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The carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed is known to have neuritogenic activities. Post-harvest treatment of seaweed affects its biological activities. Five drying treatments of K. alvarezii, including oven-drying, sun-drying, freeze-drying, shade-drying, and salting followed by shade-drying, were evaluated for their effects on neuritogenic activities. We also evaluated the neuritogenic activity of different parts of K. alvarezii thalli and its carrageenan waste. Neuron cells of the 19th day pregnant rat fetuses were collected from the hippocampus by brain dissection. Neuron cells were isolated by dissociation of the hippocampal tissue. Cells were plated onto poly-DL-lysine-coated glass coverslips in 24-well plates and treated with extracts. All tested extracts were obtained from maceration using 95% ethanol. Freeze and shade-drying extracts exhibited significantly higher neuritogenic activities (p 0.05) compared to that of the vehicle control. Carrageenan waste also significantly promoted the neuritogenic activities (p 0.05) with an optimal dose at 1 µg mL-1. Old and young thalli showed insignificant differences in neuritogenic activities. The carrageenan waste extract retained neuritogenic activities. Thus, the utilization of carrageenan waste for neuritogenic material provides added value to the waste in the carrageenan industry. Freeze and shade dried K. alvarezii can be used as a neuritogenic agent to provide optimum biological activity.

The kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) brine salting that used to make shredded were preservative with salt. Salt addition has aim to inactivate of bacterial contamination. Obviously, bacteria is still capable of growing in kawakawa brine shredding Therefore, in this study chitosan was added as antibacterial in shredded processing. Vibrio sp., is one of common halophilic bacteria found in seafood. If this bacteria is consumed, it can cause serious problems in human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors that affect in identifying Vibrio sp., on kawakawa brine shredding (C), shredded non-chitosan (FC) and shredded contain of chitosan (FC+). The methods evaluated were steps in enriching bacteria, culturing bacterial in selective media and analysing bacterial by API 20E kit. Enriching and incubation periods were needed by halophilic bacteria to adaptation in new environment. It was required to observe the bacteria characteristics' that would be isolated. Bacterial colonies were growth on Thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose (TCBS) were not Vibrio sp., but confirmed as Pseudomonas luteola and Proteus vulgaris based on API 20E analysis. It was showed that TCBS media had some advantages in identifying Vibrio sp. In conclusion, to get the best result in identifying bacteria, at least two or more methods were used to avoid misidentification.

The study aimed to determine the effects of wet salting, dry salting, and smoking processing methods on the heavy metal and mineral concentrations in the cultivated fish species which collected from private fish farms at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, during winter, 2017. The impacts of fish processing on mineral contents of the raw and processed fish were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05). The maximum level of metals in the raw and processed fish samples (wet salted, dry salted, and smoked fish) were recorded for iron ion and the minimum level determined for cadmium ion. However, the highest sequences of the minerals in the raw and processed samples were obtained in this order Na > K > P > Ca. Regarding to processing methods, significant decreases occurred in the minerals of Ca, K, and P, but smaller decrease in the heavy metals of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, and Zn in the wet salted grass carp. In the dry salted mullet, the changes in the minerals and heavy metals are relatively small. However, the greatest changes are on smoked grass carp; most of the minerals, including Ca, K and P, except Na, significantly increased. In heavy metals, Cu, Fe, and Zn, except Mg and Ni, also significant increased.

A total of 90 random samples represented by local and imported natural sheep Casing (45 of each) were collected during certain processing steps from a plant which is working in processing natural casing and implementing HACCP system at Cairo Governorate .These samples subjected to some bacteriological examination as Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, Coliform Count, Staphylococci count .The results revealed that imported samples showed relatively higher mean values than the local one; where APC was (5.47± 0.20,5.51± 0.18, 5.56± 0.22) log CFU/g ,Enterobacteriaceae was (1.41± 0.14 ,1.99± 0.23, 1.81± 0.27) log CFU/g, Coliform was (1.42±0.22,0.98± 0.21,0.92± 0.26) log CFU/g and Staphylococci was ( 3.16±.0.17,3.21±.0.15, 3.16±.0.12) log CFU/g for imported samples at intial Salting , Sorting, Final Salting Steps; respectively. While, APC was (5.48± 0.13,5.62± 0.14, 5.47± 0.12) log CFU/g ,Enterobacteriaceae was (1.00± 0.00 ,1.95± 0.19, 1.23± 0.12) log CFU/g, Coliform was (0.83±0.13,1.25± 0.21,0.54± 0.07) log CFU/g and Staphylococci was ( 3.09±.0.17,3.06±.0.15, 2.71±.0.16) log CFU/g for local samples at intial Salting , Sorting, Final Salting Steps; respectively.

Mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis) brine salting is a famous seafood product in Indonesia due to its good nutrition content. Bacterial contamination on this product may increase risk of foodborne diseases to happen, in addition to a decrease in quality and nutritionous value of the product. The main objective of this research was to identify bacteria contaminating the brine salting Mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis) sold in Tradisional Markets in Klungkung, Bali, Indonesia. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was apllied in the process of identification of bacterial contaminants. Samples were collected from 5 fish kiosks at the Tradisional market in Klungkung, Bali Indonesia. Each sample was cultured in Blood Agar or Nutrient Agar. Colonies with different morfology were selected, enriched in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB), and their DNA was extracted before being amplified with 16S rRNA primers. This PCR products were then sequenced, and the results were compared with those available in the geneBank. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool was conducted with help of MEGA software version 6. Seven bacterial species were identified, and these included Serratia nematodiphila, Bacillus cereus, Shewanella seohaensis, Vibrio alginolyticus, Kurthia gibsonii, Enterobacter cloacae, and Staphylococcus sciuri. All but one Kurthia gibsonii are potensial pathogens in human. Staphylococcus sciuri is not commonly found in seafood. The present of such species in the mackerel tuna brine salting product was probably due to poor handling during the process and distribution.

Regarding source of animal protein, pindang (salted and cooked fish) seems to have a greater potentiality than ikan asin (salted and dried fish), since pindang is more favorable in terms of sensory properties; thereby, pindang can be more widely consumed. Besides, pindang is also ready-to-eat product, which make it easier to consume. This research aimed at evaluating the different degree of salting and cooking on quality of scad mackerel pindang. The experiment was carried out according to Randomized Block Design, consisting of two processing methods: steam (A) and pressured or presto (B), with various concentrations of salt, i.e. 5%, 10% and 15%. The sample was then analyzed for content of protein, moisture, ash, as well as hedonic profile. The results showed that the best quality of scad mackerel pindang was achieved at pressured fish with salt 5%, yielding protein of 34,68%, moisture of 64,79%, and ash of 1,80%.

