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Shorea leprosula Miq is a Dipterocarps forest plantation that has the prospect of being developed because it is a fast-growing species with high economic value. Given its commercial importance, this study was conducted to analyze the effect of slope class and slope direction on growth. Data were collected using the census method on S.leprosula stands with a spacing of 2m x 2m and 4m x 8m. The direction of the slope is determined based on the configuration of the slope according to the cardinal directions, while the slope of the land is determined based on the classification of the slope class of the land. The results showed that the slope class, slope direction, and the interaction between factors had a significant effect on the growth of S.leprosula. The interaction between the slope class and the direction of the slope produces the highest average annual increment of diameter in the flat slope class with the direction of the slope facing north, which is 1.79 m / year while the highest annual increment of the total average height is in the very steep slope class with to the slope facing to the north at 0.82 m / year.

The use of local species for revegetation activities is expected to accelerate the natural regeneration to increase the biodiversity in restoration efforts of disturbed areas. This study used several parameters to observe the growth of 20-years old stand S. pinanga and S. platyclados, including diameter, total tree height, Mean Annual Increment (MAI), % of fruiting trees, Leaf Area Index (LAI), altitude, and slope. The study results were analyzed using one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and Duncan test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that S. platyclados significantly had a higher diameter (32.7 cm), height (19.1 m), and mean volume (0.43 m3) compared to S. pinanga. The growth of S. platyclados, which locally known as meranti bukit is strongly supported by conditions in Gunung Dahu Research Forest, which has an altitude of about 800 m.asl. On the other hand, S. pinanga, as lowland species, showed lower growth compared to S. platyclados.

Open pit mining of silica sand causes some soil degradations and environmental impacts, such as lowering soil pH, lowering soil fertility, soil compaction, and toxicity of micronutrients such as Al, Fe, and Zn. The aim of this study was to analyze the soil properties of land post mining of silica sand and to analyze the growth response of Falcataria sp. and Ochroma bicolor by combination of soil ameliorant and MycoSilvi. The experimental design was split plot design of two treatment factors, MycoSilvi and soil ameliorant. The main plot is MycoSilvi that consist of two levels (MycoSilvi and without MycoSilvi). The subplot is soil ameliorant that consisted of six levels (compost 0 g, lime 0 g; compost 0 g, lime 1.56 g; compost 0 g, lime 3.12; compost 9 g, lime 0 g; compost 9 g, lime 1.56 g; compost 9 g, lime 3.12 g). The results showed that the soil ameliorant (lime 3.12 g and compost 9 g) and MycoSilvi was the best treatment to increase height, diameter, biomass, and mycorrhizal colonization of Falcataria sp. and O. bicolor. Keywords: MycoSilvi, reclamation, soil ameliorant

One effort to support the success of reclamation and rehabilitation of ex-silica sand mines is to improve the quality of seedling planted with mycorrhizal inoculation. Each plant has a mycorrhizal dependency which varies depending on the plant species and the level of soil fertility. This study aimed to analyze the mycorrhizal dependency of Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba), Red Sengon (Albizia chinensis), and Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) grown on soil growing media from post silica sand mining and amended with compost and lime. The study used completely randomized design with a split plot design consist of two factors, first factor was mycorrhizal inoculation in the form of MycoSilvi inoculum, consisting of two levels and the second factor was soil ameliorant in the form of lime and compost consisting of six levels, each treatment was repeated five times. The results showed that the treatment of lime and MycoSilvi addition showed the highest percentage of mycorrhizal dependency on Kadam, Red Sengon and Kaliandra seedlings, which were 76, 62, and 59% respectively. The addition of lime and compost decreased the degree of relative mycorrhizal dependency of three plants species tested, in line with increasing available P in soil growth medium. Keywords: mycorrhizal dependency, MycoSilvi, post mined soil, soil ameliorant

Forest fires and land conversion to oil palm plantations are one of the major threats that caused dangerous impacts on the existence of peatlands in Indonesia. Rehabilitation by plant type enrichment method is an effort that can be developed to restore the ecological and hydrological functions of degraded peatlands. This study aimed to analyze biophysical conditions (soil characteristics), analyze the growth response of plant species against the combination of planting types; analyze the choice of planting combinations that are in accordance with the physical conditions of the field and the needs of local communities. This study was designed by varying the diversity of tree species or combination of planting. The research plot consists of three size area (5m x 5m, 10m x 10m, and 20m x 20m). The species that used in this study consists of Shorea balangeran, Durio zibethinus, Archidendron pauciflorum, Parkia speciosa, Coffea liberica and Areca pinanga. The results showed that the research plot has soil characteristic from mesotropic fertility categories (moderate fertility) to eutophic (fertile), while the pH between 3.2 – 3.5 (very acidic). The growth of plant species at the age of five months has growth rate differentiation both height and diameter in each combination of planting. The height growth of Shorea balangeran species the highest which average of 35.16 cm while the diameter growth of Areca pinanga is 8.13 mm. The best combination of planting is a combination of six species wich consists Shorea balangeran, Durio zibethinus, Archidendron pauciflorum, Parkia speciosa, Coffea liberica and Areca pinanga. Keywords: enrichment planting, growth, rehabilitation, peatlands

