Search

Background: Calcium hydroxide is the gold standard medicament for root canal treatment. Enterococcus faecalis, the primary cause of intraradicular persistent endodontic infection, is often identified even after endodontic treatment. Thymoquinone, an active ingredient of Nigella sativa, has an antimicrobial effect on both gram-negative and positive bacteria, including E. faecalis. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of calcium hydroxide combined with Nigella sativa extract and determine the best ratio for the combined material. Methods: This is an experimental study comprised of six groups (n = 4 per group) based on the material and its ratio, namely; (1) calcium hydroxide; (2) Nigella sativa extract; and groups of the combination of calcium hydroxide and Nigella sativa extract with a ratio (3) 70:30, (4) 50:50, (5) 30:70, (6) 10:90. The inhibitory effect against E. faecalis was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method in Muller–Hinton agar. Observation of the inhibitory zone was performed on the first, third, and seventh days. The collected data were analysed by a one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test. Results: Calcium hydroxide has the highest inhibitory effect, and the combination of Nigella sativa extract with calcium hydroxide ratio 50:50 was second. The inhibitory zone of these two groups was significantly higher than in any other group (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Ischaemum indicum leaves extracts based on different polarity solvents: water, methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n- hexane. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using ABTS and DPPH methods, while the antibacterial activity was determined by broth dilution method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis . The results showed that water and methanol extracts of I. indicum gave the highest antioxidant activity in ABTS assay with an IC 50 73.80 and 46.32 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, The IC 50 on DPPH assay for water extracts was 117.51 µg/mL, this value was higher than that of methanol extract with no inhibition. Methanol and water extracts showed the antibacterial activity against B. subtilis with inhibition of 48.62 and 45.11%, whereas inhibition of P. aeruginosa were 31.95 and 30.31%, respectively. This study denoted that I. indicum is a new potential candidate as antioxidant source.

Different solvent extracts of Anthurium plowmanii leaves were assayed for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methanol extract had the highest inhibition of DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities among extracts. Concentrations of methanol extract required for 50% inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging effect were recorded as 231,59 μg/mL. The IC 50 of methanol and water extracts on ABTS were 57,23 μg/mL and 73,35 μg/mL, respectively. The lower IC 50 values denotes a more potent antioxidant. Dichloromethane and n -hexane extracts showed faint antibacterial activity against bacteria P seudomonas aeruginosa and B acillus subtilis was evaluated by broth dilution method. The results demonstrated great potential of the A . plowmanii leaves as a new source of new antioxidant agents.

Postpartum treatments have been used by local women in Indonesia for some time now. One commonly used postpartum treatment is the consumption of a traditional herbal medicine called PHM-1 during the first 40 days after childbirth. In addition, a second medicine known as PHM-2 is taken for days 41-80. However, sufficient scientific evidence about the benefits of this postpartum herbal medicine does not exist. In this study, the antibacterial abilities of PHM-1 and PHM-2 therefore was evaluated and showed positive potential for both. Low IC50 values were obtained against pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Ralstonia pickettii, and Staphylococcus epidermidis and compared with chloramphenicol as a positive control. The antibacterial activity of both PHM-1 and PHM-2 against R. pickettii had the highest inhibitory activity as evidenced by the lowest IC50 values of 11.16 and 6.26 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, an in vivo acute toxicity test showed that PHM-1 produced a low LD50 value of 3.28 g/kg BW for both of male and female mice. These results support the use of both PHM-1 and PHM-2 as antibacterial treatments for postpartum women.

Cassia alata or locally known as Ketepeng Cina (Indonesia) and Gelenggang (Malaysia) has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases, especially skin diseases. In addition, C. alata has been reported to have potential anti allergic, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antifungal. Metabolite compounds that have been isolated from C. alata include flavones, flavonols, flavonoids glycosides, alatinon, alanonal and β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside. The compounds have been isolated mainly from the leaves. Further identification is needed to discover the secondary metabolites from other parts of the plant such as seed, flower and bark which are reported to have potent antibacterial and antifungal activity. Therefore, this article highlights the secondary metabolites and biological activity of this plant which has been shown to have pharmacological properties against selected diseases., Cassia alata; Phytochemical; Pharmacological activity; Disease; Natural product chemistry; Bioorganic chemistry; Pharmaceutical chemistry; Alternative medicine; Evidence-based medicine.

