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Natural (Caprine bone) Hydroxyapatite/Phyllanthus acidus and Gallium substituted Hydroxyapatite/Phyllanthus acidus composite powders were successfully synthesized by thermal decomposition method. The synthesized powders were confirmed function group by FTIR and the phase purity, crystalline size through XRD results. The SEM results show that the size of the Hydroxyapatite powders reduced with the substitution of Gallium in the natural Hydroxyapatite composite which leads to the formation of finer powders and uniform surface morphology. Natural Gallium substituted Hydroxyapatite/Phyllanthus acidus composite were successfully achieved to obtained better morphology. Gallium substituted Hydroxyapatite/Phyllanthus acidus shows better antibacterial activity compare to Hydroxyapatite/Phyllanthus acidus composite.

Phyllanthus is a large genus of shrubs, trees and rare herbs of the family Euphorbiaceae, comprising more than 600 species [1]. The aim of this project was to identify the phytochemicals present in P. niruri and the antidiabetic activity of the ethanolic extracts of the plant. The phytochemical analysis for alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinone, phenols, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, carbohydrates and amino acids were made by following standard procedures. The antidiabetic property of the plant extract was evaluated using insulin as standards through inhibition of alphaamylase enzyme activity. The presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, carbohydrates, coumarins, anthraquinones and amino acids was observed. The total phenolic content in the extract was measured using catechol (standard) and a graph was plotted with concentration on X axis and absorbance on the Y axis. The total phenolic content was calculated. The calibration curves of α-amylase inhibition of Insulin and P. niruri was used to calculate the IC50 value.

Background: Chemotherapy as part of colorectal cancer management can cause death to immunologically active tumor cell, but also it has immune suppressive effect. Phyllanthus niruri Linn is known to has immunomodulatory effect. This study was intended to prove P. niruri Linn effect on infiltrating dendritic cells and Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios (NLRs) in Sprague–Dawley rats with colorectal cancer which were given capecitabine chemotherapy. Methods: The study was randomized post–test only control group design. The samples were 39 Sprague–Dawley male rats, with body weight around 170–220 grams, induced by 1,2-dimetylhydrazine (DMH) 30 mg/kgBW once per week subcutaneously. On 9th,11th and 13th week, there were four induced rats sacrificed each week to detect colorectal cancer (CRC) development. On the 13th week, all of the 4 sacrificed rats developed colon cancer, so the induction had to be stopped. The rest of 27 induced rats were randomly divided into three groups: control-group (K) were left untreated (9 rats), group P1 (9 rats) were given Capecitabine and group P2 (9 rats) were given Capecitabine with combination of P. niruri Linn extract 13.5 mg/kgBW orally. After 17th week, all rats were terminated and tumor lesion of colon were processed to be paraffin blocks and were stained with HE for evaluating the NLRs, and immunohistochemistry (S100) for evaluating infiltrating dendritic cells. Data was analyzed by using Oneway-Anova-test and post-Hoc LSD-test. Considered significant if p was

Background and Aim: Many plants contain bioactive substances with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cocos nucifera shell liquid smoke (CSL), clove leaf extract (CLE), and mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) alone and in combination against Escherichia coli and Candida utilis. The antioxidant activity, phenol, saponin, and tannin of CSL, CLE, MPE, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extract were also measured. Materials and Methods: The agar well-diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of CSL, methanolic MPE, and CLE and their combination CSL+MPE+CLE (COMBI) on bacteria E. coli and fungus (C. utilis). Antioxidant activity was measured by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method. Total phenol and total tannin were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and total saponin was measured by the vanillin-sulphate method. Results: The results indicated that phenolic and tannin levels were greater in MPE than in CLE, whereas the saponin content was higher in CLE compared with MPE. Undiluted (100%) MPE exhibited lower antibacterial activity (p

Background and AIM: Potential utilization of medicine from herbal origin is on the rise due to adverse effects of allopathic medicines. Phyllanthin extracted from Phyllanthus niruri has been shown to be effective in Hepatoprotective effect. Its therapeutic effect in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not much explored. The present study aim was to evaluate the role of phyllanthin in mice fed with methionine choline deficient (MCD) diet. Materials and Methods: Four–five week-old C57lb/6 mice were fed MCD diet for 4 weeks to develop experimental model of NAFLD in small animal research laboratory, PGIMER, Chandigarh. Phyllanthin extract and commercially available phyllanthin was used to assess the impact on NAFLD animal model. After recovery animal weight, liver function test, and lipid profile were measured. Data were showed as mean and standard deviation. Statistical analysis was executing using SPSS v21. Results: Data revealed that administration of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg crude extract significantly reduced (P

Introduction and Aim: Phyllanthus acidus L.Skeels (Family: Phyllanthaceae) or Star Gooseberry which bears small, edible, juicy, sour, yellow berries fruit is known as a “liver tonic” in ayurvedic medicine. However, the behavior of the plant fruit or its constituents in cell apoptosis/cell survival is unknown. Hence, the purpose of thepresent study was to perform an in silico docking of selective bioactive compounds of aqueous extract of fruit of P.acidus (PAFAE) against MAPK1. Mitogen activated protein kinase is a family of serine threonine specific protein kinases- MAPK1/ERK1/2, JNK1-3, p38MAPK and ERK5.Activation ofMAPK1 promotes cell survival in certain tissues by inhibiting proapoptotic proteins and by stimulating anti apoptotic factors. Methodology: In silico docking studies was carried out using bioinformatics tools.The active compounds (Trihomovitamin D3; 2Z,6Z,8Z,12E Hexadecatetraenoic acid, Methyl prednisolone, Hydroxysalmeterol and Tridesacetoxykhivorin) ofP.acidus aqueous fruit extract were docked against MAPK1 resulting in receptor-ligand complex. Results: The binding energy is correlated with the probability of affinity and stable bound between ligand and its receptor. Conclusion: The molecular docking study of selective bioactive compounds of PAFAE with MAPK1 protein revealed that Tridesacetoxykhivorinand Methyl Prednisolone, is having good interaction in favorable pose with MAPK1 as shownfrom theireffective binding energy(-7.79kcal/mol and -7.19 kcal/mol), strong bond length and interactions with active site of MAPK1.