Failure in degraded forest rehabilitation was caused by using chosen species without pay attantion on site characterictics. Species selection by looking at site limiting factor, will increase success in degraded forest rehabilitation. This research aims to study the influence of physical and chemical soil properties on growth of Shorea leprosula Miq , Shorea palembanica Miq , dan Shorea mecisopteryx. Data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with mean annual increment (MAI) of height and diameter as dependent variable and soil properties as independent variable . The results showed that growth increment of S.palembanica was the most species that influnced by soil perperties with R 2 a djusted value for MAI- diam e ter and MAI- h e i gh t repectively, 0.946 and 0.674 whereas others two Shorea have R 2 a djusted value < 0.5. The research also showed that available P content was the limiting factor of the three species . T here wa s a difference of each species in respond to the available P content. MAI- height on S . mecisopteryx and MAI- diam e ter and MAI- h e i gh t on S . pelambanica will increase in line with decreasing available P content w hile S . leprosula require d P available increasing in order to increas e of MAI-diameter . This indicates that each species have specific response on certain soil properties content .

Forest management activity wich applied selective cutting with line planting (TPTJ) caused disturbed on forest, especially due to the process of making the planting lines. Natural forest gives respond to disturbance by recovery of its vegetation. This research aimed to measure the potential seedlings by vegetation recovery process in logged over area and determine both of the diversity and evenness of communities. The result showed that the composition of the seedlings at the begining of a recovery in the cropping were not only pioneer, but also kinds of Dipterocarpaceae and non-Dipterocarpaceae. The entire lines is dominated by the pioneers types, such as: Macaranga gigantea, Ganua glaberrima, Aporosa apriniana and Polyalthia rumphii. The family with the most number of types found namely: Phyllanthaceae, Myrtaceae and Dipterocarpaceae. The value of diversity index all of community belongs to moderate ( 2 < H’ < 3) and value equity (e’) belongs to high. The entire community of between the lines have low IS value wich its IS < 50% that means tampering with the seedling in each line has a significant different due to the forest examined was divided into several blocks of high fells.Keywords : climax, diversity, equity, pioneer, selective cutting with line planting

Eucalyptus sp. is species which the developed in forest plantation of Indonesia as wood fiber plantation. Wood fiber for pulp and paper is important, so we need to know management of site to obtain the optimal growth of Eucalyptus pellita at PT. Perawang Sukses Perkasa Industri (PSPI). The aim of the research was to observe fertilization management and maintenance management at PT. PSPI. This research used Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method to take data of plant growth. The cluster had 4 plot. The sample was E. pellita 1-4 years. Fertilization management at PT PSPI were basic fertilizer (CIRP/Cristmast Island Rock Phosphate and NPK) and supplementary fertilizer (NPK-1, NPK2, NPK-3). Maintenance Management at PT. PSPI were ring weeding, sport spray of herbicide and slash. Maintenancing and fertilizing were given to the plot according to the environmental conditions and the age factor. The best growth increment was in plot P2. P2 had 4.14 diameter increment and 5.72 height increment.Keywords: Eucalyptus pellita, Forest Health Monitoring, Industrial forest, site management, maintenance management, fertilization management

One of the rehabilitation efforts undertaken by the Forest Research and Development Center in Bogor was to establish a mixed meranti(Dipterocarp) forest in the Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor - West Java. The rehabilitation activities adopted several planting techniques, including total and line planting, used several types of red meranti (Shorea spp.). The purpose of this study was to assess the success of rehabilitation effort by analyzing the growth performance of Shorea leprosula and Shorea selanicastands in which applying total and line planting techniques. Diameter and height, as well as environmental factors such as soil texture, average litter thickness, slope, the average thickness of topsoil, and canopy density, were plant growth parameters that were observed. Growth data analysis was performed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that planting techniques affected the diameter growth. The highest growth rate was found in S. selanicaspecies with line planting techniques with the average diameter and height increment was 1.13 cm/year and 0.78 cm/year. Line planting techniques also scored the highest value of basal area and stand volumes, 0.06 m2 and 0.64 m3per year for S. leprosulaand 0.06 m2and 0.66 m3per year for S. selanica.

