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Mulberry crinkle leaf virus (MCLV) is a novel geminivirus identified from mulberry. The pathogenicity and natural vector transmission of MCLV remain unknown. Here, infectious clones consisting of the complete tandem dimeric genome of MCLV in a binary vector were constructed and agroinoculated into young mulberry plants. The results showed that the infectious clones of MCLV were systemically infectious in mulberry, but the infected mulberry plants did not show any virus infection-like symptoms. The natural transmission vectors of MCLV were also identified from possible vector insects occurring on the MCLV-infected mulberry plants. The vector ability of Tautoneura mori was identified through an inoculation assay. Three of 21 (14.3%) plants inoculated with T. mori collected from MCLV-infected mulberry plants grown naturally were found to be MCLV-positive 50 days postinoculation. These MCLV-positive mulberry plants did not show any virus infection-like symptoms. Collectively, these results suggest that MCLV is infectious to mulberry plants but, by itself, does not induce infection symptoms. The leafhopper T. mori was experimentally determined to be a transmission vector of MCLV for the first time.

Phytoplasma strains were sporadically found in specimens of Hishimonus hamatus, Japananus hyalinus and Graphocephala fennahi caught during an entomological survey conducted in Southern Switzerland on the edges and woods surrounding cultivated vineyards in 2017. The subsequent molecular characterization of the pathogens allowed to identify them as strains strictly associated to Flavescence doree, a serious European grapevine disease, transmitted from vine to vine by the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus. In particular, M12 and M50 genotypes were found in H. hamatus and J. hyalinus, respectively, while G. fennahi harboured mixed phytoplasma genotypes with at least two different Flavescence doree isolates. The potential importance of these findings in the frame of the Flavescence doree epidemics in Europe is discussed.

Maize is an important crop in Turkey that is infested by various leafhopper species during the whole season. Monitoring population dynamics and parasitism rate of these species would help to devise effective management practices. This study determined population dynamics of four leafhopper species, i.e.,Zyginidia sohrabZachvatkin, 1947,Empoasca decipiensPaoli, 1930 andPsammotettix striatus(Linnaeus, 1758) in second maize crop. Similarly, population dynamics and parasitism rate of egg parasitoid (Anagrus atomus) of these leafhopper species was also studied through July to November 2018 in Akçakale, Harran and Haliliye districts of Şanlıurfa province, Turkey. Population density of all species significantly varied among studied districts with the highest density ofA. atomusrecorded on 7 September with 30 adults/trap in Haliliye district. The parasitism rate onZ. sohrabeggs was 78% in Akçakale, 82% in Harran and 63% in Haliliye district. It was followed byE. decipienswith 18% in Akçakale, 14% in Harran and 32% in Haliliye. The highest population density ofZ. sohrabwas recorded on 21 September in Akçakale (4328 adults/trap), Harran (3920 adults/trap) and Haliliye (4592 adults/trap). Similarly,E. decipienshad the highest (1216 adults/trap) population density on 10 August in Harran, 12 October (368 adult/trap) in Akçakale and 17 August (2184 adults/trap) in Haliliye. Population dynamics of leafhoppers and their egg parasitoid coincided with each other. The parasitism rate was lower than other provinces in Turkey which is owed to high pesticide use in Şanlıurfa province. Therefore, chemical control should be decided by considering population development of beneficial insect species.

Five new species, Eurhadina (Singhardina) dissimilis, E. (S.) flatilis, E. (S.) fumosa, E. (S.) furca and E. (S.) immatura spp. nov., and two new records, E. (S.) krispinilla rec. nov., E. (S.) pookiewica rec. nov. of the leafhopper subgenus Eurhadina (Singhardina) Mahmood from China are described and illustrated and a key to all members of the E. (S.) robusta species group is provided.

Korean species of the genus Macropsis Lewis are revised taxonomically, primarily based on the abdominal apodemes, male genitalia, and 2nd valvulae of the female ovipositor. Previously only three species were erroneously recorded from Korea. Among them, Macropsis notata (Prohaska, 1923) was previously misidentified as Macropsis prasina (Boheman, 1852). Two other European species, Macropsis scutellata (Boheman, 1845) and Macropsis illota (Horváth, 1899), are removed from the list of Korean fauna based on the examination of previously identified specimens that revealed only superficial resemblance to allied species. As a result, a total of 7 species are recognized in this revision, including 2 species new to science. Descriptions and distributional data are provided for all the species. Illustrations of both male and female genitalic characters as well as apodeme structures are provided, and an identification key to species from Korea is also given.

Honeydew is a sugar-rich sweet substance excreted by the phloem-feeding herbivorous insects like aphids, leafhoppers, mealybugs and scales of the Order Hemiptera. The honeydew is generally deposite...