Meniran ( Phyllanthus niruri ), patikan kebo ( Euphorbia hirta ), and benalu ( Loranthus sp.) have often been used by people as medicinal plants. This research aimed to measure the levels of flavonoids, phenolics, and ascorbic acid compounds, as well as the Free Radical Scavenging (FRS) activity of ethyl acetate extract from the mixture of P. niruri , E. hirta , and Loranthus sp. The FRS activity was measured with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The level of compounds was measured by using the spectrophotometry method with specific reagents. The result of the FRS activity in ethyl acetate extract from the mixture of P. niruri , E. hirta , and Loranthus sp. varied depending on its dose. The measure of FRS in the P. niruri : E. hirta : Loranthus sp 0:0:1 (K-OOL) composition showed a strong result with a value of IC 50 97.2 ± 2.1 ppm, while in the 0:0.5:0.5 (K-OEL) composition it was moderate with a value of IC 50 147.6 ± 6.5 ppm. The other compositions showed weak and inactive results. The K-OOL composition had the highest flavonoid and phenolic content that were 298.8±0.00 mg QE/g extract and 141.5±2.85 mg GAE/g extract respectively. The composition with the highest ascorbic acid content (298.8±0.00 mg/g extract) was K-OEO composition. So far, research on medicinal plants is still limited to one type of plant. The combination of several types of plants in several formulations allows obtaining a composition that can produce maximum antioxidant capacity. Therefore, this research is expected to produce a combination formulation of various types of medicinal plants that have the K-OOL composition very strong antioxidant activity and can be used as herbal medicines.

Introduction: Ceremai (Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels) fruit contains AHA (Alpha Hydroxy Acids) compounds which are widely used as a moisturizer or as an exfoliating process in cosmetics production. It also contains vitamin C and flavonoids, both of which acts as whitening agents. Aim: This study aims to utilise a source of natural AHA active substances found in P.acidus in face cream preparations. Methods: The juice from P.acidus was dried by freeze-drying method and formulated into a cream with the preparation process evaluated for one month. Results: The observation results showed that after one month, there was no change in colour during storage, with the pH, viscosity and spreadability of the cream in the range 4.5-6.2, 2700-3996 cps, and 4.8-5.7 cm, respectively. Conclusion: P.acidus fruit juice containing AHA can be formulated into a face cream with good physical stability.

Today, orthodox medicine has almost exceeded its limits in resolving subfertility problems in animals, thus making phytomedicine a primary tool in the treatment of infertility. In this work, three herbal supplements obtained from freshly air-dried Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus amarus and Viscum album leaves were evaluated to ascertain their comparative effect on the reproductive potentials of bucks. Sixty bucks were allotted four diets made up of standard grower rabbit ration without supplement and with 5% Moringa, Mistletoe and Phyllanthus supplementation for 84 days. Semen samples were collected from all bucks using artificial vagina, for semen quality and seminal oxidative stress markers. The organ weights, testicular and epididymal spermatozoa reserves were assessed to determine sperm production potentials using standard procedures. The result obtained revealed that spermatozoa concentration, progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity and the amplitude of lateral head was significantly (p 0.05) higher in the group fed with mistletoe supplemented diet compared to that recorded in the control groups. The inclusion of herbal supplements linearly (p 0.05) increased the seminal total antioxidant activity with a corresponding decrease in the seminal lipid peroxidation across the herbal supplemented treatments compared to the control. The gonadal and extra-gonadal sperm reserves of bucks fed on the herbal supplements were depleted compared to bucks on control. Bucks on mistletoe supplementation rivalled the superior daily sperm production and testicular sperm reserve in bucks without herbal supplements. In conclusion, Viscum album supplements in bucks' diets encouraged daily sperm production, testicular sperm reserves, testosterone, as well as spermatozoa kinetics. The three herbal supplements did enhance semen oxidative stability.

Phyllanthus niruri (Indonesian: meniran) is a crude drug used in scientific jamu for hyperuricemia, mild hypertension, osteoarthritis, hemorrhoids, and hypercholesterolemia. This plant contains various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenes, coumarins, lignans, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, etc. Phyllanthus niruri is a wild plant growing in the tropics and sub-tropics of Asia, America, and China. This herb grows well from the lowlands to the highlands, such as bushes, terrain, yards, roadsides, gardens, and rivers. The levels of active compounds in a plant can vary depending on many factors, such as growing location, temperature, humidity, rainfall, and others. This research aimed to evaluate and differentiate P. niruri herbs according to their geographical location using FTIR fingerprint coupled with chemometrics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). The results of this study showed that 14 samples of P. niruri are classified into two groups. The first group consists of P. niruri powder originating from Tawangmangu, Kediri, Surabaya, Bangkalan, Gresik, Mojokerto, Kertosono, Krian, Blitar, Nganjuk, unknown 1, unknown 2, and unknown 3, whereas the second group consists of only one sample from Pasuruan. In conclusion, FTIR fingerprint analyzed with chemometrics is adequate to differentiate the powder of P. niruri collected from different locations. FTIR fingerprints combined with chemometrics can be further considered as a method in the quality control process of P. niruri .

