artvinensis and subsp. meryemii, had identical sequences in the entire internal transcribed spacer region. On the other hand, subsp. meryemii was easily distinguishable from subsp. artvinensis by its hairy flowering stem, 3-8 flowers, subsessile pedicels, and sepals hairy at base.

In high latitude and alpine environments many plants show an increase in viviparous reproduction in response to harsh environmental conditions. Low or no seed set means that ex situ conservation in the form of seed banking is not a conservation option for such species. We investigated the potential for bulbils to be stored ex situ in seed banks using traditional storage methods (drying and freezing at −20 °C) and cryopreservation (drying and freezing at −180 °C) as a means of ensuring the long-term conservation of such species. In addition, the impact of drying bulbils to 15% eRH or maintaining initial humidity (60% eRH) was investigated. The study was based on bulbils of the drooping or nodding saxifrage (Saxifraga cernua) collected in Bellalui (commune d’Icogne, Switzerland) at an altitude of 2200 m.a.s.l. Our findings suggest that conservation under traditional seed banking methods or by cryopreservation is a viable option for species producing small (

Saxifraga stellaris var. alpigena grows as one of the very few higher plants in the copper rich area of the “blue creek” in Austria. Two endophytes were isolated from it: Mortierella sp. (fungus), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (bacterium). Both microbes were practically inseparable due to resistance of the bacteria to the antibiotics tested. On PDA media, the fungus showed higher tolerance to copper than the bacterium, which disappeared from both the media and the surface of the fungus in the presence of 150 μM of Cu. However, at this Cu concentration, the bacteria were still detectable inside the mycelium and reappeared on the outside when transferred to media of lower Cu concentration. Microscopic studies of in vitro cultivated plants showed that the fungus was present in both, the roots and shoots of the plant. The effects of endophytes on plant performance were assessed in rhizoboxes filled with Cu-rich substratum; plants inoculated with both microbes showed better growth, survival and photosynthesis performance than the non-inoculated controls. The results of this study prove the beneficial influence of the isolated endophytes on the Cu tolerance of S. stellaris, and indicate the ecological potential of applying microbial consortia to plants under extreme environmental conditions.

For diagnostics and control of emerging plant diseases, accurate species determination of the causal pathogens is a prerequisite. Downy mildew disease, caused by an unknown species of Peronospora, has speedily spread throughout numerous gardens and nurseries of the ornamental plant Aquilegia in the UK, but so far does not seem to have reached continental Europe. Apart from cultivated Aquilegia, downy mildew from wild columbines has only been reported from East Asia, where natural populations of Semiaquilegia are affected by downy mildew. To resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the causal pathogens on Aquilegia and Semiaquilegia, a phylogeny based on nine loci was performed. In addition, detailed morphological comparisons were carried out to determine if the downy mildew agents on Aquilegia and Semiaquilegia are conspecific and can be discriminated from related downy mildew species. Strong evidence was found that the downy mildew pathogens on Aquilegia and Semiaquilegia are conspecific, but distinct from other species of Peronospora affecting Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, and Saxifragaceae. Thus, a new species, Peronospora aquilegiicola, is introduced. The quick spread of the pathogen throughout the UK and the current absence from continental Europe highlights the importance to consider quarantine measures to restrict the further spread of this pathogen.

To understand the variation limit of taxomomic characters, the Korean Astilbe species were reviewed exomorphologically. Based on the results, it was revealed that two types of trichomes on young shoots and inflorescence rachises are most important characters for identifying Astilbe species: multicellular long nonglandular hair and multicellular short glandular hair. On the basis of type specimens, original descriptions, and relevant articles, Astilbe chinensis is a more reasonable scientific name than Astilbe rubra. The restricted natural habitats, such as high rocky terrains of Mt. Halla-san, shorter or smaller vegetative organs, distinctly shorter primary and secondary inflorescence rachises, and larger size of flowers and floral organs made it possible to distinguish Astilbe taquetii from other species. Astilbe koreana is also verified, with its identity distinguished from other species by having one rhizomatous leaf and dense multicellular short glandular hairs on the young shoot, stem, and inflorescence. Because the angle between the secondary leaf axes and the extent to which the secondary inflorescence axis droops showed great variations among species and even in a species, it could not be used as diagnostic characters. Keywords: Astilbe chinensis, Astilbe koreana, Astilbe rubra, Astilbe taquetii, Morphological characters