Background Fulgoraecia melanoleuca (Fletcher) (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae) (= Epipyrops or Epiricania melanoleuca) is an important koinobiont nymphal and adult ectoparasitoid of sugarcane leafhopper, Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) (Hemiptera: Lophopidae). The study aimed to evaluate whether and to what extent this parasitoid effects the fitness of immature (five nymphal stages) and adult (♂ and ♀) stages of its host P. perpusilla. Results The nymphal mortality was significantly more in the younger nymphs, and it decreased as the host aged. The exposure of the first stage host nymphs to the parasitoid resulted in 100% mortality. However, the nymphal mortality rates in second, third, fourth and fifth nymphal stage were 94.0, 75.0, 38.0 and 41.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the longevity of surviving nymphs was prolonged significantly in the later stages. None of the parasitized first to fourth stage nymphs survived as normal adult. In case of the parasitized fifth nymphal stage, 18.0% adults were normal; however, their longevity was comparatively shorter than their un-parasitized counter parts. When male and female adults of leafhopper were offered to the parasitoid, significant differences were found in mortality of parasitized and un-parasitized adults for both sexes. Further, parasitoid-induced prolongation in the longevity of the surviving parasitized adults was also observed. Conclusions Overall, the parasitoid F. melanoleuca had detrimental effects on host fitness and thus played a significant role as a biological control agent in suppressing the sugarcane leafhopper population. This study will clarify host-parasitoid relationship, developing mass rearing protocol under laboratory conditions and implementing effective strategies for augmentative releases of parasitoids in biological control program against P. perpusilla in sugarcane ecosystem.

The leafhopper genus Mitjaevia Dworakowska,1970 includes 19 species worldwide, nine species are known in China and is widely distributed in Palaearctic and Oriental Regions Two new species from Guizhou Province, China are described within the genus Mitjaevia Dworakowska, 1970 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae). A key to the species of the genus is provided and the female valvulae are described and figured.

The appearance and rapid spread of new invasive leafhopper species Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) and Arboridia kakogawana (Matsumura, 1932) in Russia requires studying both the causes of the invasion and consequences of invasion for viticulture. Of particular interest is the study of the possible role of new species of leafhoppers in the spread of pathogenic bacteria of grape phytoplasmosis. At present, these issues are poorly studied. We characterized the variability of the BOLD fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene in the population samples of M. pruinosa and A. kakogawana from the populations of Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. With the help of PCR for specific genes, we searched for leafhoppers infected with bacteria of phytoplasmosis of grapes from the group of stolbur (Candidatus Phytoplasma solani) and intracellular symbiotic bacteria: Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Spiroplasma. We found M. pruinosa only on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. The M. pruinosa populations are close to monomorphism. We found A. kakogawana in both Crimea and the Caucasus region. We have identified two new forms of this species in Russia. We have not found pathogenic bacteria of phytoplasmosis of grapes and intracellular symbiotic bacteria in studied leafhopper populations.

Aim: To study the influence of temperature on leafhopper population for predicting potential distribution of chickpea stunt disease. Methodology: Leaf hopper population was sampled at weekly intervals from chickpea experimental plots at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during Dec-May 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 by using yellow sticky trap. Effect of temperature on leafhopper population was fitted to a non-linear beta model and Briere model by utilizing cardinal temperature for leafhopper growth and reproduction. Daily minimum and maximum temperature data were collected from 146 geo referenced meteorological stations of important chickpea growing states of India. The cumulative temperature indices (MTI) as a measure of monthly leafhopper population was plotted using ArcGis10.0 software. Results: Temperature index estimated as a measure of leafhopper population based on the beta model potential leafhopper population distribution was predicted. Spatio-temporal pattern of vector population indicated that the entire country is favourable for leafhopper growth round the year, except the Northern parts of India during December to February. Interpretation: Since leafhoppers are the natural vectors of virus and phytoplasma pathogens associated with chickpea stunt disease, beta model based prediction of environmental suitability indicates leafhopper as the causative agent for the natural spread of disease in larger geographical area. Spatio-temporal distribution pattern would be useful in predicting the disease spread in different chickpea growing areas for evolving efficient management strategies.

A new agalline leafhopper species, Igerna gladiota sp. n., is described from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and photographs are provided. Along with this modified key for identification of species of Igerna is provided.

In Russia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia the Neoaliturus fenestratus species group includes eight species. Illustrated descriptions, oscillograms of male calling signals, and data on host plants and distribution for all species are given. One new species from European Russia and two new species from Kazakhstan and Central Asia are described, and the synonymy N. fenestratus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1834) = N. lituratus Dubovskiy, 1966, syn. n. is established. Considerations concerning possible modes of diversification of species of this group are provided.

