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The two Penaeid shrimpsPenaeus indicusandPenaeus merguiensisare the most common commercial species found in the Langsa mangrove forest. The growth pattern of these two Penaeid shrimps are strongly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, availability of food and predators, which ultimately determines the abundance and catch of commercial adult shrimps obtained. The present study aims to investigate the length-weight relationship ofP. indicusandP. merguiensisin the Langsa mangrove forest, Aceh Province. The sampling was conducted in November 2018 with the stratified random sampling method. A total of 124 shrimps consisted of 92 samplesP. indicusand 32 samplesP. merguiensis. The results showed that growth pattern of two Penaeid shrimps was categorized as negative allometric. The highest b value is shown inP. merguiensiswith b value of 2.87 whileP. indicus2.55. The value of the relative weight condition factor (Wr) of the two shrimps indicates a value of >100. It is concluded that the waters of the mangrove forest in Langsa City are still able to support the survival ofP. indicusandP. merguiensis.

Estuary ecosystem has an important role in supporting the life of shrimp. High productivity and the availability of natural food in the estuary ecosystem, will indirectly affect the growth of shrimp. Penaeus monodon and Penaeus merguiensis were two species of shrimp that had economic value with high demand. The purpose of this study was to determine the biological aspects of Penaeus monodon and Penaeus merguiensis shrimp at estuary of Tukad Aya, Bali. Data collection was carried out in February-March 2019 using quantitative descriptive research methods. The determination of the research station was done by purposive sampling. The results showed the total number of shrimps were caught 1,756 individuals, which consist of Penaeus monodon 151 individuals, Penaeus merguiensis 224 individuals and 1,325 individuals of other shrimp. The composition of Penaeus monodon (8.6%) was less than Penaeus merguiensis (12.76%). Shrimp length measurements were divided into 9 groups with a range of values of 55.15-189.95 mm in Penaeus monodon and 31.3-140.1 mm in Penaeus merguiensis. The results of the length and the weight regression in both species of shrimp obtained the value of b

The levels of mercury in tissues of Penaeus merguiensis from Musa estuary, northwest of the Persian Gulf, were investigated. This study assessed the relationship between mercury levels in hepatopancrea, gill, and muscle with sex, size, and season. The order of mercury concentrations in tissues of the shrimp P. merguiensis was as follows: hepatopancreas > gill > muscle. There was a positive correlation between mercury concentrations in shrimp species with sex and size of its food items. We expected to see higher mercury levels in tissues of female species because they are larger and can eat larger food items. Also, there was a positive correlation between mercury concentrations in shrimp species with its food source. Therefore, female species feed more on shrimp and plant and are contaminated with high levels of mercury. There was significant difference (p

The bycatch in a tropical Australian banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis (de Man), fishery is described and contrasted with the closely related tiger prawn, Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan and Penaeus esculentus Haswell, fishery. Most of the similarity between banana prawn fishery catches was accounted for by three teleost species constituting 51.4% of the total bycatch weight. The bycatch assemblage structure of this fishery was significantly different (P

This study found no evidence that turbidity influenced the distribution of fishes in four tropical estuaries in north-eastern Queensland. When both more turbid and less turbid environments were immediately available to Ambassis vachelli and Leiognathus equulus there was no difference in abundance between the more and less turbid environments and no correlated change in abundance as the difference in turbidity increased. A similar outcome was evident for an additional six species of fish. Furthermore, the distribution of fishes was not correlated with the distribution of an important prey species, juvenile banana prawns Penaeus merguiensis, which exhibited a clear response to differences in turbidity level with higher abundance in the more turbid samples, however, the magnitude of the difference did not alter with changes in the magnitude of the differences in turbidity.