Background: Medicinal plants derived natural product such as alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenes. The traditional uses claim that medicinal plants of NTT are potential folk medicine but very little research has been conducted on these plants. Objective: The present study is directed towards evaluating naturally effective antioxidant of twenty-four traditional medicinal plants collected from Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) using in vitro models. Method: The antioxidant activities were determined by using the free radical scavenging assays 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2”-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Analysis of total flavonoid and phenolic contents were expressed as Quercetin Equivalent (QE) and Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE), respectively. Statistical methods are used in data analysis include mean or standard deviation, and regression analysis. Result: Methanol extract of Sterculia quadrifida R. Br. root exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 3.11μg/mL, followed by Schleichera oleosa and Euphorbia hirta L. extracts with IC50 values of 10.05 and 10.09 μg/mL, respectively. Methanol extract of S. quadrifida also showed highest ABTS radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 7.29 μg/mL, followed by Eugenia jambolana Lam. and Lamea grandus with IC50 value of 9.15 and 12.29 μg/mL, respectively. S. quadrifida extract showed high flavonoid and phenolic content with 661.85 mg of GAE and 116.84 mg of QE per 100 g of extracts. Conclusion: The present study gives scientific evidences that twenty four samples of NTT plants have high free radical scavenging capacity. Strong radical scavenging activity of these plants especially S. quadrifida could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants.

This study examined the synthesis of isoniazid-isatin hydrazone derivatives 5-7, followed by an investigation on the in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and molecular docking. A yield of 81 - 92 % of these compounds was achieved, with structural characterization by spectroscopic methods (FTIR, NMR, HRMS). The in vitro antitubercular activity was evaluated against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and the highest effect was observed in compound 7, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.017 mM, lower than rifampicin (MIC 0.048 mM), which served as the positive control. In addition, the molecular docking of 5-7 was performed to visualize the interaction of isoniazid-isatin hydrazone derivatives with the active site of InhA receptor, which was in agreement with the experimental data. The hydrogen bonding with Ser94 and pi-pi interaction with Phe41 and/or Phe97 on the InhA active site was pivotal for the antitubercular activity. HIGHLIGHTS Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the top ten leading causes of death globally The first and second lines of antituberculosis drugs are the prevalent treatment for this disease, but they show several drawbacks and are exacerbated by the occurrence of drug resistance The isoniazid-isatin hydrazone derivatives were designed through molecular hybridization and synthesized effectively and exhibited moderate to high activity against tuberculosis H37Rv Molecular docking study demonstrated that the hydrogen bonding with Ser94 and the pi-pi interaction with Phe41 and/or Phe97 are important for antitubercular activity GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Chromolaena odorata L. (Asteraceae) is one of the tropical plants which is widely used as traditional medicines for diabetes and soft tissue wounds treatment in some regions in East Indonesia. The present study was aimed at determining the bioactive compounds of C. odorata leaves. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. odorata leaves have the inhibitory activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals as well as α-glucosidase rat intestine enzyme. A new flavanone was isolated from the methanol extract and elucidated as 5,3’-dihydroxy-7,6’-dimethoxyflavanone or, namely, odoratenin (1) together with two known compounds: isosakuranetin (2) and subscandenin (3). The antioxidant activity of odoratenin (1) exhibited very potent ABTS radical inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 23.74 μM which is lower than that of trolox (IC50 31.32 μM) as a positive control. The result showed that a new flavanone, odoratenin (1), should be potential as an antioxidant source.