Massive utilization of forest resources became one factor which caused degradation on natural forest. Forestdegradation which occurred continuously could cause a change in forest composition. This could happen becauseseedling from invasive species dominated the area of natural forest. This research aimed to determine the compositionand structure of recovering forest stands managed by TPTJ system in area of IUPHHK-HA PT. Suka Jaya Makmur,West Kalimantan. The results showed that non-commercial Dipterocarp species group had the biggest value of densityand proportion among all stages of Dipterocarp stand. Curve diameter distribution showed a balanced logged forest.The diversity in all plot-area was high. Kelampai and Meranti were dominated in canopy level. Aternatif; Kelampai andMeranti were dominant at canopy level Jambu monyet and Kelampai were the species that dominated in seedling level.Alteratif; Jambu monyet and Kelampai were the species that were dominant at seedling level Tree and seedling had adifferent composition, it was shown by the ID value at >50%. This was shown by cluster analysis which divided into fourgroups. Commercial species proportion was generally larger than other non-commercial species.Key words: forest utilization, line planting, selective cutting, vegetation recovery

Land evaluation of a tract of land, for its suitability to be planted with a particular plantation species is an important step for species choice in plantation forest. A weight factor matching (WFM) approach of this study, was used to identify suitable land for jati ( Tectona grandis L.f) in PT. Melapi Timber, East Kalimantan. Land suitability is affected by climate, soil and topograph. According to WFM, the results indicated that important variables which limit T. grandis in the research area were pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), potassium (P) and soil depth condition. The study results show that 4 of 5 land units are marginally suitable (S3) for T. grandis cultivation in PT. Melapi Timber. Key words: Land evaluation, suitability, Tectona grandis L.f., weight factor matching (WFM)

Processing of palm oil generates enormous quantities of wastewater commonly called palm oil mill effluent (POME). The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of POME as organic fertilizer on Melaleuca cajuputi seedling. The research was conducted at PT. Bukit Asam from November 2016 until March 2017. POME used was from PT. Bumi Sawindo Permai at Tanjung Enim, South Sumatera. POME from Fat pit, cooling pond, anaerob pond and maturity pond were applied to seedlings at nursery with different concentrations of POME Fat pit (625, 417, and 208 mL), Cooling pond (695, 463, dan 232 mL), Anaerob pond (738, 492, dan 246 mL), and Maturity pond (968, 645, dan 323 mL). The result showed that POME from Anaerob pond 246 mL increased the growth of M. cajuputi with plant high 47.35 cm and stem diameter 5.57 mm and total dry weight of CM (Calopogonium mucunoides) was 26.83 g.Key words: ex-coal mine soil, Melaleuca cajuputi, POME

Pamoengkas P, Siregar IZ, Dwisutono AN. 2018. Stand structure and species composition of merbau in logged-over forest in Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 163-171. Single selective cutting is the most common form of timber extraction in natural forest in the tropics. Although, vast tracts natural forests are already logged-over, the effect of logging on the structure and species composition has been sparsely documented, especially for merbau (Intsia bijuga). Merbau is an excellent timber species and intensively harvested in Papua. The objective of this study was to analyze the structure and species composition of merbau in the several logged-over forests at different ages, i.e., 1, 5, 11, 16, 21 years old after selective logging and primary forest as the reference plot. The study was conducted in February 2016 at Sarmi District, Papua. The distributions of merbau in each plot varies but when they were compared with that in the primary forest that had reached 9.81%. Thus, the decrease of merbau trees in the plots of logged forest areas was not significant. Index of Diversity of all growth stages was high. In general, the number of merbau seedling regeneration in the study plots are above the average value standardized in Selective Cutting and Replanting System (TPTI) regulation. With regard to the condition of sapling regeneration, we concluded that selective logging might not provide enough growing space for regeneration of merbau. Providing appropriate growing space is one of the key factors to achieve adequate merbau natural regeneration.