Background Thaumatin II, a supersweet protein from the African plant katemfe (Thaumatococcus daniellii Benth.), shows promise as a zero-calorie sweetener for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries and for improving the taste of fruit. Results We report on the stability of thaumatin in salted and pickled tomatoes, as well as on the effect of thaumatin on the taste quality of processed tomatoes. Fruit of tomato cv. Yalf, transformed with the thaumatin II gene were salted and pickled and then stored for 6 months. Western blot analysis showed relative thaumatin II stability at salting; its content in processed fruits was 62-83% of the initial level depending in the studied line. In pickled tomatoes, thaumatin II content was decreased by up to 25% of the initial amount. Both salted and pickled tomatoes had a sweet taste with a typical thaumatin aftertaste. Salted tomatoes were characterized as being sweeter than pickled tomatoes. The overall taste of pickled tomatoes was rated by panellists as significantly better compared to that of salted or non-processed ones. Conclusion In the present study, we have shown that tomatoes expressing supersweet protein thaumatin II can be used for processing under mild conditions, including salting and pickling. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

The aim of the work was to develop the parameters of the process of salting Pacific herring fillet with a reduced salt content, intended for children’s nutrition. For salting, food salt with a reduced sodium content, enriched with potassium, magnesium, was used. Based on the conducted studies, a rational formulation of the salting mixture was selected, consisting of 5 % salt with a reduced sodium content, 4% sugar, 0.35-0.50% citric acid. It was found that carrying out the salting process for 72-96 hours provides a low-salted fillet with a salt content of 3.5% with high organoleptic parameters, which are determined by the amino nitrogen content of 110-130 mg/100 g of the product and the buffering capacities of 40-45 degrees.

In this paper, we offer technological solution to produce low-salted Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) for small-business production. The method of salting in buckets consisted of two stages, including salting herring in saturated brine at a ratio of 70 (fish) : 30 (salting solution) and subsequent storage in isotonic solution. This allows speeding up the technological salting process by 2 times in comparison with the finished unsaturated method in an aqueous solution with 15% salt concentration. The possibility of secondary use of brine is shown. The shelf life of 14 days at (4 ± 2)oC was recorded for the low-salted products from Atlantic herring (C. harengus) with a mass fraction of salt (5 ± 0.5)% produced by an interrupted saturated salting method using secondary brine. The organoleptic parameters of salted Atlantic herring during the entire storage time corresponded to GOST 815 “salted herring”. Indicators that characterize the degree of maturation of salted herring, such as buffering and form-titrated nitrogen, were optimal. A technological scheme to produce low-salted herring using secondary brine and isotonic solution was developed. The proposed production technology allows to produce a high-quality low-salted product and is economically less expensive in comparison with the traditional salting method.

The effects of 15 and 20% salt concentrations on the quality and shelf-life of mullet fish (Mugil capito) were investigated during three months of storage at ambient conditions (20±1°c). The chemical composition and physicochemical properties of dry salted mullet were analyzed every 15 days of storage. The results showed that fresh mullet fish contains (76.52±2.44) % moisture, (18.06±0.87) % protein, (3.99±0.24) % lipid, (1.40±0.04) % ash content. In addition, values of quality attributes were (6.48±0.05) pH, (6.35±1.24) mg100g TVBN and (1.65±0.01) mg MDAkg sample TBA. Moreover, concentration (mg100g) of elements were (0.033±0.010) Cd, (12.24±0.81) Cu, (52.46±1.25) Fe, (1.88±0.11) Mn, (0.550±0.11) Ni, (13.45±0.87) Zn, (87.45±1.21) Ca, (147±2.26) K, (214.78±1.99) P and (80.85±42.11) Na. On the other hand, values of moisture, protein, lipids and pH of both 15% and 20% salted mullet were significantly decreased during storage periods at room temperature, while ash, TBA and TVBN were significantly increased. Mullet fish samples salted with 20% salt concentration recorded a better quality during the storage period compared to the other treatment (15%). In conclusion, the present results might provide a scientific basis for optimization and improvement of mullet fish salting technological process.

The main limitation of salting is its extended processing time, mainly caused by the slow diffusion of salt into the muscle tissue. The diffusion process can be accelerated by different technologies such as moderate electric fields (MEF) and CO2-laser microperforations. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the implementation of a combined MEF-CO2-laser-microperforation treatment on the acceleration of the salting process in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and its influence on the effective diffusion coefficient (Deff). Salmon fillets were cut in cylinders. Microperforations at 50 and 100% depth into salmon tissue were produced axially with a 100 W CO2 laser. For MEF treatment an electric field strength of 1 V/cm was used. Salt concentrations along time were analyzed through Fick’s second law and anomalous diffusion models, considering a finite cylindrical geometry. As a result, treatment with micropores-MEF achieved a salt concentration of 3.5% after 4 h, while the control required 12 h to reach the same salt concentration. When both technologies were simultaneously applied, both Deff and final equilibrium salt concentration were increased, thus resulting in a significant reduction in salting time. The mathematical analysis showed good fit through the anomalous, presenting a sub-diffusive (α

Microbial Dasyatis sp. (stingray fish) was a popular fish in Indonesia. Commonly, this fish is processed into smoked fish and perishable products. Therefore, it needs a preservation method through the handling process. Wet salting was considered as an efficient and inexpensive preservation method. This study aimed to determine the effect of brine concentration on the physicochemical and microbial quality of Dasyatis sp. The research used a Completely Randomized Design with factor of brine concentration (i.e. 10%, 20% and 30%). The statistical analysis consists of variance analysis (ANOVA) and followed by LSD or DMRT test (α=5%). The fish sample was soaked in brine solution at different concentrations for one hour. Total crude protein, physicochemical (total volatile basic nitrogen/TVB-N, tri-methyl amine/TMA, and pH), and (total plate count/TPC) were analyzed. The results showed that the brine concentration effect of physicochemical and microbiological of Dasyatis sp (p

Fesikh is a traditional salted fermented whole fish product of high nutrition, unique flavor that is popular in Egypt. The aim of this study was to reduce and control the salting fermentation process during preparing the salted fermented Tobar fish (Mugil capita). Estimation safety and quality of this product showed that, an aerobic bacterial load was

Aquaculture of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is still incipient in Brazil, as well as the sale of its meat. However, there is a market demand for this product in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The salting process for the meat of cultivated cobia is a way of preserving and marketing the product for the growers. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the chemical properties of salted cobia meat. Market-sized cobia grown in net-tanks located in Baía de Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were used. The fish were eviscerated (gutted), beheaded and lightly flattened. The fillets “charutos” were then subjected to brine salting for 6 days, immersed in saturated brine at refrigeration temperature. After the preparation of the product, analyzes of percent composition, chloride content and lipid profile were performed. The product had high concentrations of protein (20.16%), lipids (19.88%) and 6.56% of total chloride. Lipid profile assessment showed significant percentages of palmitic (6.66%) and oleic (4.99%) acids. Therefore, it is concluded that the salted meat of cobia has good nutritional quality, and the product is a source of palmitic and oleic acids that help preventing cardiovascular diseases and lowering cholesterol levels.