Pollinators can play an important role in production improvement in organic farming. It is, therefore, essential to ensure their year-round availability, particularly in winter season in Sikkim Himalaya. Thus, attempts were made to explore resources which could support and provide switching over platforms to pollinators during the winter season. Among the few observed forage species, Bergenia ciliata was found to be an important species that supports a diverse group of pollinators by providing the necessary forage. Therefore, B. ciliata is to be protected and managed to provide forage to pollinator insects during winter season.

Este artículo contiene 11 páginas, 4 figuras, 2 tablas., Saxifraga cuneifolia L. (sect. Gymnopera, Saxifragaceae) is a plant distributed in the main mountain ranges of southern Europe, from the eastern Pyrenees to the eastern Carpathian. Currently, two subspecies are recognized based on morphological characteristics: S. cuneifolia subsp. cuneifolia grows in the Maritime Alps and North Apennines and S. cuneifolia subsp. robusta is located in the remaining area of distribution. A more delicate form and a smaller number of flowers in S. cuneifolia subsp. cuneifolia are the morphological characteristics that differentiate this subspecies from the widespread S. cuneifolia subsp. robusta. To explore the genetic diversity and the subspecific geographic patterns of S. cuneifolia s. l. we conducted a molecular study of nuclear and plastid sequences. Samples of S. cuneifolia s. l. have been analysed throughout the distribution area of this species. Our results, based on nuclear (ITS) and plastid (rbcL, trnL–F, and psbA–trnH) markers, showed a genetic characterization of both subspecies presenting discriminant haplotypes and ribotypes that confirm the current subspecific systematics.

We revise the genus Metaplagia Coquillett, 1895 and describe five new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. All new species were reared from an ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars spanning a variety of species within the family Sphingidae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Our study provides a concise description of each new species using morphology, life history, molecular data and photographic documentation. In addition to the new species, the authors provide a re-description of the genus and a revised key to the species of Metaplagia. The following five new species of Metaplagia are described: Metaplagia leahdennisae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Metaplagia lindarobinsonae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Metaplagia paulinesaribasae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Metaplagia robinsherwoodae Fleming & Wood sp. n. and Metaplagia svetlanakozikae Fleming & Wood sp. n. The following is proposed by Fleming & Wood as new combination of Plagiomima Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891: Plagiomima latifrons (Reinhard, 1956) comb. n.