The parasitic wasp Paracentrobia subflava (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) develops within the eggs of the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis (DeLong) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), one of the most important pests in maize throughout the Americas. The aim of the present study was to determine whether variation occurs in female and male body size and male genitalia of P. subflava emerged from eggs of D. maidis and two other host species: Dalbulus elimatus (Ball), and Dalbulus quinquenotatus (DeLong and Nault), representing different species groups within the genus. Body variation of the emerged adult parasitoids was evaluated using traditional morphometrics and male genitalia shape variation was assessed using geometric morphometrics. Female parasitoids emerged from D. elimatus eggs had significantly larger hind tibiae, wings and ovipositor. Most antennal variables also exhibited significant differences in females emerged from D. elimatus. In contrast, little differentiation was found among parasitoid males emerged from the different Dalbulus hosts. Accordingly, shape of male genitalia was similar when P. subflava developed in each of the three Dalbulus host eggs. Egg size differs among the examined Dalbulus species, but does not seem to be associated with patterns of variation in parasitoid size. Implications of this morphological variation for parasitoid identification and its relationship with host egg size and structure are discussed.

A continuous monitoring of leafhoppers in a pear orchard (Pyrus communis L.) of Santa Maria variety, located in Khemis Miliana in northwest Algeria for a period of 7 months from February to August 2019, revealed a species, Platymetopius notatus Fieber, earlier having been reported from Europe (Spain, Portugal). The species is reported in two African countries (Morocco and Tunisia). The species is recorded for the first time from Algeria and is re-described and illustrated along with the male and female genitalia structures for the first time.

Most Neotropical forest-dwelling leafhopper species are rare and exhibit limited distributions. The Mexican leafhopper fauna is known to be highly diverse and identification of genera and species is difficult because no attempts have been made to provide comprehensive identification tools for the fauna. Here, a dichotomous key to all genera recognized within Mexico of the diverse but little studied leafhopper tribe Athysanini is provided. Spinulana josefinae Pinedo-Escatel sp. n. is described and illustrated based on specimens collected in the dry tropical forest of Oaxacan mountains. A total of 46 genera and 146 species are now recognized in the checklist of Athysanini of Mexico. Notes on type repositories, distributional data and maps, and selected references are provided.

Two species of the leafhopper tribe Scaphoideini, Phlogotettix longicornis Kamitani, Hayashi & Yamada, 2007, and Scaphoidella arboricola Vilbaste, 1968, are reported for the first time from Korea. The species are redescribed including photographs of habitus and genitalia, and a key to species of Scaphoideini from Korea is provided.

Citrus fruit is considered a very nutritious and delicious diet. Citrus consists of lemon, oranges, mandarin, and grapefruit which have economic value in the world. Significant losses occur in citrus due to numerous diseases. Among various diseases, citrus trees are seriously affected by a phytopathogenic mollicute Spiroplasma citri which causes stubborn disease. S. citri is transovarially transmitted by several leafhopper species. Symptoms include smaller and cupped leaves, small size, crook fruits with aborted seeds. Moreover, irregularity on the fruits such as different sizes, shapes, and typically lighter, smaller fruits than its healthy counterpart has also been observed. The affected fruits often drop before maturity. The color inversion is often seen with the stylar end remaining green and the peduncle end showing color. Various molecular and biochemical tests are conducted to identify S. citri. Under in-vitro conditions, S. citri grows on SP4 media where a fried egg-like shaped colony is observed. Keeping the importance of the stubborn citrus disease, the present short note briefly described the symptomology, detection, transmission, and management.

The first two complete mitogenomes of the leafhopper genus Cladolidia (C. biungulata and C. robusta) were sequenced and annotated to further explore the phylogeny of Cladolidia. Both the newly sequenced mitogenomes have a typical circular structure, with lengths of 15,247 and 15,376 bp and A + T contents of 78.2% and 78%, respectively. We identified a highly conserved genome organization in the two Cladolidia spp. through comparative analysis that included the following assessments: genome content, gene order, nucleotide composition, codon usage, amino acid composition, and tRNA secondary structure. Moreover, we detected the base heterogeneity of Cicadellidae mitogenomic data and constructed phylogenetic trees using the nucleotide alignments of 12 subfamilies of 58 leafhopper species. We noted a weak heterogeneity in the base composition among the Cicadellidae mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the monophyly of each subfamily was generally well supported in the family Cicadellidae; the main topology was as follows: (Deltocephalinae + (Treehoppers + ((Megophthalminae + (Macropsinae + (Hylicinae + (Coelidiinae +Iassinae)) + (Idiocerinae + (Cicadellinae + (Typhlocybinae + (Mileewinae + (Evacanthinae +Ledrinae)))))))))). Within Coelidiinae, phylogenetic analyses revealed that C. biungulata and C. robusta belong to Coelidiinae and the monophyly of Cladolidia is well supported. In addition, on the basis of complete mitogenome phylogenetic analysis and the comparison of morphological characteristics, we further confirm the genus Olidiana as a paraphyletic group, suggesting that the genus may need taxonomic revisions.