Harapan rainforest situated in South Sumatera is a restoration area of PT REKI company that highly susceptible to land conversion. The problem faced in the effort of restoration is the restorated area that is too large and has not been tested any silvicultural techniques. The condition of land cover is the basic information that could be used as a reference in the preparation of restoration strategy. The study aimed to determine the level of damage, the condition of the ecosystem, appropriate silvicultural techniques, and plant species restoration priorities. The used methods were analysis of vegetation in 4 typologies (secondary forest, old shrub, young shurb, former akasia plantations), and the analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The results showed that the correlation between density value (y) and NDVI (x) was: y = -136.35+425.46x, R 2 (0.89). The order of area with the level of damage from the lowest to the highest were: the typology of secondary forest, old shurb, young shrub, and former akasia plantation, respectively. The typology of secondary forests had the highest value of diversity, richness, and evenness (H’>3, Dmg>5, and E>0.6). Relationship between former akasia plantations typology and another tipologies was not germane (euclidean distance> 3.31), and the relationship between seedling and trees in all typologies (with the exception of former akasia plantations) was very high (r> 0.9). Silvicultural techniques that could be done include eradicating A. mangium in the former akasia plantation and planting in the all typologies with the exception of secondary forest. The plants that could be used for restoration are Macaranga sp., K.malaccensis, Nephelium sp., P.gutta, H.mengarawan, S.leprosula.

Natural regeneration of Dipterocarpaceae depends on the availability of the mother trees, flowering cycle, and favorable site conditions. Potential seed of Shorea leprosula in Haurbentes Forest Research, Jasinga District, Bogor, should be supported with sufficient regeneration ability. This research aims to identify the condition of regeneration of Shorea leprosula, environmental conditions and soil conditions that support for the sustainability of the S. leprosula regeneration in Haurbentes Forest Research, Jasinga, Bogor district. The results of the vegetation analysis showed that condition of the forest regeneration S. leprosula in KHDTK Haurbentes quite sufficient for seedling which are found quite a lot and dominating on every block of observations. However, seedlings are experiencing obstacles in resuming its growth to the level of sapling and poles. This can be seen by the existence of another species that dominates at the level of the sapling and the least amount of poles found. The existence of competition with other species and lack of space grows to regeneration due to the dominance of mature trees suspected that caused the regeneration S. leprosula on blocks of thisplant disturbed. Environmental conditions and soil conditions sufficiently support growth of S. leprosula. However, the lack of light intensity that goes into the stands is suspected to be one of the barriers to regeneration of S. leprosula .

Selective cutting and line planting silvicultural system has been carried out in natural forest to increase the growth rate of red meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq.). Even though high growth rate has been understood tend to decrease certain basic properties of wood; however measurement of the basic properties specifically done on the red meranti resulted from thinning and shade free gap treatment has been lacking. In the present research, measurement of the basic properties of red meranti resulted from thinning and shade free gap treatment was done. It was found that thinning and increasing shade free gap increased the diameter of tree, longitudinal shrinkage, fiber diameter, lumen diameter, sapwood extractives, and ash content. On the other hand, these treatment decreased heartwood proportion, crown coverage, specific gravity, wood density, mechanical properties, radial and tangential shrinkage, fiber length, cell wall thickness and heartwood extractives. Lignin, holocellulose, α-cellulose and hemicelluloses were not significantly influenced by the treatments. Overall, thinning and increasing shade free gap tended to reduce the quality of wood.

Mindi ( Melia azedarach L.) is mostly found in community forests of West Java. One of the important factors affecting productivity of community forests is the use of quality seed. Due to scarcity of seed sources, however, seed quality is not easily available. Currently, community forests serve also as ad hoc seed sources that are usually without appropriate quality assessment. This research was aimed to determine baseline information on spatial variability of mindi fruits collected from five seed sources, and seedling growths treated in seven different growing media consisting mixtures of soil, rice husk, sand and cattle manure. Five mindi populations were selected in the following villages: Nagrak (Bogor), Babakan Rema (Kuningan), Padasari (Sumedang), Sukakarya (Bogor) and Gambung (Bandung). The results showed that variability of seed dimension (CV=4.82-14.37%) and seedling growth (11.79-21.77%) were moderate. The mindi fruits from Nagrak were found to be the biggest in terms of size (1.22 ± 0.17 cm), weight (0.40 ± 0.04 g), and seed set (85.47 ± 15.09%). In addition, the seedling growth from Nagrak was also better than those of other villages showing its potential for future seed sources. Growing media containing cattle manure were observed consistently to be the best for seedling growth. The findings are useful in supporting scientifically the selection of seed sources from community forests.