As an agriculturally and ecologically important group, it is critical to understand the systematics, biology, distribution, and impact of species in the family Agromyzidae, a ubiquitous and diverse acalyptrate family of true flies (Diptera: Schizophora). While comprehensive sources on the North American fauna, such as Spencer (1969, 1987) and Spencer and Steyskal (1986b), already discuss these topics, important studies and discoveries have appeared since the time of those publications and it is necessary to provide updates. Scope of the present study At higher taxonomic levels, the present work examines those subfamilies and genera occurring in Canada and the continental United States (that is, the Nearctic Region north of Mexico), providing diagnoses and brief discussions on their relationships, classification, life history and diversity. To facilitate generic identification, an identification key is provided, accompanied by illustrations of the highly informative and diagnostic male genitalia, and photographs of live and preserved specimens. Discussions include the results of recent revisionary and phylogenetic studies, including redefinitions of Liriomyza Mik (Lonsdale 2011, 2017), Phytomyza Fallen (Winkler et al. 2009), Nemorimyza Frey (Zlobin 1996) and members of the Ophiomyia genus group (Lonsdale 2014), among others. The economic importance of the family was overviewed by Spencer (1973). An update on many of the most agriculturally significant species, including their hosts and methods of control, is currently being prepared (Lonsdale et al., in manuscript) and need not be discussed here. At the species level, this mostly collection-based study revises the fauna of the “Delmarva” states (discussed below), and is intended as a regional snapshot of the family. It will contribute to a more accurate understanding of the group when used alongside other comprehensive regional works such Griffiths’ series on the boreal Phytomyza, Lonsdale and Scheffer’s (2011) revision of the Nearctic holly leaf miners, Boucher’s Nearctic revisions (2002, 2004, 2008), Frick’s (1956)Calycomyza Hendel revision, Lonsdale’s (2011, 2017) Liriomyza revisions, Shi and Gaimari’s (2015) revision of the Californian Melanagromyza Hendel, the primarily northeastern United States surveys of Eiseman et al. (2018–2021), the catalogues compiled by Frick (1952a, 1959, 1965), and of course, Spencer (1969) and Spencer and Steyskal (1986b). The latter two works revised all Agromyzidae known to occur in Canada and Alaska, and the lower continental United States, respectively, and have served as two of the most useful stand-alone resources for the family but need updating. More broadly, the author hopes that this manual will generate more interest in this relatively difficult and neglected family in North America and facilitate easier identifications, thereby encouraging collectors to gather more field data, preserve more specimens, and explore parts of North America where agromyzids are largely unknown and undescribed. This is an exciting prospect considering that relatively little is known of the North American Agromyzidae outside of California and the northeast, and even in these regions, many new discoveries continue to accumulate. Furthermore, while the morphology of most species in the family can indeed often be accurately characterised as small, somewhat monotonous in appearance (at least externally) and sometimes difficult to work with, it is hoped that the photographs and illustrations given here portray the hidden charm of these animals, especially when considering the often striking and elaborate male genitalia.

Among the insect pests that affect crucifer crops in Mexico are Delia planipalpis (Meigen) and D. platura (Stein). They are a threat to the production of these vegetables since the damage they cause directly and indirectly affects yield, quality, and commercialization of these crops. Nevertheless, the existence of natural enemies of these dipterans is still unknown. It is fundamental to determine which parasitoids or predators can be considered possible biological control agents in an integrated pest management program. The sampling sites were located in Guanajuato, Puebla, and the State of Mexico, where plants of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenk and capitata L., B. napus L., and Raphanus sativus L. infested with Delia spp. were selected. The symptoms observed were wilting, yellowish, flaccid leaves and individuals less developed than the rest of the crop. These plants were extracted with their root and the surrounding soil. Also, wild crucifers were collected, such as Raphanus raphanistrum L., Brassica campestris L., and Sisymbrium irio L. The first records of Aphaereta pallipes Say (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Trybliographa rapae (Westwood) (Hymenoptera, Figitidae), and Aleochara bimaculata Gravenhorst (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) are reported parasitizing the puparia of these anthomyiid flies on cultivated and wild crucifers. This represents only a starting point for the continuous study of these parasitoids, which is needed to consider them useful for the biological control of D. planipalpis and D. platura.

A gall midge species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing leaf bud galls on Magnolia kobus DC. var. borealis Sarg. (Magnoliaceae) was found in Hokkaido and northern Honshu, Japan.Based on its morphology, the species is regarded as an undescribed species of the genusPseudasphondyliaMonzen (Cecidomyiinae, Cecidomyiidi, Asphondyliini). The species is herein described asPseudasphondylia saohimeaMatsuda, Elsayed and Tokudasp. n.The new species is easily distinguishable from its congeners by the number of adult palpal segments and the shape of the male terminalia and larval spatula.