The genus Waigara Zhang & Webb (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) is reported for the first time from Korea based on a new species, Waigara planstyla sp. nov.. Morphological information including diagnosis of the genus, descriptions of genitalia and illustrations of the new species, and a key to the species of the genus and type specimen’s habitus and genital photograph with redescription are provided.

Sphingolipids (SPLs), a group of membrane and intracellular lipids, mediate numerous cellular processes. The composition and metabolism of sphingolipids varies according to species and the sphingolipid studies of insects, as compared to mammals, are not yet clear. In the current study, we subjected three auchenorrhynchous insects, including whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera, small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus, and green rice leafhopper (GRLH), Nephotettix cincticeps, as representative rice pests for sphingolipid analysis. We performed sphingolipid species profiling using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and isolated sphingolipid metabolic genes from their transcriptomic data. C14-, C16-, C18- and C20-sphingoid base were detected in both planthoppers, but no C14- sphingoid base was found in GRLH. The planthoppers had more abundant sphingosine-1-phosphates (Sph-1-P) and ceramides than leafhopper. A total of 14, 13 and 16 sphingomyelin species were found in SBPH, WBPH and GRLH, respectively. The composition of sphingomyelin species varied in three insects. Coordinated with the abundance in sphingomyelin species, the leafhopper possessed more sphingomyelinase (SMase) gene isoforms for metabolism of different sphingomyelins than planthoppers. The phylogenetic analysis showed the three tested insects all possessed one potential neutral-SMase homologue, whereas SBPH and GRLH both had another potential acid-SMase homologue. This study is a comprehensive sphingolipidomic analysis, suggesting that sphingolipid profiles significantly differed among the three insects. By providing information of sphingolipid metabolic gene homologues of these three insects, our findings will contribute to the further sphingolipid studies of auchenorrhynchous insects and provide a research foundation for rice pest management.

In this paper, one new species of the leafhopper genus Thaioneura Song, Li & Dietrich, 2016 from Guizhou Province, China are described and illustrated: Thaioneura huajiangensis sp. nov. And the female ovipositors are photographed and described. A key to distinguish all known species of the genus is provided. The hind wing venation of the new species are the same as the T. suphanburia and T. sinuata, and not common in the tribe Erythroneurini.

The present work targeted to evaluate the role of entomopathogenic P. lilicanus fungus in overcoming the major okra sucking pests besides the side effect toward their predator.The targeted entomopathogenic fungus was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose yeast agar and prepared three Serial dilutions concentration suspensions to test their efficacy toward Aphids under laboratory and field conditions, while leafhopper was tested under field condition only. The obtained results were cleared that the high concentration 1x108 spore/ml, caused the best mortality percentage toward Aphis gossypii after 7 days of post-treatment. While under field conditions, the treatments were caused reduction ranged between 72.7% and 63.0 % toward A. gossypi population and 88.7%%, 86.7 % in leafhopper population, respectively. On the other side, the predators' population (F/coccinellidae) was also affected due to reducing the population of their prey.

The taxonomy of the hylicine genus Hatigoria Distant is reviewed based on morphological study of the types and other specimens. The male external morphology and genitalia of two known species, H. praeiens Distant, 1908 and H. sauteri Jacobi, 1914, are described and photographed for the first time. A description and figures of the female ovipositor of H. praeiens Distant, 1908 are provided. One new species, H. longistylia n. sp., from Laos and China is reported with descriptions and figures. This also represents the first record of the genus Hatigoria from Laos. A key to adult males of all species is provided.

The coelidiinae leafhopper genus Baseprocessa Fan & Li is newly recorded from India based on the description of B. patkaensis Meshram sp. nov. and a proposed new combination, B. serratispatulata (Viraktamath & Meshram) comb. nov. Materials are deposited in the National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India. Photographic illustrations, checklist and key to species of this genus along with a distribution map are also provided.

The Seasonal incidence of insect pests of rice were studied with a light trap during Kharif 2019 and Rabi 2019-2020. The results exhibited that yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas was first observed during 28th meteorological standard week (0.14) and its activity gained momentum from August to November (Kharif 2019) and January to February (Rabi 2019-2020) and reached its highest peak during 43rd MSW (2.86) and green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens commenced during 47th MSW (1.43) and populations reached its highest level during 1st MSW (4.86) and 4th MSW (5.29). Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens occurred first during 50th MSW (0.29) and its major activity was observed during 1st MSW (2.29) and 3rd MSW (1.86). White leafhopper, Cofana spectra arrived first during 48th MSW (0.29) with highest peak of population during 3rd MSW (1.71) during Rabi 2019-2020.