Objectives Phyllanthus niruri has been known as an immunomodulator and also reported to possess an antiviral activity against several RNA viruses, such as hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus by inhibiting viral entry and replication. Since the current situation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) which infected among the world and caused severe disease and high morbidity, it urgently needed to find new agents against COVID-19. Therefore, in silico screening against COVID-19 receptors is carried out as an initial stage of drug discovery by evaluating the activity of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin, an isolated from Phyllanthus niruri, in inhibiting spike glycoprotein (6LZG) and main protease (5R7Y) which play as target receptors of COVID-19. Methods Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0 used to determine the best binding energy through the rerank score which shows the total energy bonds calculation. Results Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin demonstrated to possess greater binding affinity toward the COVID-19 inhibition sites than their native ligand. The rerank score of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin are lower than the native ligands 6LZG and 5R7Y. This result indicated that phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin have a stronger interaction than the native ligands both in spike glycoprotein (entry inhibitor) and main protease (translation and replication inhibitor). Conclusions In conclusion, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin are predicted to have strong activity against COVID-19 through inhibiting spike glycoprotein and main protease under in silico study. Further research is needed to support the development of P. niruri as inhibitor agents of COVID-19 through bioassay studies.

Present piece of work has been performed with an aim to engender genetic variations in Andrographis paniculata (Burm f.) Nees and Phyllanthus niruri L. since both plants own low or very poor genetic variations due to wild nature. A. paniculata and P. niruri both are magnificent hepatoprotective wild medicinal plants which have been used since ancient times as an ethnomedicine to cure several common and chronic ailments with the high competence and less side effects. UV-B radiations induce mutations because they are absorbed by major biomolecule predominantly by proteins and nucleic acids chiefly DNA. Owing to enormous potential as herbal medicines, both plants i.e. Andrographis and Phyllanthus have been selected for mutation breeding experiments using Ultraviolet-B radiations (UV-B) as a mutagen. When germinating seedlings of A. paniculata and P. niruri were reached up to 1–3 cm, they were treated with UV-B radiations for 0 min, 10 min, 20 min and 30 min with a recovery period of one hour at room temperature and were planted in earthen pots in triplicates. During observations, significant variations in growth and pigment content have been observed in both plants (A. paniculata and P. niruri) in a dose based manner. A wide spectrum of chlorophyll phenodeviants (chlorophyll deficient mutants) in M2 generation such as xantha, xanthoviridis, alboviridis, virscent and chlorina mutants in A. paniculata and variegated plant, xanthoviridis, xantha and albino mutants in P. niruri have also been observed. Out of all the chlorophyll mutants obtained, few were lethal hence not survived later, while rest were survived till different stages of development. On the basis of occurrence of chlorophyll phenodeviants in Andrographis and Phyllanthus, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of different doses of UV-B rays have been indexed. The practice of indexing of effectiveness and efficiency of any mutagen is being used for the successful execution of mutation breeding programs to find the optimum dose that may facilitate induction of a multitude of other lucrative mutations.

Phyllaciduloids E (1) and F (2), two new cleistanthane diterpenoids, were isolated from the leaves of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (Phyllanthaceae). Their planar structures were established by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature values. The relative configurations of phyllaciduloids E and F were confirmed by DFT-NMR chemical shift calculations and subsequent CP3 probability methods. Phyllaciduloids E and F were evaluated for their cytotoxicity. However, no significant activities were detected at concentrations up to 40 μM.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles exhibit good anticancer and antibacterial activities. They are known to be environmentally friendly, stable, less toxic, and have excellent biocompatibility nature. Due to these properties, they are well suited for biological applications particularly in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and cancer therapy. In this research article, three medicinal herbs namely, Plectranthus amboinicus (Karpooravalli), Phyllanthus niruri (Keezhanelli), and Euphorbia hirta (Amman Pacharisi), were used to modify the surface of the TiO2 nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were subjected to various characterization techniques. The samples are then subjected to MTT assay to determine cell viability. KB oral cancer cells are used for the determination of the anticancer nature of the pure and bio modified nanoparticles. It is observed that Plectranthus amboinicus-Phyllanthus niruri modified TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit excellent anticancer activities among other bio modified and pure samples. The samples are then examined for antibacterial activities against three Gram-negative bacterial strains namely, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two Gram-positive bacterial strains namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans, respectively. Among the modified and pure samples, Plectranthus amboinicus showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the Flow cytometry analysis, the generation of p53 protein expression from Plectranthus amboinicus-Phyllanthus niruri modified TiO2 nano herbal particles shows the anti-cancerous nature of the sample. Then to determine the toxic nature of the Plectranthus amboinicus-Phyllanthus niruri modified TiO2 nano herbal particles against normal cells, the NPs were subjected to MTT assay against normal L929 cells, and it was found to be safer and less toxic towards the normal cells.

A new species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae: Eriococcus), P. sanatanadharmae, from the southern part of Western Ghats, India is described. Detailed taxonomic description and colour photographs are provided along with key to the section Eriococcus in Kerala region of Western Ghats.

BackgroundThe liver is the vital organ which plays a major role in metabolism with numerous functions in the human beings such as protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. Present research work is focused on hepatoprotective potential of chloroform (PNFC) and ethyl acetate (PNFEA) endophytic fractions fromPhyllanthus niruri Linn. against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. To test our hypothesis, both endophytic fungal fractions were tested for vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activity. Serum biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGOT, SALP, cholesterol, bilirubin, and protein were estimated to assess hepatoprotective activity.ResultsGroup of rats treated with CCl4possess marked hepatic damage and oxidative stress which indicates that cellular leakage and loss of functional integrity of cell membrane in liver. PNFC and PNFEA fractions of endophyte fromPhyllanthus niruri Linn. stem have significantly reduced the elevated levels of biomarkers like SGPT, SGOT, SALP, bilirubin, cholesterol, and total protein in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The results obtained confirm hepatoprotective activity of endophytic fractions (PNFC and PNFEA) mediated through the stabilization of plasma membrane, repair of hepatic tissue damage, return of biochemical marker levels to normal, and regeneration of hepatocytes. Histopathological observations revealed improvement in the liver architecture after the treatment of secondary metabolites of endophytic fractions against CCl4-induced liver damage. Both fungal endophytes PNFC and PNFEA showed DPPH scavenging activity with IC50of 97.79 μg/ml and 108.40 μg/ml, respectively, and possess antioxidant potential. Presence of flavonoids in the both fractions of endophytes may be a possible reason for its antioxidant potential and identified asEurotium amstelodamistrain.ConclusionBoth fungal endophytes PNFC and PNFEA possess hepatoprotective potential due to the presence of secondary metabolites of fungi, i.e.,Eurotiumam stelodamistrain which support the claim endophytes and act as a potent biomedicine for treatment of various chronic diseases.