Jengki anchovies are one of the raw food ingredients that are preserved using salt. Basically, salting is done to reduce the water content in the fish so that bacteria cannot live and develop. This study aims to determine the chemical and microbiological contamination of salted anchovies in East Denpasar Traditional Market. This research is a descriptive study using survey and experimental methods in the laboratory. Based on data from the Department of Industry and Trade in Denpasar, there are 7 traditional markets in East Denpasar. The number of samples studied was 43 samples from 75 existing populations. The parameters of this research were formaldehyde, moisture content, TPC, E. coli and organoleptics. The results showed that none of the 43 samples contained formalin. The results of the water content test were obtained that all samples met the SNI 8273: 2016 requirements. From the results of the TPC test, 35 samples met the requirements and 8 samples exceeded the limits set by SNI 8273: 2016, namely the maximum limit of TPC contamination, namely 1.0 × 105 colonies / gram. The E. coli test results from 43 samples met the SNI 8273: 2016 requirements, namely the maximum limit of E. coli contamination ˂3.6 APM / gram. From the results of the organoleptic test on appearance, smell, taste, texture, fungus and overall acceptance, all assessments were significantly different, with the characteristics of a dull to clean bright appearance, specific to type, specific odor but less strong, salty taste and less specific type, dry solid texture to dense less dry.

Salting and smoking fish is a traditional processing method that aims to preserve by adding salt, smoke and heat to the processed product, because it can reduce the moisture content of processed products that inhibit microbial growth so that it has a long shelf life with distinctive taste and aroma. This study aims to determine the proximate characteristics of smoked salted mackerel fish processed using different concentrations of salt solution, while the benefits can be used as input for the development of home industries and fisheries processing farmers in North Maluku. The results of this study stated that the increase the concentration of salt solution used for the process of immersion of fish before the drying and smoking processes affect the proximate characteristics of salted smoked mackerel fish with moisture content value of 16.1099-22.7264%; ash 15.4686-18.9986%; fat 7.0559-9.6603%; and protein 47.3287-49.6388%, and carbohydrates 0.7752-15.4068%.

The research on the quality changes of grass carp during brine salting with 6%, 8%, and 10% salt additions was evaluated by chemical and physical indicators, as well as a sensory assessment and microbiological analysis. The NaCl content was proportional to salt addition and salting time. The increase of salt addition could lead to the increase of hardness and chewiness in which change trends were contrary to the pH within 24 hr. All K values were less than 10% during brine salting. The effect of 8% salt additions on free amino acids was relatively smaller. Higher levels of salt additions could inhibit bacterial growth. Combined with sensory assessment, equivalent umami concentration (EUC), and taste activity value (TAV) to analysis comprehensively, it was suggested that grass carp meat should be eaten at 4–8 hr of brine salting with 8% salt additions or processed for the next step, in which the grass carp meat had a better taste and quality., The quality changes of grass carp meat were studied over a period of 48 hr of brine salting with different salt additions (6%, 8%, and 10% (w/w)) by evaluating the K values, levels of free amino acids, EUC and TAV, as well as a sensory assessment, microbiological analysis, and electronic tongue evaluation. In addition to establish a firm theoretical foundation for quality control of grass carp during salting, these results would provide useful information for improving the nutritional value of aquatic products.

The causative agent of apophalosis (rosicotremosis) is the larva of Apofalus donicus. It is localized in the skin, scales, perch fins, rust, walleye, and some carp fishes that live in rivers flowing into the Black Sea, in the Tisza River, and in the Azov Sea estuaries. Mature trematode parasites in the small intestine the dogs, cats, foxes, some fish-eating birds (common buzzards, quarks, white storks) and humans. The purpose of the research was to conduct research to determine the incidence of fish for trematodoses and to develop measures to ensure the regimes of fish disinfection when they are detected. The research was conducted on the basis of the department of veterinary medicine, microbiology, zooghygiene and safety and quality of animal products of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Sumy National Agrarian University. During the period 2018–2019, fish were caught from the rivers of the Dnieper Basin: Sula, Psla and Vorskla. The main species of fish studied are: carp – Cyprinus carpio (L.), perch – Perca fluviatilis (L.); common ruff (Gymnocephalus cernua), walleye (Sander iucioperca). A total of 321 fish were examined. Parasitological examination of the fish was carried out by the method of complete parasitological dissection, which makes it possible to conduct quantitative and qualitative accounting of all helminths affected by the fish. The autopsy of the fish was performed according to the conventional method. The incision was made from the anal fin up and forward to the gill lid just above the base of the pectoral fin. As a result of the fish studies, the larvae of trematodes were identified, which by structure were classified as Apofalus donicus. The larvae were alive, localized under the skin and moved. The overall invasion intensity for all species of fish studied was 3.64%. In the next phase of the study we conducted experiments to determine the resistance of the larvae to different modes of freezing, salinization and heat treatment. effective for decontamination of fish meat with the presence of metacercariae are: boiling at 80 °C, 15 minutes, at 100 °C, 10 minutes; freezing -18 °С, 7 days; salting of 12 % tuzluk 1 month; frying – from 15 minutes; action of microwaves 480 W, 8 minutes, 760 W, 4 minutes. The prevalence of apophalosis among fish of the Dnieper River basin (Sula, Psel, Vorskla) in Sumy region was established. The overall invasion intensity for all species of fish studied was 3.64 %. Effective for the disinfection of fish meat with the presence of Apofalus donicus metacercariae are: boiling at 80 °C, 15 minutes, at 100 °C, 10 minutes; freezing -18 °С, 7 days; salting of 12 % tuzluk 1 month; frying – from 15 minutes; action of microwaves 480 W, 8 minutes, 760 W, 4 minutes. In the future, it is planned to conduct research to determine the spread of apophalosis among cats, dogs and fish birds.

The aim of this study was to determine the proximate composition and sensory scores of the salted pearl mullet (Chalcalburnus tarichi Pallas, 1811) produced using different methods. It was determined that the OS11 group had the highest amounts of dry matter and protein (82.77 ± 0.52% and 44.52 ± 0.28%) (p < 0.05). The OS11 group had the highest value of energy (404.59 ± 1.33 kcal/100g) (p < 0.05). The highest taste score (6.88 ± 0.83) and the highest overall acceptance score (7.25 ± 0.73) in raw samples were obtained by the NS31 group and the NS32 group (p < 0.05), respectively. It was observed that the salted pearl mullet (C. tarichi Pallas, 1811) produced by using different methods had a high nutritional value. While the samples produced in the previous season (last year) were liked less according to the results of the raw sensory analysis, the samples of the new season, except for the samples produced by using dry salting method in bottom perforated plastic can be liked less according to the result of the cooked sensory analysis.