Three new species of the leafhopper genus Idioscopus Baker, 1915 from China: I. furcaprocessus sp. nov., I. longiprocessus sp. nov., and I. serratastylus sp. nov. are described and photographed based on specimens collected in Yunnan Province of southern China. These three new species can be recognised mainly by the coloration and male genitalia.

During the winters of 2018 to 2020, witches’ broom, phyllody, flat stem, little leaf, yellowing and stunting symptoms were recorded in Mexican and French marigold fields in four states of India. The average recorded disease incidence ranged from 3 to 30% in different states. The ~1.2 kb product of 16S rRNA gene was amplified in symptomatic marigold samples using universal phytoplasma-specific nested primer pairs. Sequence comparison, phylogenetic and virtual RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified the phytoplasmas in marigold samples as enclosed in the 16SrII-C subgroup for the strains from Delhi and in the 16SrI-B subgroup for the strains from Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. Phytoplasma presence was further confirmed amplifying four genes (secA, rp, secY and tuf) in the symptomatic marigold species from all the surveyed places. Moreover, six weed species growing in marigold fields resulted positive for phytoplasmas. Phyllanthus niruri (Delhi) was tested positive for 16SrII-C subgroup phytoplasma, however, Ageratum conyzoides, Acmella calva and Ludwigia perennis (Tripura), Cannabis sativa (Uttar Pradesh) and Parthenium hysterophorus (Maharashtra) were tested positive with 16SrI-B subgroup related phytoplasma strains. Four leafhopper species were also detected positive for 16SrI-B subgroup collected from marigold fields at Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra and were identified as putative vectors for identified marigold phytoplasma strains. The report of association of 16SrII-C subgroup phytoplasma in Mexican marigold and P. niruri and 16SrI-B subgroup phytoplasma in L. perennis and A. calva are new reports in world.

Sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) is a phytoplasma disease that has spread rapidly in Yunnan province, China, in recent years. It is now the main barrier to the development of the sugarcane industry in this region. Herein, we explored the insect vector and their dominant population of SCWL phytoplasma at Gengma in Lincang city in 2019, where the occurrence of SCWL is the most serious in Yunnan Province. Two leafhopper species, Tettigoniella viridis (Linnaeus) and Clovia conifer Walker, were tested positive for SCWL phytoplasma by using nested PCR, indicating that they are maybe the potential insect vectors of SCWL phytoplasma. Additionally, nymphs of T. viridis were tested strongly positive, and they were preliminarily identified as the dominant population. Since the main transmission medias of SCWL phytoplasma appears to be SCWL-infected seedcane and the leafhopper insect vectors, establishing a disease-free and healthy seedcane breeding base and eliminating the leafhopper insect vectors in sugarcane planting areas may prevent or control the spread of SCWL and reduce the natural transmission rate in the field. The results expand our theoretical and technical knowledge of sugarcane phytoplasma disease and provide a reference for formulating comprehensive control of SCWL.

The tea green leafhopper (Empoasca onukii Matsuda) is a severe pest for the tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze), which significantly reduces the tea yields and quality. Herbivore feeding events lead to the emission of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to elicit plant defense. To examine the volatile release profiles of tea shoots infested by leafhoppers, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was performed. 23 volatiles were emitted in healthy tea shoots whereas 29 volatiles were identified from infested ones. The relative contents of volatiles were significantly increased during infestation. The volatile profiles from healthy and infested tea shoots could be well clustered into two groups by unsupervised clustering analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, a partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model can differentiate volatile profiles between healthy and infested tea shoots with a predictive power of 91.8%. From the variable importance for the projection (VIP), eight critical volatiles were identified. Collectively, we have identified a novel volatile release profile after leafhopper infestation in tea plant and provide clues for defensive strategies against herbivores.

Rice is considered one of the staple foods in Southeast Asian countries, most especially in the Philippines. There are many factors needed to be considered in growing rice crops: the soil nutrient, the climate, the water supply, and the fertilizer used as a supplement to crop growth. But one important thing that farmers should consider is the infestation of pests, specifically the green leafhoppers, which is the primary carrier of tungro virus. This virus affects the growth and development of rice crops. This study aims to investigate the insecticidal effect of Bambusa vulgaris and Bambusa malingensis shoot and leaves extract against green leafhoppers (Nephotettix virescens). The extract was obtained by the decoction method. Phytochemical analysis of the two bamboo species has been carried out, as it was found out that both of them contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides. The results showed that both the shoot and leaves extract of Bambusa vulgaris and the shoot extract of Bambusa malingensis have potential insecticidal activity against Nephotettix virescens. Further research is needed to identify other factors that could strengthen the effectiveness of applying the extract to the insect specimen.