This study focused to develop the fingerprint profile of Phyllanthus niruri through high performance thin layer chromatography. Various solvent extracts such as ethanol and water were prepared and phytochemical screening was made using standard procedures. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of two extracts of the plant showed the presence of secondary metabolites viz., alkaloids, triterpenoids, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids and steroids. The total flavonoid contents of leaves were significantly higher than those revealed in stem and root. The total phenolic contents of Phyllanthus niruri leaves (aqueous extract), leaves (ethanol extract) and root (ethanol extract) were 5.71 mg GAE/100 mg extract, 7.66 mg GAE/100 mg and 5.63 mg GAE/100 mg extract respectively. Methanol extract of Phyllanthus niruri was subjected to HPTLC analysis due to it is most effective, highly polar universal solvent for extraction of phytoconstituents. Among the samples, leaves extract resolved maximum number of spots followed by stem extract and root extract. It can be concluded that HPTLC fingerprinting of Phyllanthus niruri may be useful in differentiating the species from the adulterant and authentication of this herbal plant in the medical field and systematic plant studies.

Phyllanthus niruri is widely used in Indonesia as immunostimulant. The morphology of Leucaena leucocephala leaves is similar to that of P. niruri leaves. L. leucocephala is easy to find and collect because it is widely distributed in the world. Therefore, it is likely P. niruri could be adulterated with L. leucocephala. Therefore, identification and authentication of P. niruri is important to ensure the raw materials used are original without any substitution or mixture with other similar plants causing inconsistencies in their efficacy. In this paper, we described feasibility used of UV-Vis spectral fingerprinting and chemometrics for rapid method for the identification and detection of P. niruri leaves adulterated with L. leucocephala leaves. UV-Vis spectra of samples measured in the interval of 200-800 nm and signal smoothing followed by standard normal variate were used for pre-processing the spectral data. Principal component analysis (PCA) with the absorbance data from the pre-processed UV-Vis spectra in the range of 250-700 nm as variables could distinguish P. niruri from L. leucocephala. PCA followed by discriminant analysis (DA) could successfully classified P. niruri mixed with 5, 25, and 50% L. luecocephala into their respective groups (96.81%). We also employed soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) for authentication of P. niruri and found that 88.3% of the samples were also correctly classified into their respective groups. A combination of UV-Vis spectroscopy with chemometrics, such as PCA-DA and SIMCA, were used for the first time for the identification and detection of P. niruri adulterated with L. leucocephala.

We report here the rediscovery of Phyllanthus itatiaiensis Brade (Phyllanthaceae) after 50 years, as well as its occurrence in Minas Gerais State in southeastern Brazil. We provide a taxonomic diagnosis, in situ photographs, a distribution map, and a reassessment of its conservation status, which will contribute to our knowledge of this rare and endemic species as well as our ability to protect it.

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the neurological, behavioral, and autonomic changes of Phyllanthus niruri in Swiss albino mice using Irwin’s method. Methods: A total of 24 mice was divided into four groups of six each (3-male, 3-female in each group). Aqueous extract of P. niruri was prepared. Based on body weight aqueous extract was given to the mice by orally through gavage tube (Group I – 300 mg/kg, Group II – 600 mg/kg, Group III – 900 mg/kg, and Group IV – 1200 mg/kg). Neuropharmacological profile is studied for each mice using Irwin’s observational test, the mice were observed for 4 h after oral administration for various behavioral, neurological, and autonomic changes at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 h. Results: P. niruri showed negligible actions at 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight. At 900 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg P. niruri showed certain behavioral and neuronal changes. P. niruri increased alertness, stereotypy, restlessness, irritability/aggressiveness in behavioral profile indicating that the drug is a CNS stimulant. Furthermore, it showed mild tremors in neurological profile indicating CNS excitation. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of P. niruri at 900 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg showed changes in behavioral profile, neurological profile, showing it as CNS stimulant properties. Since it is an observational study further research should be done to explore CNS stimulant properties in various in vivo studies.

Herein, the green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract was accomplished by the sol‐gel method. The structure and particle size of the synthesised TiO2 nanoparticles were characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and the size was found to be 20 nm. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectra determined the existence of carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups. The images from SEM analysis recommended a porous and heterogeneous surface. The methyl orange (MO) dye removal was examined using different parameters such as pH, time, dose, temperature and dye concentration. Maximum dye elimination percentage was achieved at pH 6.0 and 0.02 g as the optimum adsorbent dose. The kinetic analysis suggested that the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model finely defines adsorption dynamics. Langmuir adsorption isotherm studies revealed endothermic monolayer adsorption of the methyl Orange dye. The negative value of ∆G° and positive value of ∆H° showed the spontaneous and endothermic adsorption method.