Hepatopancreatic parvovirus infection is associated with reduced growth rates of prawns during the juvenile stages and overt mortalities. Hepatopancreatic parvovirus was purified from Penaeus merguiensis from northern Queensland and a partial consensus sequence of 5.9 kb was obtained. Nucleotide comparisons revealed that the Australian isolate of HPV has a nucleotide similarity (87%) closer to HPVchin and the full sequence of HPV Penaeus monodon (PmDNV) (6321 bp) than to HPVsemi (83%). Three putative open reading frames were identified. The first open reading frame encoded a nonstructural protein (NS2) and shared an amino acid similarity of 86% with PmDNV. The second ORF overlapped the first open reading frame and shared 93% and 26% amino acid similarity with PmDNV and PstDNV, respectively, and encoded NS1. The third ORF encoded the viral structural protein and shared an amino acid similarity of 73% with the capsid protein of PmDNV and HPVchin. The phylogeny suggests that the Australian HPV isolate is closely related to the Korean HPVchin isolate than to the Indian HPVsemi and Thai PmDNV isolates. HPV strains may be following the phylogenetic relationship of penaeid prawn hosts rather than their geography.

In this study, four species of penaeid shrimp from Pakistan's inshore waters were studied. These were Penaeus penicillatus (Alcock), Penaeus merguiensis (de Man), Metapenaeus affinis (Milne Edwards) and Parapenaeopsis stylifera (Milne Edwards). During maturation, shrimp ovaries pass through a series of colour changes. The various colours observed in the ovaries of the four species of penaeid shrimps were translucent, white, cream, yellow, green-yellow, green-white, light green and dark green. The different type of oocytes observed in histological sections of the penaeid ovaries are as follows: chromatin nucleolar oocytes, perinucleolar oocytes, yolkless oocytes, yolky oocytes and oocytes with cortical bodies. The ovarian developmental stages recognized in these shrimps are: undeveloped, developing, nearly ripe, fully ripe, resorbing and resorbing/ developing. The ovarian developmental stages were similar in all the four species with the exception of the fully ripe stage. In the fully ripe stage of P. penicillatus and P. merguiensis, the cortical bodies were present at the periphery in two shapes; spherical as well as rod-like. On the other hand, in the fully ripe stage of M. affinis and P. stylifera, the cortical bodies were present only at the periphery and were only spherical. A relationship between colour of ovaries and histological stages of ovarian development was established. A female shrimp with a dark-green ovary is an indication of the ready- to-spawn condition. In P. merguiensis and Penaeus penicillatus, respectively, 100% and 88.1% females with dark-green ovaries had oocytes with cortical bodies, whereas in M. affinis and P. stylifera, respectively, 50% and 28.6% females with dark-green ovaries had oocytes with cortical bodies.

The present study was intended to screen the wild shrimps of Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI) against infectious diseases. A total of 175 shrimp samples (35 pools) consisting of Fenneropenaeus indicus, Penaeus monodon, Penaeus merguiensis and Metapenaeus monoceros were collected from different landing centres across ANI. Out of 35 pools of samples analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a total of 10 pools of Penaeus monodon collected from Betapur (1 pool), Lohabarrack (4 pools) and Campbell Bay (5 pools) were found positive for Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV). Nucleotide sequence of IHHNV isolated from ANI showed 100% identity to the sequences of IHHNV reported from Vietnam, Taiwan, Australia, China, Egypt, USA, Ecuador, 99% identity to IHHNV reported from Brazil, Venezuela, Korea, 96% identity to IHHNV reported from Thailand and 95% identity to IHHNV reported from India. Based on phylogenetic tree analysis, IHHNV of ANI is closely related to IHHNV of Vietnam. Histopathological analysis revealed typical eosinophilic intranuclear cowdry type A inclusion bodies in gill lamellae which further confirmed the IHHNV infection. The present study provides a definitive evidence for the first report of infectious IHHNV in wild P. monodon from ANI.

Shrimp farmers in South-East Java have recently observed a decline in Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) production. To stabilize overall production, some farms have switched partially to biculture of P. monodon and P. merguiensis (de Man). The production from 33 ponds in two of these farms was analysed. In addition, the water quality in 10 ponds was monitored over the entire culture period. Information was also available on the post-larvae (PL) source and feed used per pond. Water quality remained stable during the culture period and there was no accumulation of organic material during the second half of the culture period. Stocking P. merguiensis 2 months after P. monodon partially compensated for the low production of P. monodon, thereby stabilizing overall production. When the production of P. monodon is low, the production of P. merguiensis is high and vice versa (P 0.05), while P. monodon PL source caused production to differ by a factor of three (P

Although the fisheries for, and mariculture of, penaeid prawns are of major commercial importance, there has been relatively little research undertaken on the chromosome number, structure and composition in the Penaeidae. One reason for this is due to the relatively small size and large number of chromosomes, which makes production of histological material difficult. In this paper, we report a simple and effective technique for determining chromosome complements during spermatogenesis in two species of penaeid prawns, Penaeus merguiensis and P. esculentus in Australia. The first estimates of the number of chromosomes in these species are given.