The InBIO Barcoding Initiative (IBI) Diptera 02 dataset contains records of 412 crane fly specimens belonging to the Diptera families: Limoniidae, Pediciidae and Tipulidae. This dataset is the second release by IBI on Diptera and it greatly increases the knowledge on the DNA barcodes and distribution of crane flies from Portugal. All specimens were collected in Portugal, including six specimens from the Azores and Madeira archipelagos. Sampling took place from 2003 to 2019. Specimens have been morphologically identified to species level by taxonomists and belong to 83 species in total. The species, represented in this dataset, correspond to about 55% of all the crane fly species known from Portugal and 22% of crane fly species known from the Iberian Peninsula. All DNA extractions and most specimens are deposited in the IBI collection at CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources. Fifty-three species were new additions to the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD), with another 18 species' barcodes added from under-represented species in BOLD. Furthermore, the submitted sequences were found to cluster in 88 BINs, 54 of which were new to BOLD. All specimens have their DNA barcodes publicly accessible through BOLD online database and its collection data can be accessed through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). One species, Gonomyia tenella (Limoniidae), is recorded for the first time from Portugal, raising the number of crane flies recorded in the country to 145 species.

summary Diploid populations of Parnassia palustris L. var. palustris and var. condensata Travis & Wheldon have a highly symmetrical karyotype, consisting of seven metacentrk and two submetacentric chromosomes. The gross morphology of the karyotype of tetraploid populations is indistinguishable from that of the diploids. Studies of meiosis in tetraploids of both varieties demonstrated a high frequency of quadrivalent formation, strongly suggesting an autopolyploid origin. Later stages of meiosis in the tetraploids are regular and the pollen shows no decrease in stainability compared with that of the diploids. Some evidence is presented to show that tetraploids of both varieties may have a wider ecological amplitude than do diploids.

Chrysosplenium sangzhiense Hong Liu, a new species from Hunan, China, is described and illustrated. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the new species belongs to subgen. Chrysosplenium and is closely related to C. grayanum, C. nepalense and C. sinicum. The chromosome number of the new species is 2n = 46, indicating a novel basic number x = 23 in Chrysosplenium that is different from other species. This also suggests that C. sangzhiense is probably an allopolyploid derivative of a species with x = 11 and one with x = 12. Morphologically, C. sangzhiense can be easily distinguished from C. grayanum, C. nepalense, C. sinicum and C. cavaleriei, a species not included in our phylogenetic analysis by a suite of characters relating to the sterile shoots, basal leaves, cauline leaves, flowering stem, sepals, disc, capsule and seed. A global conservation assessment is performed, and classifies C. sangzhiense as Least Concern (LC).

Phenotypic polymorphism within a species is a notable phenomenon in evolutionary biology to understand the process of adaptive speciation and other historical events. The Saxifraga fortunei complex is a widespread herb found in East Asia. It includes several ecotypic taxa corresponding to their habitat environments. The distribution of the various ecotypes in a limited area of the Japanese Archipelago makes the species a suitable model to investigate the impact of population demographic history and natural selection on lineage diversification. Here, Sanger-based sequencing was used to estimate the divergence timeframe between populations of the Eurasian continent and Japan. Genome-wide SNPs obtained by ddRAD sequencing were used to investigate the phylogeographic origins of ecotypic taxa. The phylogenetic analyses revealed the divergence of the Japanese population from the continental population in the late Miocene. Two distinct regional clades of North and South Japan were identified; phenotypic diversification was evident only in the southern clade. The South Japan clades displayed a historical distribution expansion from north to south. The phenotypic variations appeared to have generated during the expansion. The ecotypic boundaries were incongruent with the genetic grouping. We propose that morphological and ecological specialization in Japanese populations was repeatedly generated by local natural selection.