In a very short time, the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a global pandemic. It has infected about 29,155,581 patients and brought forth death rate about 926,544 among 216 countries as recorded by World Health Organization on 15th September 2020. At present, there is no specific and direct treatment or vaccine for this infectious disease. No therapeutic options available to cure the infection in till date which increases the mortality rate across the countries. Currently there is no antiviral treatments have been approved, several approaches have been proposed in western medicine, Chinese medicine, CAM, AYUSH and other systems. Siddha Herbal medicines are achieving high attention because of the extensive therapeutics like potent anti-microbial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India recommended 12 Siddha herbals (Inji – Zingiber officinale, Thulasi – Ocimum sanctum, Milaku – Piper nigrum, Karunjeeragam – Nigella sativa, Keezhanelli – Phyllanthus niruri, Adhimathuram – Glycyrrhiza glabra, Vellaippoondu – Allium sativum, Citramutti – Sida cardifolia, Seenthil – Tinospora cordifolia, Manjal – Curcuma longa, Elumitchai – Citrus lemon and Vembu – Azadirachta indica) for the prevention by enhancing immunity as well as for the management of this infectious disease in its recent official publication ‘Guidelines for Siddha Practitioners for COVID 19’. This is the common advisory and the anti-viral activity of these herbals against COVID 19 is not established yet. The current situation demands proper herbal drug utilization to prepare the population immunity to fight against the infection. The present review spotlight on the literature review and the review of pharmacological actions of these herbals.

Newcastle Disease or tetelo is one of main problem in poultry Industry in Indonesia. Prevention such as biosecurity control and routin vaccination program have been conducted to overcome this problem, but they have not given any great impact. Phyllanthus Niruri L. or meniran is well known as immunostimulatory. This research was aimed to reveal effect of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract on chicken vaccinated with live vaccine LaSota. Administration of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract was conducted on three different time which were 7 days before vaccination, 1 days after vaccination, and 3 days before and after vaccination. The amount of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract administered were 2 ml, 2.5 ml, and 3 ml orally. Data of antibody titre were collected for 4 weeks after the treatment. It was obtained by measuring the antibody through Haemagglutination Inhibition test each week. According to the result Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract could increase the amount of antibody titre against Newcastle Disease. The amount of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract given that capable to induced maximum of antibody titre was administered 1 days after the vaccination with amount 2.5 ml. It is suggested that Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract should be administered post vaccination to boost antibody synthesis.

—Phyllanthus dardanoi is described and illustrated as a new species apparently endemic to montane forests in northeastern Brazil. It belongs to Phyllanthus sect. Phyllanthus subsect. Clausseniani, and is characterized by staminate flowers with five sepals, two stamens completely connate into a column and with anthers slightly emarginate, dehiscing horizontally, and a cupuliform disk. The new species is similar to P. subemarginatus.

The Phyllanthus niruri is traditionally used for curing of kidney disorders and urinary stones in Malaysia. Hence the current work was aimed to evaluate the effect of different solvents extract (n- hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) of P. niruri for in vitro anti-urolithiatic properties in terms of inhibition activity on CaOx by using the rate of CaOx aggregation assay and dissolution of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal by using titrimetry method. Cystone was used as positive control. The effects of cystone on slope of nucleation and aggregation as well as growth of CaOx were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The highest yield percentage of P.niruri was occupied by methanol (5.74 %). The maximum inhibition against aggregation of CaOx crystals was also occupied by methanol (66.67 % ± 1.61) and was comprised with alkaloid, steroid, terpenoid and tannin. Dissolution effect on calcium oxalate crystals indicates that the aqueous extracts of P. niruri was found to be more effective in dissolution of CaOx with 63.33 % ± 1.44. P. niruri significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the slope of nucleation and aggregation of CaOx crystallization, and reduced the crystal density. The results of the present study confirmed that P. niruri leaves can be used as remedial mediator for urolithiasis. However, further studies are required for isolation and identification of active constituents and their in-vivo confirmation.

Medicinal plant-derived bioactive compounds have recently gained more interest in biological research as an important source of novel drug candidates. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) is a widely distributed herbal medicinal plant naturally used in Ayurvedic medicine in Bangladesh. The present study focused on exploring the biological potential as well as the inhibitory effect of EAC cell growth with a comparative analysis between Phyllanthus acidus fruit pulp and seed. Crude methanol extract of P. acidus (MEPA) fruit pulp and seed was assessed as DPPH and NO free radical scavengers. While Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay, the standard protocol of phytochemical screening and hemagglutination assay were performed successively to determine the toxic effect on normal cells, the identification of some crucial phytochemicals, and the existence of lectin protein. EAC (Ehrlich’s Ascites Carcinoma) cell growth inhibition was determined by hemocytometer and morphological changes of EAC cells were observed by a fluorescence microscope using Swiss albino mice. The IC50 value of MEPA fruit pulp and seed was obtained as 57.159 µg/ml and 288.743 µg/ml respectively where minimal toxic effects on Brine Shrimp nauplii demonstrates that it is a good source of natural antioxidant compounds. Again, MEPA fruit pulp and seed-mediated effective agglutination of mouse blood erythrocyte strongly support the presence of lectin protein. Furthermore, MEPA fruit pulp and seed extract-treated EAC cells showed 65.71% and 28.57% growth inhibition respectively. The fluorescent microscopic examination of EAC cells treated with MEPA fruit pulp has shown more remarkable structural changes in the nucleus than that of seed. Based on the above findings, the present study reveals that MEPA fruit pulp can be considered as a novel biological candidate for the treatment of fatal diseases shortly.

Phyllanthus niruri has been widely used to treat a number of ailments in traditional medicine. The pharmacological and preventive potential of Phyllanthus niruri, such as in urolithiasis, hyperglycemia, hypertension, pain and mild cases of malaria, are well known. The present investigation was designed to study the protective effects of aqueous, methanol and chloroform extract of Phyllanthus niruri against oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Cytotoxicity of leaf extracts and H2O2 was identified by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), sulforhodamine B assay (SRB) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays. All the three extracts showed protection against H2O2 induced toxicity and reduced the loss of cell viability proving the cytoprotective effect of the extracts against H2O2 induced toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The aqueous extract rendered maximum protection when compared to that of methanolic and chloroform extract.