Artocarpus champeden, commonly known as cempedak in Indonesia, belongs to the Moraceae family. In folk medicine, A. champeden is used to treat various diseases such as diabetic, malaria and cancer. This curing ability indicates the active component content in the plant as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimalarial or anticancer. The present study was attempted to evaluate antioxidant activity present in methanol extract of A. champeden and its fractions. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of A. champeden, also fraction of n-hexane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate were assessed by using in-vitro models include DPPH and ABTS. Analysis of total flavonoid and phenolic contents were expressed as Quercetin Equivalent (QE) and Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE), respectively. UV Spectrophotometer is used to measure the absorbance degression. Methanol extract of A.champeden showed strong DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity with IC50 35.45 and 7.98 μg/mL, respectively. Methanol extract also showed high flavonoid and phenolic content with 639.83 mg of QE and 43.51 mg of GAE per 100 g of extracts. The antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate fraction is higher than that of the value obtained by n-hexane and methylene chloride fractions for DPPH and ABTS assays with IC50 37.11 and 6.48 μg/mL, respectively. In our results, it has great pharmacological potential with great value of inhibition activity as a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Indonesian traditional herbal medicine for post partum contains many plants such as Kunyit (Curcuma longa), meniran (Phyllanthus urinaria), akar manis (Glycyrrhiza glabra), lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet), temulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza), jungrahap (Baeckea frutescens L.), bangle (Zingiber montanum), binahong (Anredera cordifolia), asem (Tamarindus Indica). These plants are important sources of phenolic compounds such as flavonoid, quercetin, kaempherol that potentially act as antioxidant. Antioxidants are important subtances which possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radical oxidative stress. The post partum herbal medicine were extracted using aquades. The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay and an improved (2,2’-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulphonate]) ABTS radical cation decolorization assay using in vitro. Trolox was used as the standard with IC50 5.89 µg/mL in DPPH assay and 3.06 µg/mL in ABTS assay. The variant B1 showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (IC50=28.37 µg/mL in DPPH assay and IC50=27.17 µg/mL in ABTS assay). The variant E2 also showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (IC50=29.56 µg/mL in DPPH assay and IC50=26.16 µg/mL in ABTS assay). This study indicated that Indonesian traditional herbal medicine possess antioxidant activity and it needs to be investigated more for other bioactivity such as antimicrobial and anticholestrol.Indonesian traditional herbal medicine for post partum contains many plants such as Kunyit (Curcuma longa), meniran (Phyllanthus urinaria), akar manis (Glycyrrhiza glabra), lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet), temulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza), jungrahap (Baeckea frutescens L.), bangle (Zingiber montanum), binahong (Anredera cordifolia), asem (Tamarindus Indica). These plants are important sources of phenolic compounds such as flavonoid, quercetin, kaempherol that potentially act as antioxidant. Antioxidants are important subtances which possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radical oxidative stress. The post partum herbal medicine were extracted using aquades. The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay and an improved (2,2’-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulphonate]) ABTS radical cation decolorization assay using in vitro. Trolox was used as the standard with IC50 5.89 µg/mL in DPPH assay an...

Public health is one of the main problems for the people of Indonesia. One of the causes of health problems is pathogenic bacteria from the environment that easily enter the body and multiply to produce various diseases and infections. Plants extracts are one of the most important natural resources and alternative in the treatment effort as well as improving public health. This research was conducted to determine the antibacterial activities of methanol extract from Syzygium polyanthum Wight leaves as well as its fractions against bacteria Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and bacteria Gram-negative Eschericia coli. Ampicillin as positive control showed antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. coli with IC50 value of 37.82 µg/mL and 10.28 µg/mL, respectively. Methanol extract showed antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. coli with IC50 value of 23.16 µg/mL and 35.01 µg/mL, respectively. The n-hexane fraction had the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with IC50 value of 49.25 µg/mL and 27.54 µg/mL, respectively, compared with aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions. The results demonstrated of methanol extract of S. polyanthum Wight leaves and its fractions as antibacterial sources.