The Tachinidae (Diptera) of Chile are catalogued and information is given on distributions, name-bearing types, synonyms, nomenclatural issues, and pertinent literature. The history of tachinid collectors in Chile and authors who have contributed to the systematic knowledge of Chilean tachinids is extensively reviewed. The classification has been updated and 122 genera and 264 species are recognised in Chile. There is a significant amount of endemism with 28 genera and 100 species known only from Chile. There are also 113 species with distributions shared only between Chile and Argentina, particularly in the southern portions of these countries comprising Patagonia.The catalogue is based on examination of the original descriptions of all nominal species and all other references known to us containing relevant taxonomic and distributional information, for a total of approximately 450 references. Many of the name-bearing types and other Chilean specimens housed in collections were examined. Taxa are arranged hierarchically and alphabetically under the categories of subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus (where recognised), and species. Nomenclatural information is provided for genus-group and species-group names, including lists of synonyms (mostly restricted to Neotropical taxa) and name-bearing type data. Species distributions are recorded by country within the New World and by larger geographical divisions in the Old World. Additional information is given in the form of notes and references under valid names at the level of tribe, genus, and species. Two genera are newly recorded from Chile:ChaetoepalpusVimmer & Soukup, 1940 (Tachinini) (also newly recorded from Argentina) andPatelloaTownsend, 1916 (Goniini). Four species are newly recorded from Chile or other countries:Lypha ornataAldrich, 1934 (Chile);Chaetoepalpus coquilletiVimmer & Soukup, 1940 (Argentina and Chile);Phytomyptera evanescens(Cortés, 1967) (Argentina); andXanthobasis unicolorAldrich, 1934 (Chile). Eight species previously recorded from Chile are deemed to have been misidentified or misrecorded from Chile (known distributions in parentheses):Archytas incertus(Macquart, 1851) (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay);Archytas seminiger(Wiedemann, 1830) (Brazil, Colombia);Gonia crassicornis(Fabricius, 1794) (Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Middle America, West Indies, Nearctic);Lespesia andina(Bigot, 1888) (Cuba);Lespesia archippivora(Riley, 1871) (widespread Nearctic and most of Neotropical);Neoethilla ignobilis(van der Wulp, 1890) (Mexico, United States); Siphona (Siphona) geniculata (De Geer, 1776) (Palaearctic, Nearctic [introduced]); andWinthemia quadripustulata(Fabricius, 1794) (Palaearctic, Nearctic, Oriental]. As First Reviser we fixParatheresia rufiventrisTownsend, 1929 as the senior homonym andSarcoprosena rufiventrisTownsend, 1929 as the junior homonym when the two are placed together inBillaeaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1830; and we fixMayophorinia angustaTownsend, 1927 as the senior homonym andMetarrhinomyia angustaTownsend, 1927 as the junior homonym when the two are placed together inMyiopharusBrauer & Bergenstamm, 1889. New replacement names are proposed for eight preoccupied names of Neotropical species (country of type locality in parentheses):Billaea rufescensO’Hara & Wood forSarcoprosena rufiventrisTownsend, 1929, preoccupied in the genusBillaeaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1830 byParatheresia rufiventrisTownsend, 1929 (Peru),nom. nov.;Billaea triquetrusO’Hara & Wood forSarcoprosena trianguliferaTownsend, 1927, preoccupied in the genusBillaeaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1830 byDexia trianguliferaZetterstedt, 1844 (Peru),nom. nov.;Eucelatoria nudioculataO’Hara & Wood forEucelatorioidea nigripalpisThompson, 1968, preoccupied in the