Forest exploitation and conversion to other landuse may cause lost of biodiversity, including most important dipterocarp trees species, i.e. Shorea leprosula and Shorea laevis. The objective of this study was to determine the rarity status of the two important shorea species, i.e. S. laevis and S. leprosula, based on IUCN criteria, their habitat characteristics, and their association with other species, as one of the basis for determining their conservation strategy as a part of forest management. This study was conducted in three types of ecosystem (virgin forest, secondary forest, and fragmented forest) in Muara Teweh, Central Kalimantan. Methodology used in this research includes vegetation and tree diversity analysis. Study results showed that both S. laevis and S. leprosula were included within category of “low risk” in the 3 types of ecosystem in the forest area being studied. Habitat characteristics which determined the absence of S. laevis in the virgin forest habitat was the soil permeability which was too low, whereas other soil chemical and physical properties in the three types of ecosystems were relatively similar. Presence of S. laevis were positively associated with species of S. uliginosa, Dialium platysepalum, Dipterocarpus ibmalatus, Palaquium rostatum, Vatica rasak, Adinandra sp., and Memecyclon steenis. On the other hand, S. leprosula were positively correlated with S. kunstleri, Castanopsis sp., Shorea sp., Quercus bennettii, Castanopsis argentea, and D. hasseltii.Keywords: threatened species, Shorea spp., habitat characteristic, ecosystems type, associated species

Pamoengkas P (2010) Potentialities of line planting technique in rehabilitation of logged over area referred to species diversity, growth and soil quality. Biodiversitas 11: 34-39. Human interventions in the utilization of tropical forest resources are experiencing unanticipated consequences. The selective logging practices generally cause considerable damage to vegetation and the soil surface. It is supposed that soil condition and vegetation growth rate is deteriorated and reduced. Therefore, scientist strongly argue that the only wayto achieve sustainability of Indonesian natural forest will require that the production natural forest is managed through methods that are acceptable from the perspective of environment as well as timber production. This means that there will be a strong need and incentive for methods and innovative technology. For more than two decades, tropical rainforest in Indonesia have been managed intensively under the Indonesian selective cutting (TPI) and later on by the Indonesian selective cutting and replanting (TPTI) and then, selective cutting and line planting (TPTJ) system. TPTJ, as one example of selective cutting, recently become a proper alternative should be takeninto consideration in the management of production natural forest in Indonesia by planting dipterocarp species in line. In this system, planting line (width 3 m) and intermediate line (width 17 m) are made alternately. The initial width of line is 3 m and to be expanded until 10 m within 5 years to introduce more light. The objective of this research was to assess growth and soil quality of TPTJ system. The object of research was TPTJ plot of various ages from 1 year to 7 years. For achieving the objective, 14 sample plots measuring 200 m x 200 m each, were laid out at research plots. The result showed that growth respond of Shorea leprosula toward the width of planting line was better comparing to Shorea parvifolia, but generally from this growth assessment it seems that individual tree has a successfully performance. In terms of soil quality, it was seen that planting line establishment of 3 m and more, does not cause soil properties decrease in the whole plots.Key words: selective logging, production forest, selective cutting and line planting, dipterocarp species, growth, soil quality.

Attempt to rehabilitate degraded natural forests in Indonesia is recently carried out by applying selective cutting and line planting (TPTJ) silvicultural system. One of the most important aspects of TPTJ silvicultural system is the procurement methods of large number of planting stocks. Shorea johorensis Foxw was investigated in this regards as one of promising Shorea species for rehabilitating degraded forests due to its fast growing character. The species is usually propagated by three different propagation techniques, namely up-rooted seedlings, seeds and cuttings. Genetic consequences due to different propagation methods in this species are poorly known and need to be studied in order to determine genetic variation and differentiation. Material from five origins (populations), namely: (i) up-rooted seedlings, (ii) seeds, (iii) cuttings, (iv) young plantation and (v) natural forest were randomly taken in the field and subsequently assessed by RAPD using threepreviously tested random primers of OPO-11, OPO-13 and OPO-16. Results showed that natural tree populations showed the highest levels of genetic variation with mean values na = 1.2593, ne = 1.2070, PLP = 25.93% and He = 0.1109. Cutting populations showed the lowest levels of genetic variation with mean values na = 1.1111, ne = 1.0773, PLP = 11.11% and He = 0.0445. Meanwhile, according to the propagation techniques, up-rooted seedling population revealed the highest levels of genetic variation with mean values na = 1.2222, ne =1.1613, PLP = 22.22% and He = 0.0886. Particular methods of plant propagation in this company, especially cutting method, reduced significant genetic variation of S. johorensis.Key words: Shorea johorensis Foxw, RAPD, genetic variation, silvicultural system