Kızılkaya, Pınar; Department of Food Technology, Ardahan Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Ardahan University; Makale. Börekçi, Bilge Sayın; Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ardahan University; Makale., Salted-dried goose is a traditional Turkish product with specific flavor that is produced by dry salting, post-salting, and subsequently air-drying of the goose carcass. In this study, the leg and breast parts of salted-dried goose carcasses were analyzed in terms of microbiological properties and volatile compounds. Lactic acid bacteria and Micrococcus-Staphylococcus bacteria constituted a significant part of microbiota in both leg and breast samples. The Enterobacteriaceae count was below the detectable level (,2 log cfu g-1) in 60% of the leg samples and in 47% of the breast samples. The yeast–mold count was less than 5 log cfu g-1 in 80% of both leg and breast samples. Many volatile compounds belonging to different chemical groups, including alde hydes, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, terpenes, ketones, sulfur compounds, and furans, were identified from samples. The breast samples showed a higher mean amount of hexanal than the leg samples. No significant difference was found between the breast and leg samples in terms of ketones and sulfur compounds. It was also determined that a considerable part of volatile compounds is formed by lipid oxidation.

Seafood is part of a healthful diet, but seafood consumption is not risk-free because of sea contaminations by anthropogenic activities and environmental factors. Their microbiological quality is of major concern to the food processors, consumers and public health authorities hence the need for proper assessment of the microbial quality. This study therefore characterizes pathogenic microorganisms isolated from fresh sea snail and shrimp in Ugbo nla, Igbokoda, Ondo State, Nigeria. Isolation and molecular identification of microorganisms from snail and shrimp using 16sRNA and 18sRNA gene sequence for bacteria and fungi respectively, effects of salt concentration and temperature on isolated microorganisms were carried out using standard microbiological methods. Molecular identification revealed the presence different pathogens namely; Proteus mirabilis LZPM-03, Pantoea agglomerans BJCP2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa R8-589, Klebsiella pneumoniae 2N3, Serratia marcescens, Alcaligenes faecalis ACBC1, Yersinia. pseudotubercules YPIII, Escherichia coli 2A, Lysinibacillus sphaericus C3-41, Listeria monocytogen J1776, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis LCX20, Fusarium proliferatum FproStRINI, Aspergillus flavus NRRL3357, Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 and Aspergillus peniciliodes. Also, 4% salt concentration at 45°C effectively inhibited the pathogens isolated from seafood after 18 h. The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the sea foods could make them a potential health-risk when consumed without proper cooking. Salting, a traditional technique could be used to eliminate these pathogens before consumption. Key words: Seafood, molecular identification and salt concentration.

Grass carp is the most important freshwater fish in China, and salting is the main processing method. This study investigated the effect of brine injection on flavor of grass carp muscle compared with brining at low temperature (4°C) and room temperature (20°C) respectively. Salt content, free amino acids, nucleotides, equivalent umami concentration (EUC) and texture were evaluated as flavor indicators during salting. The results showed that brine injection groups reached equilibrium in 3 h and 5 h at 20°C and 4°C, respectively. Brining groups reached equilibrium in 5 h and 7 h at 20°C and 4°C, respectively. The equilibrium salt content was about 1.76%, and there was no significant deterioration in terms of the other indicators mentioned above by two different methods. The results of this research indicate the feasibility and the great economic potential of brine injection, and also provide the theoretical basis to promote this method in processing of aquatic products.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the partial replacement of NaCl by blends of KCl and CaCl2 on the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of jerked beef. For that, in the dry and wet salting stages, 50% NaCl of the control treatment (FC1) was replaced by 50% KCl (F1), 50% CaCl2 (F2), and a blend containing 25% KCl and 25% CaCl2 (F3) at equivalent concentrations based on the ionic strength. All reformulated treatments presented a significant sodium reduction when compared to the control (27.57% F1, 41.59% F2, and 36.74% F3). The CaCl2 blends resulted in final products with bitter taste and rancid aroma accompanied by a higher TBARS and shear force and lower a* values (P .05). The present results demonstrate that adding 50% KCl may be a good strategy to reduce sodium in jerked beef.

The effect of high pressure processing (HPP) at 400 and 600 MPa for 5 min on Laminaria ochroleuca (kombu seaweed) shelf-life during storage at 4 °C for 180 days was investigated. Viable bacterial counts increased in untreated kombu from 5.42 log cfu/g on day 1 to 8.47 log cfu/g on day 60 while they declined in HPP-treated kombu to 2.53–3.62 log cfu/g on day 1 and remained below 3 log cfu/g during storage. Salting with 40% marine salt and freezing at −24 °C also achieved significant decreases of viable bacterial counts, to levels of 3.94 and 2.75 log cfu/g, respectively, on day 60. Kombu pH, dry matter, water activity, colour parameters and texture parameters were significantly influenced by the preservation procedure. Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of kombu samples did not differ on day 1, but on day 180 frozen kombu retained 71.9% of the initial polyphenol content versus 18.7–19.3% in HPP samples and 14.2% in salted samples, and 78.7% of the initial antioxidant capacity versus 22.2–23.1% in HPP samples and 18.3% in salted samples. Proteolytic activity and aminopeptidase activity were more affected by HPP than by salting or freezing on day 1, although all the samples showed similar values afterwards. Industrial relevance HPP, salting and freezing showed to be valid preservation procedures from the point of view of kombu microbiological quality, achieving a shelf-life of at least 180 days. Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity remained at higher levels in frozen kombu than in HPP and salted kombu after storage for 180 days.

This study investigated the effect of radio frequency (RF) heating at 27.12 MHz on the inactivation of pre-existing microorganisms and salting characteristics of shredded kimchi cabbages. Samples of shredded kimchi cabbages were subjected to 27.12 MHz RF heating at different power levels (1,000 and 1,500 W) or to hot water (HW) at 60 and 70℃. RF heating at 1,500 W for 3 min reduced the populations of aerobic bacteria, yeast and molds, coliforms, and lactic acid bacteria in the shredded kimchi cabbage samples by 2.56, 1.26, 4.36, and 4.31 log CFU/g, respectively; moreover, survival plots fitted using the Weibull model for 1,500 W RF heating yielded Dr values of 1.92, 2.66, 1.81, and 0.75 min, respectively. The salinity of shredded kimchi cabbages treated with RF and HW heating increased more rapidly than that of the control during salting. With respect to the moisture content and hardness in the shredded kimchi cabbages, no significant differences were observed among the treatments, after salting for 4 h. In addition, the surface temperature distributions of the RF-heated samples were relatively uniform compared to those of the HW-heated samples. These results clearly indicated that the RF heating technology has the potential to decontaminate kimchi cabbages of pre-existing microorganisms, before the salting process.