genusEucelatoriaTownsend, 1909 byChetolyga nigripalpisBigot, 1889 (Trinidad),nom. nov.;Eucelatoria oblongaO’Hara & Wood forUrodexodes elongatumCortés & Campos, 1974, preoccupied in the genusEucelatoriaTownsend, 1909 byExorista elongatavan der Wulp, 1890 (Chile),nom. nov.;Lespesia thompsoniO’Hara & Wood forSturmiopsoidea obscuraThompson, 1966, preoccupied in the genusLespesiaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1863 byEurigaster obscurusBigot, 1857 (Cuba),nom. nov.;Myiopharus charapensisO’Hara & Wood forMetarrhinomyia angustaTownsend, 1927, preoccupied in the genusMyiopharusBrauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 byMayophorinia angustaTownsend, 1927 (Peru),nom. nov.;Myiopharus incognitusO’Hara & Wood forStenochaeta claripalpisThompson, 1968, preoccupied in the genusMyiopharusBrauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 byNeoxynopsoidea claripalpisThompson, 1968 (Trinidad),nom. nov.; andMyiopharus rufopalpusO’Hara & Wood forParalispe palpalisTownsend, 1929, preoccupied in the genusMyiopharusBrauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 byMyioxynops palpalisTownsend, 1927 (Peru),nom. nov.New type species fixations are made under the provisions of Article 70.3.2 of the ICZNCodefor three genus-group names:ParafabriciaBrauer & Bergenstamm, 1894 (synonym ofArchytasJaennicke, 1867), type species newly fixed asParafabricia perplexaTownsend, 1931;TachinodesBrauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 (synonym ofArchytasJaennicke, 1867), type species newly fixed asJurinia metallicaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1830; andWillistoniaBrauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 (synonym ofBelvosiaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1830), type species newly fixed asWillistonia aldrichiTownsend, 1931. Lectotypes are designated for the following four nominal species, all described or possibly described from Chile:Echinomyia pygmaeaMacquart, 1851 (a valid name in the genusPeleteriaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1830);Gonia chilensisMacquart, 1844 (a junior synonym ofGonia pallensWiedemann, 1830);Masicera auricepsMacquart, 1844 (a valid name in the genusLespesiaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1863); andProsopochoeta nitidiventrisMacquart, 1851 (a valid name in the genusProsopochaetaMacquart, 1851). The following 27 new or revived combinations are proposed (distributions in parentheses):Blepharipeza andinaBigot, 1888 is moved toLespesiaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1863 asL. andina,nomen dubium(Cuba),comb. nov.;Camposodes evanescensCortés, 1967 is moved toPhytomypteraRondani, 1845 asP. evanescens(Argentina, Chile),comb. nov.;Ectophasiopsis ypirangaDios & Nihei, 2017 is moved to Trichopoda Berthold, 1827 and assigned to subgenus Galactomyia Townsend, 1908 as T. (G.) ypiranga (Argentina, Brazil),comb. nov.;Embiomyia australisAldrich, 1934 is moved toSteleoneuraStein, 1924 asS. australis(Argentina, Chile),comb. nov.;Eurigaster modestusBigot, 1857 is moved toLespesiaasL. modesta(Cuba),comb. nov.;Eurigaster obscurusBigot, 1857 is moved toLespesiaasL. obscura(Cuba),comb. nov.;Macropatelloa tanumeanaTownsend, 1931 is moved toPatelloaTownsend, 1916 asP. tanumeana(Argentina, Chile),comb. nov.;Masicera insignisvan der Wulp, 1882 is moved toDrinoRobineau-Desvoidy, 1863 asD. insignis(Argentina, Chile),comb. nov.;Parasetigena hichinsiCortés, 1967 is moved toChetogenaRondani, 1856 asC. hichinsi(Chile),comb. nov.;Parasetigena porteriBrèthes, 1920 and junior synonymStomatotachina splendidaTownsend, 1931 are moved toChetogenaasC. porteri(Chile), bothcomb. nov.;Phorocera calyptrataAldrich, 1934 is moved toAdmontiaBrauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 asA. calyptrata(Argentina, Chile),comb. nov.;Poliops auratusCampos, 1953 is moved toAdmontiaBrauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 