Leafhoppers in the tribe Erythroneurini are a concern for grape growers in California due to direct feeding damage by piercing the leaves. Management of leafhopper populations in vineyards may be accomplished by insecticide applications, the release of natural enemies, conservation biological control, exploitation of controlled deficit irrigation, or a combination of the above. Based on research on other leafhopper species, a behavioral mating disruption is a viable option, but nothing is known about the mating communication and circadian signaling of these species in vineyards. The objectives of this study were to identify and describe vibrational signals associated with mate selection behavior of Erasmoneura variabilis and Erythroneura ziczac, and evaluate the occurrence of vibrational signals within sympatric populations of E. variabilis, E. ziczac, and Homalodisca vitripennis on grapevines. Analysis of vibrational communication signals revealed that 1) one female signal and two distinct male signals are used in E. variabilis pair formation, 2) the pair formation process in E. variabilis is divided into three communication phases, 3) E. variabilis pre-copulatory communication is longer in the presence than in the absence of male-male rivalry, 4) two distinct signals are used in E. ziczac pair formation, and 5) E. variabilis, E. ziczac, and H. vitripennis sing at night and during the day. Results include detailed descriptions of leafhopper communication signals that are relevant for future development of vibrational disruption as a novel method to suppress populations under field conditions.

The genus Anufrievia Dworakowska, 1970 is widely distributed in China, Korea, South Korea, Japan, Nepal, India, Thailand, Vietnam and Vietnam. This work reports on two new species of Anufrievia found at Bijie City and Shibing County, Guizhou Province, China.Two new species of the leafhopper genus Anufrievia Dworakowska, 1970 from Guizhou Province China are described and illustrated, i.e., A. crispata sp. nov. and A. confluensa sp. nov. A key to distinguish the Chinese species of the genus is given.

The Nearctic leafhopper species Gyponana (Gyponana) mali DeLong, 1942 is reported from Europe for the fi rst time and represents the fi rst record of the tribe Gyponini Stål, 1870 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Iassinae: Gyponini) for the Palearctic Region. Specimens were collected in southern Switzerland (Ticino) and two regions of northern Italy (Lombardy and Veneto) in 2015–2019. The preferred host plant in these areas appears to be Cornus sanguinea L. Phylogenetic analysis of the COI barcode sequences grouped one of the European specimens with three individuals of G. (G.) mali from Ontario, Canada. Morphological study indicated that the male genitalia of the European population are intermediate between G. (G.) mali and G. (G.) extenda DeLong, 1942.

Two different experiments were carried out to evaluate the toxicity and insecticidal activity of the fertilizer, potassium sulfate against two species of green bug Nezara virdula, and leafhopper Empoasca discipiens (Paoli) infesting tomato plant. The first experiment was done in the laboratory to determine the toxicity of the tested material by spraying different concentration on tomato seedling in pots artificially infested with leafhopper and green bug while the second one was done in field to determine the insecticidal activity against leafhopper and green bug besides the phytotoxicity of potassium sulfate when sprayed at concentrations 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% on tomato crop. Results obtained indicated that potassium sulfate showed high toxic effect against the two species of leaf hopper and green bug since LC5owere 8.9 and 8.6 ppm on green bug and leafhopper respectively, while the second experiment indicated that concentration 0.5% was suitable for controlling the two species of insect leaf hopper and green bug without any phytotoxic effect on tomato plant.

The number and classification of tribes in the leafhopper subfamily Typhlocybinae are not yet fully clear, and molecular data has recently been used to help resolve the problem. In this study, the mitochondrial genomes of Mitjaevia shibingensis Chen, Song & Webb, 2020 and M. dworakowskae Chen, Song & Webb, 2020 of the tribe Erythroneurini (Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae) were sequenced. Most protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with ATN and end with TAA or TAG, and the AT content of these three codons were found differ from previous results that show that the first codon has the highest incidence. Two rRNA genes are highly conserved, and the AT content in 16S is higher than that of 12S. The nucleotide diversity and genetic distance among 13 PCGs of the four tribes from Typhlocybinae show that Empoascini nucleotide diversity is significantly less than in the other three tribes, and have the largest distance from the others, while Typhlocybini and Zyginellini have the smallest distance, indicating that the relationship between the two is the closest. The nad2, nad4, nad4L, and nad5 genes have greater nucleotide diversity, showing potential for use as the main markers for species identification. The phylogenetic analysis yielded a well-supported topology with most branches receiving maximum support and a few branches pertaining to relationships within Zyginellini and Typhlocybini receiving lower support. The species of these two tribes are intertwined, and it was impossible to resolve them into separate branches. In addition, the tribes Empoascini and Erythroneurini were recovered as monophyletic, and Alebrini was placed at the base of the tree as the most primitive. These results are broadly in line with other molecular phylogenetical studies which differ from traditional morphological classification.