The egg’s quality that are easily declined requires preservation methods, one of them is salting. Banyuwangi’s people have known kepayang or kluwak nuts (Pangium edule Reinw) as local wisdom that can be used as food processed material. Cyanide acid, flavonoid, and tannin compounds inside it capable of preserving foodstuffs. This study aimed to analyze the effect of kluwak nuts natural preservative to sensory quality and storability of salted eggs. This research used experimental method by testing sensory quality and storability on three replications, organoleptic test by asking 30 panelists to test color, odor, taste, and hedonic. Storability test is done by storing salted eggs at room temperature. The data analyzed using statistical calculation using SPSS software. The result showed that: (1) The higher concentration of kluwak nuts essence, aroma, taste, sandy level, customer preferences, and egg weight’s change during storage decreased, while yolk color increased; (2) The longer storage time, yolk color, aroma, taste, and customer preferences decreased, whereas sandy level and egg weight’s change during storage increased; (3) There was interaction between kluwak nuts essence adding with storability of all parameters.  Keywords: kluwak nuts essence, local wisdom, salted eggs, sensory quality, storability

The evolution of tissue microstructure and its association with the quality attributes of frozen-thawed tuna meat during salting were investigated. With the extension of salting, the myofibers shrank initially under osmotic pressure and then swelled with the disappearance of intracellular voids. The intracellular microstructural recovery, myofiber swelling, and debilitated connective tissue were closely associated with the high water-holding capacity and distinctive textural properties. However, extended salting time caused more protein loss and denaturation and enlarged extracellular spaces significantly (p

The effects of different fermentation strains on the flavor characteristics of fermented soybean curd (FSC) were investigated in this study. Fresh tofu was fermented by Actinomucor elegans, Rhizopus arrhizus, Mucor racemosus, and Rhizopus chinensis, either alone or in various combinations. The FSC manufacturing process included prefermentation by different strains at 28 °C for 60 hr, followed by salting at 16 °C for 7 days and finally proceeding postfermentation at 25 °C for 35 days. Subsequently, five tested samples were obtained, namely, sample A (fermented by A. elegans alone), R (fermented by R. arrhizus alone), AR (fermented by A. elegans and R. arrhizus at 5:1), AM (fermented by A. elegans and M. racemosus at 1:1), and RR (fermented by R. arrhizus and R. chinensis at 7:3). The flavors of the five samples were determined by E-nose, sensory evaluation, and GC-MS. E-nose system observed significant discriminations by principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis analysis. Sensory evaluation ranked the overall sensory scores: AR>AM>A>RR>R. As shown in GC-MS results, sample AR also had, on average, the highest level of many volatiles. Out of 10 critical volatiles, the detected frequency of samples AR, AM, RR, A, and R was 10, 9, 9, 8, and 7, respectively. PLS2 regression model was used to explore the influence on flavor quality of different strains. All three analytic methods revealed similar results, with sample AR providing the best flavor quality, while the opposite was the case with sample R. Therefore, it could be concluded that A. elegans and R. arrhizus at 5:1 (v/v) was the optimal combination, and may likely promote the production of critical volatile compounds. Practical Application The flavors of fermented soybean curds are influenced by various factors such as physicochemical and microorganism during the fermentation surroundings. The results of this work not only provide valuable information for FSC flavor studies, but can also guide the FSC industry to improve flavor quality by applying the most appropriate production strains.

Adjunct cultures including lactobacilli play important role in cheese proteolysis and bioactivity including Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)-inhibition and antioxidant activity. Four species of lactobacilli was used in the manufacture of model cheese and these were salted at different levels and the resultant cheeses were ripened at different time and temperature to understand the effect of salting and ripening conditions. The effects of the use of various of lactobacilli (Lactobacillus casei, Lb. helveticus, Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Lb. plantarum), salt concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%), ripening times (1, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days) and temperatures (5, 10, 15 and 20 degrees C) were investigated. The experiments were designed to determine the optimal salt concentration, ripening times and temperatures for optimal proteolysis, the highest levels of ACE-inhibition and antioxidant activity. The highest level of proteolysis and ACE-inhibiting activity in the model cheese was observed when ripening temperatures were between 8 and 16 degrees C, salt concentration at 2.5-3.0% and with a ripening period of about 60 days. The use of each lactobacilli contributed to the proteolysis in different manner; for example, ACE-inhibiting activity and antioxidant activity in the model cheese.

The suitability of Mugil liza for cold smoking was evaluated and the effect of four different salting treatments on physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics was assessed. The addition of sucrose (3%) and acetic acid (0.5%) to the brine lead to fillet dehydration with lower NaCl penetration, combined with higher reduction of pH. Brining at refrigerated temperature (5 ± 1 ℃) instead of room temperature (16 ± 2 ℃) was more effective in preventing microbial growth. Loads of bacterial groups assessed in all smoked samples were below 100 CFU/g and the aw, moisture, NaCl, and pH values achieved were within the typical stability range of smoked fish products. The obtained products were characterized by the smoked aroma and salty taste, differing in 7 of the 21 evaluated descriptors. The use of acetic acid in brine formulation showed an effect over color and texture descriptors. The affective test indicated the overall acceptability of products, being preferred the samples treated in the lowest NaCl concentration (5%). Fil: Jiménez Lugo, Rolando Jesús. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Preservación y Calidad de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Agustinelli, Silvina Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Preservación y Calidad de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Yeannes, Maria Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Preservación y Calidad de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Czerner, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Preservación y Calidad de Alimentos; Argentina

Background Salting is a traditional procedure for producing pickled vegetables. Salting can be used as a pretreatment, for safe lactic acid fermentation and for salt stock preparation. This study aimed to provide valuable knowledge to improve pickle production by investigating the dynamics of microbiota and metabolites during the pretreatment and salt stock preparation processes, which have previously been overlooked. The differences in these process conditions would be expected to change the microbiota and consequently influence the content of metabolites in pickles. Methods Samples, collected from eight commercial pickle manufacturers in Japan, consisted of the initial raw materials, pickled vegetables and used brine. The microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and the metabolites quantified by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Statistical analyses helped to identify any significant differences between samples from the initial raw materials, pretreatment process and salt stock preparation process groups. Results Under pretreatment conditions, aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria were predominant, including Vibrio, a potentially undesirable genus for pickle production. Under salt stock preparation conditions, the presence of halophilic bacteria, Halanaerobium, suggested their involvement in the increase in pyruvate derivatives such as branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). PICRUSt analysis indicated that the enhanced production of BCAA in salt stock was caused not by quantitative but by qualitative differences in the biosynthetic pathway of BCAA in the microbiota. Conclusion The differences in the microbiota between pretreatment and previously studied lactic acid fermentation processes emphasized the importance of anaerobic conditions and low pH under moderate salinity conditions for assuring safe pickle production. The results from the salt stock preparation process suggested that the Halanaerobium present may provide a key enzyme in the BCAA biosynthetic pathway which prefers NADH as a coenzyme. This feature can enhance BCAA production under anaerobic conditions where NADH is in excess. The effects shown in this study will be important for adjusting pickling conditions by changing the abundance of bacteria to improve the quality of pickled vegetables.

Salted eggs are one of the popular products and are liked by the people of Indonesia. Processing salted quail eggs is an effort for preservation, in addition to improving the taste of quail eggs This study aims to determine the organoleptic quality of quail eggs salted with fine boiled salt with a concentration of 20% (w/w) and 30% (w/w). The incubation time for the salting process is 4 days. organoleptic test with 60 untrained panellists. Yolk colour quality produces a slightly yellow colour (p>0.05). The aroma of salted quail eggs is slightly fishy (p>0.05). Taste quality has a difference (p0.05) which produced unsubstantiated eggs, and the panellists' organoleptic test on average resulted in a preference for the 30% salt concentration treatment.