asA. aurata(Chile),comb. nov.;Poliops striatusAldrich, 1934 is moved toAdmontiaasA. striata(Argentina, Chile),comb. nov.;Ruiziella frontosaCortés, 1951 is moved toChaetoepalpusVimmer & Soukup, 1940 and placed in synonymy withC. coquilletiVimmer & Soukup, 1940 (Argentina, Chile, Peru),comb. nov.;Ruiziella luctuosaCortés, 1951 is moved toChaetoepalpusasC. luctuosus(Argentina, Chile),comb. nov.;Sarcoprosena luteolaCortés & Campos, 1974 is moved toBillaeaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1830 asB. luteola(Chile),comb. nov.;Sarcoprosena rufiventrisTownsend, 1929 is moved toBillaeawhere it is a junior secondary homonym and is renamedB. rufescensO’Hara & Wood (Peru),comb. nov.;Sarcoprosena trianguliferaTownsend, 1927 is moved toBillaeawhere it is a junior secondary homonym and is renamedB. triquetrusO’Hara & Wood (Peru),comb. nov.;Saundersia aureaGiglio-Tos, 1893 is moved to “Unplaced species of Tachinini” (Mexico),comb. nov.;Schistostephana aurifronsTownsend, 1919 is moved toBillaeaasB. aurifrons(Peru),comb. nov.;Siphoactia charapensisTownsend, 1927 is moved toClausicellaRondani, 1856 asC. charapensis(Peru),comb. nov.;Siphoactia peregrinaCortés & Campos, 1971 is moved toClausicellaas C.peregrina(Chile),comb. nov.;Sturmia festivaCortés, 1944 is moved toDrinoasD. festiva(Argentina, Chile),comb. nov.;Sturmiopsoidea obscuraThompson, 1966 is moved toLespesiaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1863, where it is a junior secondary homonym and is renamedL. thompsoniO’Hara & Wood (Trinidad),comb. nov.;Trichopoda arcuataBigot, 1876 is returned toTrichopodafrom Ectophasiopsis Townsend, 1915 and assigned to subgenus Galactomyia (Argentina, Chile),comb. revived; andTrichopoda gradataWiedemann, 1830 is returned toTrichopodafromEctophasiopsisand assigned to subgenus Galactomyia (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay),comb. revived.New or revived generic and specific synonymies are proposed for the following 14 names:CamposodesCortés, 1967 withPhytomypteraRondani, 1845,syn. nov.;EctophasiopsisTownsend, 1915 with Trichopoda Berthold, 1827, subgenus Galactomyia Townsend, 1908,syn. nov.;EmbiomyiaAldrich, 1934 withSteleoneuraStein, 1924,syn. nov.;Fabricia andicolaBigot, 1888 withPeleteria robusta(Wiedemann, 1830),syn. revived;MacropatelloaTownsend, 1931 withPatelloaTownsend, 1916,syn. nov.;Peleteria incaCurran, 1925 withPeleteria robusta(Wiedemann, 1830),syn. revived;PoliopsAldrich, 1934 withAdmontiaBrauer & Bergenstamm, 1889,syn. nov.;RuiziellaCortés, 1951 withChaetoepalpusVimmer & Soukup, 1940,syn. nov.;Ruiziella frontosaCortés, 1951 withChaetoepalpus coquilletiVimmer & Soukup, 1940,syn. nov.;SarcoprosenaTownsend, 1927 withBillaeaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1830,syn. nov.;SchistostephanaTownsend, 1919 withBillaea,syn. nov.;SiphoactiaTownsend, 1927 withClausicellaRondani, 1856,syn. nov.;StomatotachinaTownsend, 1931 withChetogenaRondani, 1856,syn. nov.; andSturmiopsoideaThompson, 1966 withLespesiaRobineau-Desvoidy, 1863,syn. nov.

The caucasica species group in the subgenus Lunatipula is redefined and now consists of five species native to the Caucasus. Tipula (L.) eleniyasp. nov. is described as new to science, and variations in the male terminalia in two populations are noted. Two subspecies (quadridentataquadridentata and quadridentatapaupera) are elevated to species rank. Detailed photo’s complement the descriptions of all five species (caucasica, eleniya, paupera, quadridentata, talyshensis), and data on ecology and distribution patterns are included as well as identification keys to males and females. Tipula caucasica is recorded from the West Caucasus and Tipula quadridentata is recorded from Dagestan (Russia) for the first time. Parallel evolution is traced in the male terminalia of the new species and in several non caucasica species group of Palaearctic Lunatipula.