Two genera, Dayus Mahmood, 1967 and Znana Dworakowska, 1994 of the leafhopper tribe Empoascini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) are reviewed. One new species of each genus, Dayus furcatus sp. nov. and Znana furca sp. nov., are described from Thailand. A checklist and distribution summary of Dayus Mahmood species is given. Male habitus photos and illustrations of male genitalia of the two new species and notes on allied species are also provided.

Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis of fresh leaf infestation by tea green leafhoppers (Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda) suggests roles for alternative pre-mRNA splicing and mRNAs in the regulation of aroma formation in tea plants. Oriental Beauty is a high-grade, oolong tea with a pronounced honey-like aroma and rich ripe fruit flavor that develops primarily as a result of the infestation of the fresh leaves by tea green leafhoppers (Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda). Here, we used PacBio Iso-Seq and RNA-seq analyses to determine the full-length transcripts and gene expression profiles of fresh tea leaves in response to E. (M.) onukii herbivory. We investigated the relationship between RNA-seq, tea metabolites, and aroma response mechanisms in leaves infested by leafhoppers. We found 3644 differentially expressed genes, of which 2552 were up- and 1092 were down-regulated. A total of 49,913 alternative splicing events were predicted, including 324 differential AS events. Moreover, 3105 differentially expressed transcripts were also identified, of which 2295 were up- and 810 were down-regulated. The characterization of expression patterns of the key gene transcript isoforms involved in the aroma formation pathways identified 130 differentially expressed metabolites, 97 of which were up- and 33 were down-regulated. Two key aroma compounds (phenylacetaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) were highly correlated with genes of the aroma formation pathways. Our results revealed that pre-mRNA AS plays a crucial role in the metabolic regulation surrounding aroma formation under leafhopper herbivory in tea plants.

The corn leafhopperDalbulus maidis(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), a specialist herbivore, is the cause of serious losses in maize yield for its capacity to transmit three important plant pathogens. They are also active phloem feeders, that insert stylets into the plant as they feed. Females place their eggs endophytically, totally inserted in the central midrib or the leaf blades, leaving conspicuous openings in the place where the ovipositor was inserted. In spite of the consequences that feeding and oviposition may have on the water status of the plant and the production of biomass, direct damage caused by the leafhopper has been only scarcely studied. In the present contribution, we measured biomass loss due to direct damage in maize plants under two watering regimes, with water supplyad libitumand with a watering restricted regime, emulating the most frequent field conditions. Moreover, we analyzed the effects of increasing densities of the vector on the biomass loss and plant mortality and the effects of females vs males. We observed that a density of 10 insects is sufficient to cause damage to 10-day-old seedlings, even in anad libitumwatering regime; however, in drought conditions, damage can be significantly greater, causing plant mortality. Also, females cause more damage than males, due to their oviposition habits.

Cotton production is affected by various insect-pests attack. Among the insect pests, sucking pests impose serious crop damage. In sucking pests, the leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), considered as a severe pest. Cultivation of susceptible hybrids and reduction in conventional insecticide applications wreak havoc of sucking pest problem. Up to 50% yield losses been reported for the pest leafhopper alone. Host plant resistance is an important component of integrated pest management strategy for leafhopper resistance. Identification of sources of resistance is way to minimize yield losses. In this study, 54 genotypes along resistant check (NDLH1938) and susceptible check (DCH32) screened for resistance in field. Based on initial resistance evaluation studies at field level, 21 genotypes were selected for further studies such as host preference studies and nymphal emergence studies in greenhouse and host plant resistance by pest infestation evaluation in field. In field screening, nine genotypes namely AKH1355, GISV 216, AKH 2012–8, GSHV 173, GISV 267, AKH 1301, GSHV 171, NDLH 2010 and AKH 2006–2 constantly showed resistance on par with resistant check (NDLH1938). Both host preference studies and nymphal emergence tests identified seven genotypes RS 2711, GISV 267, LHDP 1, AKH 1355, RS 2765, F 2164, and GISV 216, which performed on par with resistant check. Leaf anatomical parameters like distance from the lower epidermis to phloem, thickness of phloem bundle are major obstacles for stylet penetration and affect the feeding of leafhoppers. However, leaf thickness, which facilitates the insect to feed easily, succulent nature of such thick leaves preferred by the insects. Biochemical profiles revealed that higher level of chlorophyll, nitrogen, protein and amino acids favors the leafhopper infestation. In contrast, phenol compound act as feeding deterrent, as most of the resistant genotypes showed higher level of phenol.