The influence of salting procedures on the proximate analysis, mechanical parameters, and color of hake (Merluccius hubbsi) was investigated. Three procedures were comparatively evaluated: dry salting (DS), mixed salting (MS) and brining (BS). MS samples had the highest fat content, a considerable protein content and an equilibrium salt content similar to BS. MS samples had a great water loss, as DS method, but hardness and other mechanical parameters were similar to that obtained with BS, i.e. significantly lower than DS. All samples showed color parameters significantly different as compared to fresh hake, turning more red-orange as the salting time increased. Lightness diminished, a* values increased and b* values did not show a clear trend throughout the salting time. Principal component analysis (PCA) described the relationship between some variables (zNaCl, color, and mechanical parameters) with salting time. High Pearson's correlation coefficients were found between zNaCl and hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and a* parameter (r ¼ 0.76, p < 0.001; r ¼ 0.93, p < 0.0001; r ¼ 0.95, p < 0.001 and r ¼ 0.93, p < 0.0001, respectively). Luminosity was negatively correlated with zNaCl (r ¼ -0.87, p ¼ 0.0001). The correlation curves showed nonlinear relationships (R2 adj between 83.7 % and 97.4 %), which could be used to predict quality attributes of hake fillets as a function of salting time. This work contributed to know the effect of different salting procedures on the quality attributes of a species widely available in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean.

8 pages, 7 tables, 3 figures, The fishing industry is often targeted as a producer of organic streams with low economic value. Biotechnological approaches can play a crucial role in transforming and adding value to these streams for their further use and upcycle. In this study, Atlantic codfish (Gadus morhua) frames, were subjected to Alcalase hydrolysis, whose optimal conditions were first fine-tuned and established as follows: 56.8 °C, pH 8.35, [Alcalase] = 0.25% (v/w) and 3 h of hydrolysis. Subsequently, under these conditions, a set of 5 L-pH-stat reactor validated the optimization tests. Our results showed that fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) exhibited a high yield of digestion (>80%) and a remarkable high degree of hydrolysis (37%). A high content of soluble protein (66 g/L), with an amino acid profile with viability for food and nutraceutical applications and a near total in vitro digestibility (>92%) were revealed. Moreover, antioxidant and antihypertensive activities were also detected. The hydrolysates presented an average molecular weight of 1709 Da and a peptide size distribution of 49% below 1 kDa and 41% in the range of 1–3 kDa. These findings suggest that Alcalase hydrolysis has the potential to recover functional bio compounds from codfish frames, boosting the economy through green technology, This research was funded by the project Xunta de Galicia (Grupos de Potential Crecimiento, IN607B 2018/19), CESAM and FCT, MCTES (UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020), through national funds and the project SUShI (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-030818) co-funded by Centro 2020 program, Portugal 2020, through the European Regional Development Fund, through the National Science Foundation (FCT, MCTES). D.P.R. is funded by a PhD grant attributed by FCT, MCTES (PD/BD/143093/2018). O.M.C.C.A. is funded by national funds (OE), through FCT, in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5, and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19

One of the actual areas of processing the aquatic biological resources is the production of chilled fish semi-finished products, the most prepared for heat treatment. Such products have a very limited shelf life, because fish raw materials have high enzymatic activity. This research work aimed to improve the technology of chilled fish semi-finished products from Japanese mackerel with an extended shelf life. To achieve this goal, Japanese mackerel was injected with multicomponent salting media, containing food additives that slow down microbial contamination, have a bacteriostatic effect and assist in improving the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product. New receptions of salting multicomponent compositions provide faster salting and ripening of raw materials compared to the control sample. Salt concentration in fish, amine nitrogen and peroxide value were determined by titration methods. The total number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (КMAFAnM) in fish semi-finished products was determined by identifying the number of grown colonies of microorganisms on nutrient media from agar. The treatment of Japanese mackerel with developed salting media, including moisture-retaining components, organic acids and flavoring additives with anti-bactericidal properties, improves the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product, promotes more salting and maturation of fish, as well as reducing the number of microorganisms (KMAFAnM). The increase in amine nitrogen content ranged from 1.4 g/kg (at the beginning of the salting) to 1.55 g/kg in the control and up to 3.05 g/kg in the test samples by the end of the salting. Salt concentration in Japanese mackerel treated with control salting media amounted to 1.19%, new developed salting media - from 2.84% to 3.17%. The total abundance of microorganisms in Japanese mackerel was 2.0 x 102 CFU/g, after salting it decreased to 0.1 to 3.0 x 101 CFU/g depending on the formulation of media for salting. According to the research results, the rational duration of the salting of Japanese mackerel, with new media for salting was 4 to 5 h at a temperature of 6 °С to 8 °С. Along with the salting media developed by us, the use of modern packaging materials in the technology provided chilled culinary semi – finished products from Japanese mackerel with longer shelf life of up to 20 days at a temperature of 0 °С to 5 °C, and humidity 95% to 98%.

Meat products are defined as products made from animal tissues used as food, which are submitted to a process such as cooking, salting, smoking, or addition of condiments and seasonings. The main purpose of processing is the reduction of their perishability, and increasing the shelf-life of the final product. Even with the frequent application of heat treatment, meat products remain susceptible to chemical reactions that cause their degradation, color, flavor, and aroma changes affecting the quality of the product. An alternative to minimize these drawbacks is the application of nano/microcapsules containing ingredients such as natural antioxidants, probiotics, plant extracts with antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential oils in meat products. In this context, this chapter will bring concepts related to the definitions and classifications of meat products, their degradation reactions, and encapsulated food ingredients applied to these types of products and their advantages and challenges to food science and food companies.

Irish marine fish roe is generally discarded at sea or processed as low value-added fishmeal and not utilised as nutritious seafood ingredients. Locally sourced pollock roes were salted, air-dried (Mediterranean-style) and compared to similar commercial mullet and cod products for: weight; moisture content; pH; instrumental texture and colour; and sensory attributes. Raw pollock roes averaged 105 g (n = 25). Roes lost on average 3.1% moisture (w/w) after a 2-h salting period and 48.8% weight reduction was observed after an average 105 h air-drying time. The moisture content of pollock was not significantly different to commercial products. Average pH for pollock, mullet and cod products was 5.9, 5.4 and 5.7, respectively (P < 0.05). Pollock and mullet had similar hardness, but cod was significantly harder than both, when measured instrumentally. Total colour difference (∆E*) between the surface of pollock and cod, and that of pollock and mullet was 7.5 and 3.0, respectively. Sensory assessment of sliced and powdered products, using 9-point hedonic and 5-point just-about-right (JAR) scales, was conducted with 38 consumers. Pollock received the highest scores for overall liking and intention to purchase compared to commercial mullet and cod products, averaging 5.6, 5.6 and 4.9, respectively, for sliced roe products, and 6.3, 5.3 and 6.1 for powdered products. Penalty analysis of JAR showed “overall liking” was impacted by the flavour being “too fishy”. In conclusion, pollock had similar characteristics and acceptable sensory attributes compared to commercial products presenting opportunities to expand the range of value-added roe products (e.g., trout, salmon) available, while also contributing to waste reduction.