Many plants of the family of Araceae possess significant benefit as medicinal plants. Anthurium hookerii is herbaceous genus of the family of Araceae. A. hookerii leaves were extracted with five dissimilarity solvents (methanolic, water, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and dichloromethane). The extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical, total phenolic contents, and antibacterial potential. The presences of tannins and saponins were found in all crude extracts. The steroid was only found in dichloromethane extract, whereas flavonoid was obtained in methanol and water extracts. Besides; methanol, ethyl acetate, water, and n-hexane extracts showed triterpenoid contents. Alkaloid presences in ethyl acetate, methanolic, dichloromethane, and water extracts. The total phenol content was examined by Follin-Ciocalteu assay, which varied from 9.52-76.56 mg/g GAE. The highest total phenolic was found in methanol extract. Antioxidant activity was calculated based on diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging ability that showed the scavenging activity with range 7.24-66.11%, which the methanoilic extract have the excellent antioxidant potential (IC50 232.90 µg/ml). Antibacterial activity of leaves extracts of A. hookerii was screened based on disc diffusion method. Water extract showed the wide spectrum antibacterial potential. Klebsiella sp., Bacillus subtilis, Pripioni agnes, and Strepticoccus mutans with maximum diameter of inhibition zone 10.30, 14.20, 9.60, and 15.10 mm, respectively.

Garcinia husor is one of the folk medicines in Maluku-Indonesia. This species has been used for the treatmet of Malaria disease. The phytochemical contents and antiplasmodial activity not reported yet. In this study we evaluated the quantitative phytochemicals, in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of stem bark ethyl acetate extract. In vitro assay was done using P. falciparum 3D7 strain sensitive of chloroquine. For in vivo analysis, four groups of M. musculus were infected by P. berghei and their parasitemia levels were for 7 days of treatment with ethyl acetate extract; hematological and biochemical parameter were analyzed at the end of experiment. The result showed ethyl acetate extract with the TPC (169.47 mg GAE/100 g ±0.61) and TPC (167.37 mg QE/100 g ±1.05) was active against P. falciparum 3D7 strain (IC50 value of 0.31±0.43 μg/ml). The animal treated with extract showed suppression of parasitemia to 87.57±1.41% compared with the P. berghei infected-mice (negative control), ED50 value of 22.30 mg/kg BW. The dose of extract in 200 mg/kg BW was reduce parasitemia of infected mice with P. berghei more potential. The ethyl acetate of the stem bark G. husor with has antiplasmodial properties and future investigation are necessary to elucidate its mechanism of action.

Chromolaena odorata is one of the plants used by the community as traditional medicine. Some of community in Ambon, Indonesia used C. odorata leaves as wound medicine. This study aims to evaluate free radical scavenging activity from fraction of methanol extract of C. odorata. Methanol extract of C. odorata leaves is known have good free radical scavenging activity. The fractionation from methanol extract of the C. odorata leaves obtained A-E fraction, where fractions C, D and E showed inhibitory activity against DPPH radicals (2,2-difenill-1-pikrilhidrazil) with IC50 values 63,95; 64.38 and 202.15 μg/mL. Positive control, which is gallic acid, has an IC50 value of 5.29 μg/mL.

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis is one species of Verbenaceae family that is used as a traditional medicine. 6β-hydroxyipolamiide is a natural occuring compound that was successfully isolated from S. jamaicensis leaves. The identification of compound was analyzed by using UV-Vis, Infra-Red (IR) spectrophotometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometry. This is the first report that the compound has isolated from this plant.

The root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) is a well-known herbal medicine in East Asia. The major bioactive metabolites in this root are commonly identified as ginsenosides. A series of ginsenosides were determined for in vitro human recombinant aldose reductase. This Letter aims to clarify the structural requirement for aldose reductase inhibition. We discovered that only ginsenoside 20(S)-Rh2 showed potent against aldose reductase, with an IC50 of 147.3 μM. These results implied that the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group at C-20 may play an important role in aldose reductase inhibition. An understanding of these requirements is considered necessary in order to develop a new type of aldose reductase inhibitor. Furthermore, P. ginseng might be an important herbal medicine in preventing diabetic complications.