Phyllanthus niruri Linnaus (Euphorbiaceae) also known as Chanka piedra is widely grown and used throughout the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. In India it is present in the coastal areas. It is an annual herb and field weed having very short life. Phyllanthus comprises of 600-700 species with minor distinguishing features among them. In Indian ayurvedic system, plant extract of P. niruri is used as a medicine for asthma, bronchitis, anemia, leprosy, etc., As mentioned in the book Charaka Samhita P. niruri is used as an effective treatment for stimulating liver, improving digestion, to increase appetite and produce laxative effects. Phyllanthus niruri is a traditional herb with long-standing Ayurvedic, Chinese and Malay ethnomedical records and antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity refers to the process of killing or inhibiting the disease causing microbes. Methanolic extract of P. niruri is an effective antibacterial agent to treat bacterial infections since the extract exhibited significant antimicrobial potency. The alcoholic extract of leaves of Phyllanthus niruri shows significant antibacterial activity against cariogenic organisms. The anti microbial activity of aqueous extract is found to be more effective than the acetone extract of Phyllanthus niruri against pathogens responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastro-intestinal tracts. Keywords: Phyllanthus niruri. Chanka piedra, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Antibacterial, Herb.

Six names in Phyllanthus sect. Phyllanthus subsect. Clausseniani are typified (P. amoenus, P. claussenii, P. claussenii var. oblongifolius, P. heteradenius, P. hypoleucus, and P. janeirenis). Phyllanthus atalaiensis is treated as a synonym of P. heteradenius.

Degenerative disease is a serious health problem and causes a lot of deaths in Indonesia. One of the most dangerous degenerative diseases is cancer. Free radicals play a role in oxidative stress in the later stages of carcinogenesis. Antioxidant delays or inhibits cellular damage mainly through its free radical scavenging property. Meniran plants and guava leaves have high radical-scavenging activities. The previous studies reported that the combination of ginger and Meniran plant extract has a stronger antioxidant activity than the extract of a single plant. This research aims at determining the antioxidant activities of Meniran plants and guava leaves compared with its singular form. This research was conducted from October to December 2016 at the Chemical Laboratory of Nasional Health Science Institute and the Center for Development and Research of Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Tawangmangu, Karanganyar. The antioxidant activity assay was done using DPPH free radical method and vitamin C was used as the control. They were measured with UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. This study concludes that the IC50 value of Meniran plants was 30.689 ppm and the IC50 value of guava leaves was 13.7859. The IC50 values of Meniran plant and guava leaf combination with various ratios were 20.6095 ppm (1:1), 12.5629 ppm (1:2), and 16.841 ppm (2:1). The combination of Meniran plant and guava leaf extract (1: 2) had the strongest antioxidant activity of 12.56 ppm.

Emergent health threats have heightened human awareness of the need for health and wellness measures that promote resilience to disease. In addition to proper nutrition and exercise, health-conscious consumers are seeking natural-based modalities, e.g. botanical preparations, that positively impact the immune system. In Ayurvedic ethnomedicine, Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia), a deciduous climbing shrub indigenous to India, has been used to historically to combat acute and chronic inflammation as well as to promote a balanced immune response. As a dietary supplement, T. cordifolia has been administered most often as a decoction either alone or in compositions containing other medicinal plant extracts of the Terminalia and Phyllanthus species. Extensive phytochemical characterization of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of different Tinospora species has identified over two hundred different phytochemicals from non-overlapping chemical classes with the most abundant being diterpenoids containing the clerodane-type skeleton. Numerous pharmacology studies have demonstrated that T. cordifolia modulates key signaling pathways related to cell proliferation, inflammation, and immunomodulation. However, rigorous dereplication studies to identify active constituents in various T. cordifolia extracts and their fractions are lacking. In this review, we will summarize the current information regarding T. cordifolia's ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and safety in order to highlight its potential as an immunomodulatory dietary supplement.

Background. Phyllanthus niruri (local name : meniran) extract is utilized in treating kidney and uterus disease. Effects of ethanol extract of P. niruri on kidney and uterus of 2% NaCl triggered fibrotic rats had been studied. Aim of Study. Aim of this study to explore the effect of leafflower (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) treatment on kidney and uterus in 2% NaCl - induced fibrotic rats. Methods. Wistar rats were challenged with 2% NaCl in drinking water to induce fibrotic kidney and uterus. Phyllanthus niruri extract (200 mg/kg) was given orally for 4 weeks. Matrix extracellular abundance was determined by HE Staining and measured by METAVIR Fibrosis Score. The results of this study were assayed by SPSS 16. Results. P. niruri extract was potent to reduce the matrix extracellular in 2% NaCl-induced rats compared to control group (p

Present work describes the isolation and morphological identification of endophytic fungi from Phyllanthus niruri L. including their chemical and bioactivity screening. Two isolated and purified endophytic fungi with the internal strain numbers PNRE and PNLE were taxonomically identified as Colletotrichum sp. and Fusarium sp., respectively. Preliminary chemical screening of the fungal extracts through thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed the presence of various components. PNLE showed significant antifungal activity against the fungi Aspergillus niger (24 mm) and Aspergillus flavus (20 mm). Extracts of PNRE and PNLE gave significant cytotoxic activity with LC50 values of 1.08 μg mL-1 and 1.05 μg mL-1, respectively in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. PNRE extract showed mild scavenging of DPPH with IC50 value of 96.06 μg mL-1 during antioxidant activity screening. Crystal formation was observed in the crude PNRE fungal extract which was purified using methanol/dichloromethane (0-20%) to obtain pure white crystal and the structure was elucidated by NMR (1H NMR and 13C NMR) spectroscopic analysis to be confirmed as ergosterol. Since isolated fungi showed promising antifungal and cytotoxic activities, the crude extract of endophytic fungi of P. niruri could be considered as a promising source for isolation of potential bioactive compounds. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(4), 311-318, 2020