The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of salting on the mass transfer kinetics of hake (Merluccius hubbsi) fillets. Three salting procedures were studied comparatively: dry salting (DS), mixed salting (MS), and brining (BS). The evolution of the following variables was determined: salt and water content, total mass changes, and water activity (aw). Total mass change was negative in all treatments. BS presented the least weight loss, indicating higher process yield. Dry salted hake was the most dehydrated, presenting the lowest moisture value and the maximum salt content. The mass transfer kinetics curves were successfully described by the Peleg, Zugarramurdi and Lupin, and Weibull models. The Weibull model showed the best performance in all cases. DS showed the shortest salting time according to the Weibull model parameters. This study elucidated the mass transfer kinetics in salted Meluccius hubbsi hake, a widely available species in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Salting is a preliminary preservation process used for the development of many traditional and innovative fish products. To obtain a better understanding of the industrial process, it is important to model and quantify the kinetics and process yield. Mathematical modeling is an important tool to describe the behavior of mass transfer during salting and to estimate equilibrium concentrations and processing time, which are essential variables from the industrial point of view. On the other hand, Meluccius hubbsi is a species similar to traditional cod and is widely available in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Thus, salted hake could be an alternative to increase the added value of fish products and diversify the seafood offer.

Salted and ripened fish foods are susceptible to cause histamine poisoning. The present study focuses on microbial histamine degradation from high salted fermented fishery products to deepen our understanding about this new and growing field of research. As a result of this first study related to salted-ripened anchovies (Engraulis anchoita), fifty seven moderate and extreme halophilic microbial isolates from salt and salted-ripened anchovy processes were characterized in terms of their phenotype and histamine-degrading capacity. Only 7%-4 isolates-were able to degrade histamine. None of the histamine-degrading isolates presented proteolytic and/or lipolytic activity. One of them designated A18 was chemotactic toward histamine, an interesting property not previously reported for that chemoattractant. However, the S18 and A18 isolates, genotypically identified as Halobacterium sp. and Halomonas sp. respectively, produced indole and/or H₂S, both undesirable characteristics associated to off-flavors occurrence. On the other hand, A28 and S20, identified as Halovibrio sp. and Halobacterium sp. respectively, presented desirable properties, such as cytochrome oxidase and catalase activity, and non-production of H₂S and indole. These strains also showed characteristics previously reported as dominant in the ripened stage. The results are promising, and A28 and S20 may have the desirable features to improve the anchovy salting-ripening process., Facultad de Ingeniería, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos

Acidification level and temperature modulate the beneficial consortia of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) during meat fermentation. Less is known about the impact of other factors, such as raw meat quality and salting. These could for instance affect the growth of the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus or of Enterobacterales species, potentially indicative of poor fermentation practice. Therefore, pork batters from either normal or borderline quality (dark-firm-dry, DFD) were compared at various salt concentrations (0–4%) in meat fermentation models. Microbial ecology of the samples was investigated with culture-dependent techniques and (GTG) 5-PCR fingerprinting of genomic DNA. Whilst Lactobacillus sakei governed the fermentation of normal meat, Lactobacillus curvatus was more prominent in the fermentation of the DFD meat variant. CNS were favoured during fermentation at rising salt concentrations without much effects on species diversity, consisting mostly of Staphylococcus equorum, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus. During fermentation of DFD meat, S. saprophyticus was less manifest than during that of normal meat. Enterobacterales mainly emerged in DFD meat during fermentation at low salt concentrations. The salt hurdle was insufficient to prevent Enterobacterales when acidification and initial pH were favourable for their growth.

The purpose of the study is to conduct targeted histological examination on the processing of camel meat to create technologies for new meat products. The objects of the examination were samples of the quadriceps femoris from three male Bactrian camels at the age of 5 years, obtained during slaughter at a meat processing enterprise in the Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Selected muscle tissue samples were fixed in 10% solution of neutral formalin. Conducted microstructural studies allowed to establish the patterns of morphological changes in the muscle tissue of camel after slaughter. It was established: the absence of transverse striation, slit-like violations of the integrity of muscle fibres, as well as nuclear lysis. It was concluded that in order to develop the technology of quality meat products from camel meat, scientifically-based methods and modes of processing, the use of intensive methods of mechanical processing and effective methods of salting are necessary.

Twenty-two different spices were purchased from local market of Damietta and it were added in two form (complete or crushed) during the manufacturing of Ras cheese. These spices were tested for their effect on physicochemical, organoleptic and microbiological properties of Ras cheese in fresh, after salting, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months, respectively. The pH values ranged from (5 - 6) in all treatments. The moisture content and the weight of cheese wheels gradually decreased for all treatments at the end of storage period. The percentage of decreasing in the weight of control sample was 25.7%, and the best sample was in crushed white pepper (17.14%), the worst samples in the losing weight was 30.77% in Nutmeg. The best treatment of Ras cheese for flavor with whole grain of cumin, the addition of Basil gave the cheese a new taste and demonstrated the taste of salt. The flavor decreased in cheese with black cumin and it was the worst flavor in Fenugreek. The best texture appeared in the cheese with basil and the worst result was in cheese with cinnamon. The appearance was very good, and it gave a new shape when adding mint and basil, where it gave a shape like Roquefort cheese. The highest score of color in black pepper and the worst score was in capsicum. Generally, the highest score was in treatment with cumin, but the worst result was in Ras cheese with sumac. The microbiological analysis showed that, comparing the whole spice with crushed spices it was found that, crushed spices was better than whole spices in the case of the decreasing of microbial load. The best of crushed spices which decrease total bacterial count was black pepper (24.10%), total fungal count was caraway (29.24%) and lactic acid bacteria was white pepper (33.08%), respectively.

Salting is one of the oldest methods of preserving food. The main limitation of salting is its extended processing time due to slow salt diffusion. A moderate electric field (MEF) can improve the mass transfer rate through electroporation. Regularly, mass transfer processes are modeled with Fick’s second law. However, due to the anisotropic nature of food microstructures, it might be more appropriate to use an anomalous model. The main objective of this study was to search for a phenomenological explanation for salt and water diffusion in the salmon brining process coupled with MEF. Salmon fillets were cut into finite cylinders (0.025 × 0.025 m) and brined in two salt concentrations (6 and 24% w/w NaCl) at 6 °C for 20 h. MEFs were applied in the range of 0 to 2 V/cm. The salt and water contents of the salmon were measured during the process. Fick’s second law and anomalous model based on fractional calculus were used to describe the diffusion phenomena. The results showed that an MEF tended to reduce the brining processing time and increase the salt content of salmon. This effect is predominantly due to an increase in the equilibrium salt concentration in the salmon tissue. Mathematical analysis shows that the anomalous diffusion model is more suitable for representing the brining process, exhibiting superdiffusion behavior (α > 1). An MEF accelerates the salt mass transfer into salmon tissue even at lower temperatures, significantly reducing the processing time. In addition, the diffusion process can be characterized with an anomalous model.