In July 2020, in the course of insect collection by light trapping within the city area of Donetsk, the invasive North American leafhopper Penestragania apicalis (Osborn & Ball, 1898) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Iassinae) was first recorded for Eastern Europe. This is the third specialized phytophagous species of honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) introduced to Europe. The distribution of P. apicalis within Europe is still not known, this species is most likely to be widespread throughout the places of honey locust cultivation. The main vector of invasion of P. apicalis is unintended introduction with planting material and by way of self -spread of adults. The penetration of another one specialized phytophage of honey locust into the steppe zone of Eastern Europe requires additional researching of its distribution. Registration of P. apicalis at a considerable distance from the previously known habitat indicates its wide distribution in Europe. Since it is difficult to survey the crowns of tall trees, we recommend using light traps as the simplest and most effective method for leafhoppers detecting. The level of species harmfulness in the territory of its natural range and in Euro pe has not been assessed so far; therefore, the organization of work on a detailed study of its ecological and biological characteristics is required. The formation of a multispecies complex of specialized pests can have a negative impact on the plantings of honey locust in the zone of its introduction. In this regard, the state of the P. apicalispopulation requires constant monitoring along with other invasive phytophages of Gleditsia – leaf gall midge D.gleditchiae and seed-beetle M. dorsalis.

Coffee is of great socio-economic importance, and in this scenario Brazil stands out as the largest producer and exporter of coffee beans. However, the coffee tree is susceptible to the attack of several insect pestshe main ones being the berry borer and leaf miner. However, other insects may be present in the crop, and their identification is important for the elaboration of mitigation measures. To date, the presence of the leafhopper Aethalion reticulatum (Linnaeus, 1767) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) in Coffea arabica (Linnaeus, 1753) (Rubiaceae) plants has not been reported in the literature. Thus, the present study aimed to describe the occurrence of A. reticulatum in arabica coffee plants on the Campus of the Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Key words: Fruit leafhopper; Insect pest; Coffee crop; Infestation.

An investigation was carried out at AICRP on cotton scheme, Chamarajanagar, Karnataka during kharif season of 2016-17 and 2017-18 to evaluate the bio-efficacy of pyriproxifen 10% EW against sucking insect pests of cotton viz., whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.), aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover), thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind), and leafhopper (Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla Ishida). The study indicated that spraying of pyriproxifen 10% EW @ 200 g.a.i/ha has recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (19.43 q/ha) with maximum per cent reduction in whiteflies (95.28%), aphids (90.04%), thrips (98.78%) and leafhoppers (94.40%), respectively. Followed by spraying pyriproxifen 10% EW at 125 g.a.i/ha. However, all the insecticide treated plots were superior in reducing the pest load as compared to un treated control.

Preference test of green leafhopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens Distant to some tungro-resistant promising lines. Tungro is the most important diseases of the rice plant, caused by two types of viruses, namely Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV) and Rice Tungro Spherical Virus (RTSV), transmitted by green leafhopper (GLH) especially Nephotettix virescens Distant in a semi- persistent manner. The aim of this research was to study some of the varieties dislike (resistant) to GLH and resistant to rice tungro virus. The study was conducted on Januari to August 2019 at Green House of Indonesian Tungro Disease Research Station and at farmer’s field in Polman West Sulawesi. The experiment in the green house was preference and survival test using a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The materials consisted of 48 tungro-resistant promising lines and 2 varieties as a check. The field experiment using an augmented design with four blocks. Every block consisted of 20 promising lines and four varieties of checks (Ciherang, Tukad Unda, Inpari 9 Elo, and IR 64). Variables observed were the number of GLH present and survival in promising lines, the population of GLH at the field, the percentage of tungro incidence, the filled with spikelet number, the unfilled of spikelet number, the weight of 1000 grain, and the grain yield at 14% moisture content. The results showed that ten promising lines was dislike (resistant) to GLH and resistant to rice tungro virus with the percentage of tungro incidence lower or equal than resistant check varieties (Inpari 9) and had high yield potential (6,2 – 10,2 t/ha).

The Nearctic leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus is known to be the main vector of Flavescence doree phytoplasma (FDP), a serious disease of the grapevine in temperate European areas. Adult lifespan and oviposition rate were investigated under semi-natural conditions to assess potential fecundity of this species. Egg load was detected under field conditions in North Italy. Females lived longer than males, with a sex ratio in their favour during the late season when they are still able to lay eggs. Both sexes have a high average lifespan, females can live over 60 days whilst males over 40 days. Furthermore, 25% of the females lived over 70 days, and laid an average of 60–65 eggs. A number of approximately 70 to 130 eggs was laid by 25% females. The comparison between the egg load trend and the oviposition rate shows that both indices remain constant until September and then decrease in the following months. The presence of the vector was detected until late season in the vineyards. In fact, some females with mature eggs were collected until October 30 th , whilst in seminatural condition few individuals were able to lay eggs until the end October to early November. This research shows as S. titanus biological parameters have been largely underestimated so far. A serious implication of the high longevity is the prolongation of the adult inoculation period, and a temporal expansion of the risk of infecting the vineyards no longer protected by insecticide treatments. This suggests to reconsider the phytosanitary management of the vineyards after harvesting.