A B S T R A C TBackground The use of plants as natural medicinal ingredients isincreasingly in demand by the public because the plants are consideredto have lower negative effects than chemical drugs. The effect of mineranherbs extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) on the histological spectrum of theuterus and oviduct rat (Rattus Norvegicus) had been studied.Aim ofStudy Aim of this study to explore the effect of meniran herbs extract(Phyllanthus niruri Linn) on the histological spectrum of the uterus andoviduct rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Methods Wistar rats have been challengedwith 2% NaCl in drinking water to result in fibrotic uterus and oviduct.Phyllanthus niruri extract (200 mg/Kg) turned into given orally for 4weeks. Matrix extracellular abundance turned into decided via way ofmeans of HE Staining and measured via way of means of METAVIRFibrosis Score. The result of this examine have been assayed via way ofmeans of SPSS 16. Results P. niruri extract was potent to reduce thematrix extracellular in 2% NaCl-induced rats compared to control group(p0.05) in oviduct. Conclusion P. niruri extract was potent todecrease the matrix extracellular in the uterus of the rats, but in oviduct.

The study aims to investigate the Phytochemical Composition, Anti-oxidant and Anticancer properties of methanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri Schumach & Thonn And the Protein Modelling and drug docking. The research deals with the methanolic extraction and phytochemical screening, determination of total phenolic and flavonoids contents and anti-oxidant assay. By performing GC-MS characterisation, various active metabolites are analysed. Thin-layer chromatography profiling of the Phyllanthus niruri methanolic extract was performed. The IC50 of the Phyllanthus niruri methanolic extract against PA-1 Cell lines(Ovarian cancer) was calculated. Docking studies also performed for antitumor activity by using Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics software on corilagin and cisplatin. The results suggested that the methanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri leaves has the anticancer cancer effect on the ovarian cell line. The docking studies also performed that Corilagin interaction with T.F. receptor shows a high binding score when compared to cisplatin. Our future research can be done in this area to optimise anticancer activity efficacy. Our results can be further tested Clinico-pharmacologically to prove its efficiency in human beings.

This study investigates the effects of Phyllanthus amarus extract (PAE) on immune responses, growth, and resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). In vitro PAE treatment did not alter the cell viability of haemocytes and significantly enhanced immune parameters such as phenoloxidase (PO) activity, phagocytic activity, and superoxide anion (O2−) production. We conducted two feeding trials to examine the effects of PAE on the growth, disease resistance, and innate immune parameters of white shrimp. In the first in vivo trial, shrimps (4.01 ± 0.03 g) were fed a diet containing 0 g (control), 10 g (PAE10), 20 g (PAE20), or 40 g (PAE40) of PAE per kilogram of feed for 56 days. After the feeding period, the PAE20 group showed a significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate than shrimp fed the control diet. Furthermore, after challenge with V. alginolyticus, shrimp fed a diet containing PAE showed significantly higher survival than those fed the control diet. The second in vivo trial (28 days) was performed to identify the mechanisms of enhanced immunity in PAE-fed shrimp. Shrimp fed the PAE20 diet generally had the highest total haemocyte count, PO activity, phagocytic activity, and O2− production, followed by the PAE40 and PAE10 groups. Thus, our results suggest that administration of 20 g of PAE per kilogram of feed can enhance immunity, growth, and resistance to V. alginolyticus in white shrimp.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major global health issues, strongly correlated with metabolic disorder, insulin resistance, obesity and oxidative stress. It is characterized by an excessive accumulation of liver fat, inflammation and dysfunction of the hepatocytes. NAFLD predisposes to cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma in susceptible individuals. Although the specific signals remain poorly understood, NAFLD pathogenesis can involve the behavior of different types of hepatic cells and several extra-hepatic signals. The difficulty of NAFLD has been a big impediment to advancement and effective therapies with appropriate indicators. NAFLD's alternative medicines with medicinal herbs become the most useful solution today because of their minimum side effects. Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) is an herbal medicine that contains various bioactive phytochemicals with hypolipidemic, antioxidant, detoxifying, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. The reduction of fatty acids and decreased insulin resistance (IR) is expected after P. niruri administration, which helps in the prevention of NAFLD. In this review, we describe recent clinical and diagnostic methods examining the diagnosis, development, and effects of NAFLD; comparing the attributes of the genetic and dietary animal models of NAFLD; and highlighting the potential hepatoprotective function of P. niruri, plus its therapeutic role in the prevention of NAFLD.

An ethnobotanical study of Buru Community Forest was conducted using Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques. A total of 91 species of plants belonging to 43 Families with high endemicity were recorded. The dominant families were Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Meliaceae. Many species such as Tetrapleura tetrapetra, Phyllanthus mullerianus, Sarcocephalus latifolius and Aframomum melegueta had multiple uses. The three major uses of the species are for medicinal (39 species), edible (33 species) and construction purposes (30 species). Keywords: Buru community forest, Ethnobotanical, Participatory Rural Appraisal technique.