This work aimed to determine the effects of partial substitution of NaCl with 0% (control), 30%, 50%, and 70% of KCl on the bacterial communities, proteolysis and lipid oxidation of Chinese bacon during processing. The proportion of genus Lactobacillus increased from 22.45% (fresh meat) to 72.78%, 81.64%, 76.53% and 85.63% at the end of processing for 0%, 30%, 50% and 70% KCl replacement samples, respectively. During the processing, Lactobacillus gradually became the dominant one, and higher the KCl ratio, more rapid was the process. After salting, the TBARS of control was markedly higher (P 0.05) than that of the others, while a similar lipid oxidation level (P 0.05) was observed at the end of processing for different groups. After salting, there was no difference in total free amino acids (TFAA) content among four treatments (P 0.05), whereas KCl replacement samples shared significantly higher (P 0.05) values than control at the end of processing. Redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation showed positive correlation between Lactobacillus versus TBARS and TFAA. Partial replacement of NaCl with KCl could, directly or subsequently by promoting the growth of Lactobacillus, influence proteolysis and lipid oxidation over the manufacturing process.

Consumption of meat containing viable tissue cysts is considered one of the main sources of human infection with Toxoplasma gondii. In contrast to fresh meat, raw meat products usually undergo processing, including salting and mixing with other additives such as sodium acetate and sodium lactate, which affects the viability of T. gondii. However, the experiments described in the literature are not always performed in line with the current processing methods applied in industry. It was our goal to study the effect of salting and additives according to the recipes used by industrial producers. Mouse or cat bioassay is the ‘gold standard’ to demonstrate the presence of viable T. gondii. However, it is costly, time consuming and for ethical reasons not preferred for large-scale studies. Therefore, we first aimed to develop an alternative for mouse bioassay that can be used to determine the effect of processing on the viability of T. gondii tissue cysts. The assays studied were (i) a cell culture method to determine the parasite's ability to multiply, and (ii) a propidium monoazide (PMA) dye-based assay to selectively detect DNA from intact parasites. Processing experiments were performed with minced meat incubated for 20 h with low concentrations of NaCl, sodium lactate and sodium acetate. NaCl appeared to be the most effective ingredient with only one or two out of eight mice infected after inoculation with pepsin-digest of portions processed with 1.0, 1.2 and 1.6% NaCl. Results of preliminary experiments with the PMA-based method were inconsistent and did not sufficiently discriminate between live and dead parasites. In contrast, the cell culture method showed promising results, but further optimization is needed before it can replace or reduce the number of mouse bioassays needed. In future, standardised in vitro methods are necessary to allow more extensive testing of product-specific processing methods, thereby providing a better indication of the risk of T. gondii infection for consumers. © 2020

Sea cucumbers have the prospect of being one of the most nutritious food sources because it has a complete nutritional content, including carbohydrates, some types of fatty acids and amino acids, some components of vitamins, sterols and some types of minerals. High nutritional content makes sea cucumber has potential as a food source of high grow factor. In addition, the content owned by sea cucumbers are also believed to function as antioxidants, antibacteria, antifungi, and anticoagulants. In Indonesia, sea cucumbers are still not widely used as food. This research studied how the effect of salt and boiling on the quality of content and physical acceptance of sea cucumber flour by the community. The production of sea cucumber by boiling and salting method is based on the habit of the people who boil or salt the sea cucumber at the time after the sea cucumber is captured. The salt concentration given in this study was 10%, 15% and 20%. While the temperatur treatment done by boiling sea cucumber for 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes with a temperature of 70oC. The results obtained from this study showed that the nutrient content of sea cucumbers in boiling group has an average value of water content of 18.20%, ash content 19.61%, protein 51.17%, fat 3.76% and carbohydrates 7.27%. While the nutritional content of sea cucumber in salting group has an average value of water content 14.01%, ash 14.49%, 57.24%, fat 4.09% and carbohydrates 10.17%. The result of variance analysis showed that the sea cucumber produced from the boiling group and salting group did not significantly affect the nutrient content and the organoleptic parameters of sea cucumber. The conclusion obtained that the manufacture of sea cucumber either with the treatment of boiling or salting classified as having a fairly high nutritional content. So it is very potential to be developed more broadly on nutrient-rich food products.

Vinasse-cured duck was processed by boiling, salting, and vinasse-dry-curing or vinasse-wet-curing. Volatile compounds, moisture contents, reducing sugars, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values during processing were determined. Reducing sugars decreased during boiling and increased after vinasse-curing. TBARS values increased throughout the processing. The volatiles of ducks during processing and vinasse-curing agents (dry vinasse and vinasse sauce) were 125 compounds. The first principal component (PC1) belonged to the flavor of cooked duck, whereas the second principal component (PC2) represented the flavor of yellow rice wine. The 66.49 and 29.61% of typical aroma of vinasse-dry-cured product were from dry vinasse and lipid oxidation, respectively, whereas the 75.58 and 21.89% of aroma of vinasse-wet-cured product were from vinasse sauce and lipid oxidation, respectively. Lipid oxidation products increased after boiling, whereas salting promoted their release. Compared with vinasse-wet-cured duck, vinasse-dry-cured product presented richer aroma of lipid oxidation and weaker flavor of vinasse-curing agents. Besides, protein denaturation which was caused by ethanol could influence the retention and release of flavor. In conclusion, two kinds of vinasse-curing methods influenced the characteristic volatiles of products and their generation during processing.

Mozzarella cheese is one of the preferred ingredients for use in pizza. Goat milk is a good source of protein and calcium, possessing unique characteristics with a high proportion of small milk fat globules that contain a higher concentration of short chain, medium chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids than cow’s milk. Its use in mozzarella cheese can therefore impart significant health benefits to consumers. However, despite these unique qualities, goat milk is underutilized in Kenya. Gum arabic is an excellent source of soluble dietary fiber, which can be used to boost fiber levels in cheese and other dairy products. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of incorporating gum arabic as a source of fiber in goat mozzarella cheese without affecting the functionality of the cheese. Gum arabic powder at 2, 3 and 4% was incorporated into cheese during the salting process at room temperature (20 to 25°C). The functional properties of the cheese: stretchability, free oil formation and meltability were then determined. Sensory evaluation was conducted using 50 untrained sensory panelists on a 5-point hedonic scale. The results indicated that the use of gum arabic in mozzarella cheese up to a level of 3% improved the stretchability and meltability while reducing the free oil formation phenomenon. Texture, flavor, color and overall acceptability were also rated as best for samples containing gum arabic at a level of 3%. The results showed that the use of gum arabic can improve the functional properties, nutritional quality as well as sensory quality of goat milk mozzarella cheese. Key words: Gum arabic, dietary fiber, mozzarella cheese, goat milk, functional properties.