New Prenylated stilbene derivatives, 3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxy-stilbene acid (1) and 5,4'-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-prenyl-stilbene (2) had been isolated from methanol extract of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Pigeon pea), a member of family fabaceae. The aim of this present work was to evaluate its in vitro antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging. Isolation of compounds was achieved by extraction (maceration) and chromatographic technique. The structures of the compounds were determined based on UV, IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra and also by comparing with the previously reported data. Antioxidant activities (IC50) of 1 and 2 were 413.68 μg/mL and 271.53 μg/mL, respectively.

Alocasia macrorrhizos or sente hijau is a traditional medicinal plant in Celebes - Indonesia. The secondary metabolite compounds have been isolated from the root, rhizome and leaves of the plant. From the root part, aloceramide compounds have been isolated, whereas rhizome containing lignanamide, monoindole, indole and piperidin compounds and leaves have triglochinin and isotriglochinin components. Furthermore, the plant also has biological activities such as antidiuretic, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antihyperglycemia and others. This review aims to report the secondary metabolite compounds and the biological activity of A. macrorrhizos to provide scientific evidences for the plant as a folk medicines.

Three new xanthones, cylindroxanthones A-C (1-3), were isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia cylindrocarpa. The structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The molecular structure of 1 was unequivocally confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. These three xanthones were evaluated regarding their cytotoxicity against KB, HeLa S-3, HT-29, MCF-7, and Hep G2 cancer cell lines. Compound 1 exhibited good cytotoxicity against KB cell with IC50 value of 2.36 μM.

Antioxidant activities of Syzygium polyanthum leaves extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and n-hexane) were evaluated by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid) methods. The methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity of DPPH assay among extract with IC50 value of 44.35 mg/mL. In addition, methanol extract also showed the highest antioxidant activity of ABTS assay among extracts with IC50 value of 17.69 mg/mL. This study indicated that the methanol extract of S. polyanthum leaves is potential as antioxidant.

A series of lanostane-type triterpenoids, known as ganoderma acids were isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Some of these compounds were identified as active inhibitors of the in vitro human recombinant aldose reductase. To clarify the structural requirement for inhibition, some structure-activity relationships were determined. Our structure-activity studies of ganoderma acids revealed that the OH substituent at C-11 is an important feature and the carboxylic group in the side chain is essential for the recognition of aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Moreover, double bond moiety at C-20 and C-22 in the side chain contributes to improving aldose reductase inhibitory activity. In the case of ganoderic acid C2, all of OH substituent at C-3, C-7 and C-15 is important for potent aldose reductase inhibition. These results provide an approach to understanding the structural requirements of ganoderma acids from G. lucidum for aldose reductase inhibitor. This understanding is necessary to design a new-type of aldose reductase inhibitor.

A series of lanostane-type triterpenoids, identified as ganoderma alcohols and ganoderma acids, were isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lingzhi. Some of these compounds were confirmed as active inhibitors of the in vitro human recombinant aldose reductase. This paper aims to explain the structural requirement for α-glucosidase inhibition. Our structure-activity studies of ganoderma alcohols showed that the OH substituent at C-3 and the double-bond moiety at C-24 and C-25 are necessary to increase α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The structure-activity relationships of ganoderma acids revealed that the OH substituent at C-11 is an important feature and that the carboxylic group in the side chain is essential for the recognition of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Moreover, the double-bond moiety at C-20 and C-22 in the side chain and the OH substituent at C-3 of ganoderma acids improve α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. These results provide an approach with which to consider the structural requirements of lanostane-type triterpenoids from G. lingzhi. An understanding of these requirements is considered necessary in order to improve a new type of α-glucosidase inhibitor.