The ethanolic extract of leaves of Phyllanthus distichus results maximum yield value than that of petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract through successive extraction process. The ethanolic extract of leaves of Phyllanthus distichus showed maximum control in blood sugar in hyperglycemic wistar rats than other experimental extracts. The test extract also reduces the blood sugar level to a maximum extent in case of normal animals. Among the study of effects of alcoholic extracts of leaves of Phyllanthus distichus in both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic model through oral route. Toxicological study revealed that the alcoholic extracts Phyllanthus distichus leaves were safe and does not alter normal physiological and behavioral effect even at a higher dose level of 3000 mg/kg body weight. Administration of alcoholic extracts Phyllanthus distichus significantly reduces the elevated glucose level in alloxan induced diabetic rats confirms its anti-diabetic activity. This also reduces normal glucose level, which reveals the hypoglycemic property. The whole protein, whole cholesterol, ASAT, ALAT, ALP enzyme activity of alloxan administered rats showed significantly higher than normal rats, the test extract treated rats significantly reduced the elevated levels. The results of the present investigation indicate that the alcoholic extracts Phyllanthus Distichus leaves may have a place in the therapy of Diabetes Mellitus as anti-diabetic and/or hypoglycemic agent. The hypoglycemic and/or anti-diabetic effect of the test extract may be due to the influence on glycogenesis, glycogenolysis metabolic activity property of one or more of its constituents. Ethanolic extract of leaves of Phyllanthus Distichus is beneficial in lowering the blood sugar concentration and in the management of other diabetic complications without any doubt. Keywords: Alcoholic Extract of Phyllanthus Distichus (AEPD), Antigen (Ag), Alanine Amino Transferase (ALAT) Alkaline Phosphate (ALP), Asparatate

Background Insecticides are widely used in agriculture to curb the loss caused by insects. These insecticides are incorporated into the food chain and accumulate in the human body, as well disturb the various metabolic pathways. Imidacloprid is an insect neurotoxin commonly used in agriculture to control the insect pests. P. niruri is a traditional medicinal shrub widely used as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and anti-lethality agent. Objective The present study is designed to evaluate the ameliorative effects of Phyllanthus niruri (Bhumi amla) on the deleterious Insecticide imidacloprid in the vital organs of Chicken embryos. Materials and methods The embryonated chicken eggs were divided into the four groups (one control and three treated groups); the chorioallantoic membranes of control received 200 μl phosphate buffer saline, whereas group I and group II received 100 μg imidacloprid and 200 μl aqueous extract of P. niruri (PNE) respectively. Group III received both 100 μg imidacloprid and 200 μl PNE. The serum was collected on the 18th day its development; which was subjected to the biochemical analysis based on colorimetric assay in semi-automated biochemical analyzer using commercial kits. Results We observed significant in ovo effects of imidacloprid on chicken embryos; the values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), were increased in imidacloprid treated group I; histopathology also revealed damage to the liver (necrotic areas and dilated blood sinusoids). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase, cholesterol, triglycerides protein and albumin levels were also altered significantly (p Conclusion The serum biochemicals were returned back to the nearly normal levels. PNE has ameliorated and overcome the effects of imidacloprid reasonably with the subsequent treatment among group III. Hence, P. niruri may be used to minimize the effects of an accidental exposure of imidacloprid.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Development of resistance to antimalarial drugs by Plasmodium falciparum is still rampant, and there is an urgent need for novel drugs to either standalone or to partner artemisinin for treatment of malaria. Traditionally, plants have, over the years, been a good source of antimalarial drugs. Efficacy and safety of such plants need to be scientifically authenticated. Aims, Materials, and Method. This study investigated the in vitro antiplasmodial activity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of aqueous extracts of Acanthospermum hispidum DC, Alstonia boone (De Wild), Cocos nucifera L, Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Morinda lucida Benth, Psidium guajava, Phyllanthus niruri L, and Senna siamea Lam. Results. Five out of the eight plants, A. boonei stem bark, S; siamea Lam root, M. lucida Benth leaves, P. niruri, and A. hispidum DC whole plants, showed varying degrees of antiplasmodial activity against the asexual stage of the parasite. The most active extract against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) P. falciparum strains is the A. hispidum extract which yielded a mean inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) of 3.66 µg/ml and 3.71 µg/ml for 3D7 and Dd2, respectively. This was followed by S. siamea Lam with 3.95 µg/ml for 3D7 and 4.47 µg/ml for Dd2. The IC50 values of the A. boonei extract against 3D7 and Dd2 P. falciparum parasites were 5.13 µg/ml and 3.62 µg/ml, respectively. For the M. lucida Benth extract, the least IC50 value was 6.46 µg/ml. All five extracts exhibited dose-dependent antiplasmodial activity. Assessment of the genotoxic effects the A. hispidum extract by the comet assay revealed substantial damage to P. falciparum DNA. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that the crude extract of A. hispidum DC, one of the plants used traditionally to treat malaria, inhibits the growth of P. falciparum in vitro and could be a potential source of antimalarial drug. The report has highlighted genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the selected plant extracts on human leukocytes as well.

Phyllanthus acidus L. (jimbilin), a species within the Phyllanthaceae family has origins in Madagascar. The tree is now established as a native of the South American countries of Colombia and Brazi...

In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a start-of-the-art, with multifarious applications in a wide array of fields. Studies on green synthesis of nanoparticles moves forward these days. The present work involves the green method of synthesizing Iron oxide nanoparticles [Fe2O3] by Phyllanthus Niruri leaf extract and NaOH which acts as a precipitating agent. Furthermore, the green synthesized Iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized and its antibacterial activity was investigated. As this plant extract is more beneficial, it is energy efficient, low cost and environmentally friendly process than the biohazardous chemical synthesis. Iron oxide nano particles are gaining importance for their uses in environmental remediation technologies. The characterization of nano particles includes the IR, UV-Vis, and Size determination using SEM and XRD. The average crystalline size of the iron oxide nanoparticles was calculated by Debye’s Scherrer formula,d = 12.34nm. The analytical studies revealed that the synthesized Iron oxide nanoparticles almost have the identical size and morphology. Thus, the above studies concluded, the synthesized material was Iron oxide nanoparticles.