The rod-shape virus particles were found in the hyperthrophied nucleus and cytoplasm of diseased white shrimp Penaeus merguiensis naturally infected by White spot syndrome (WSBV). In natural infection cumulative mortality of shrimp were very high, 95 percent of population were dead in 3-7 days, and 5 percent of shrimp population survived. The disease was outbreak in intensive culture farms used the closed circulation sea water system. Others crustacean such as crabs and bentatos were not infected by WSBV at time of sampling. The virus particle were rod-shape ranging from 78 10 nm in diameter and 280 10 nm in length. The pathogenic bacteria mainly dominated by genus Vibrio sp were isolated from shrimp.

Postlarvae of penaeid prawns were collected in coastal waters. It was revealed that the relationship between the lengths of carapace and body parts such as the 6th abdominal somite or 3rd pereiopod was linear, and the difference in that relationship between species was supposed to be applicable for the identification of postlarvae. From this viewpoint, examinations and rearing experiments on wild postlarvae were carried out. It was revealed that the relative growth of carpus of the 3rd pereopod facilitated the identification of wild postlarvae, especially those with close similarities in morphology. The introduction of this new criterion is concluded to be useful for distinguishing species.

The rates of closure of wounds made by streamer tags in penaeid prawns were measured, and the effect of streamer tag placement and prawn size on survival rate was assessed. Penaeus esculentus (27–39 mm carapace length (CL)) were tagged horizontally through the middle of the second abdominal segment. After tagging, the cuticle of the prawns grew inwards, during the intermoult period, forming a tube that joined between 48 (two moults) and 90 days (four moults) after tagging. Two hundred and thirty P. esculentus, recaptured after being tagged in three different positions with streamer tags and released at sea, were also examined. Tube formation was fastest in prawns tagged through the middle of the first segment (P

The sensory, microbiological and biochemical changes were determined in shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) stored at 0° to 35°C. Mean aerobic plate count of fresh shrimp, initially 5.0 × 105 CFU/g, increased with time and temperature to 6.4 × 109 CFU/g at 35°C after 24 hr. A total of 560 different bacteria were isolated and identified. In addition, the dominant organisms were tested for ability to reduce TMAO, produce indole and hydrolyze protein. The initial bacteria were 30% Gram + organisms but changed to predominantly Grampsychrotrophs at lower temperatures and to mesophiles at higher temperatures. Odor, texture and color qualities decreased; TMA, TVB, pH and Indole increased with time and temperature. Shelf life of shrimp ranged from 7 hr at 35°C to 13 days at 0°C.

This study investigates the distribution of three trace elements (Cd, Cu and Zn) in tissues (exoskeleton, abdominal muscle and hepatopancreas) of two shrimp species (Penaeus merguiensis and Penaeus semisulcatus). Special emphasis in this study was placed on evaluating the effects of storage conditions on redistribution of the elements and moreover the potential roles of metallothionein in tissue redistribution. The specimens were collected from the northern part of Persian Gulf during September 2001 and January 2002. The concentrations of metals in the tissues were measured using an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer (ICP-AES) and an ICP-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Metallothionein levels were determined using Differential pulse polarography. Results show a similar hierarchy for Cd and Cu concentrations among different tissues as follows: hepatopancreas>exoskeleton>muscle; and for Zn, the hepatopancreas again contained the highest levels, though there were not any significant differences in Zn concentrations between muscle and exoskeleton. Significant differences were found between the species in the case of Cd and Zn concentrations. Cd and Zn levels in P. semisulcatus were markedly higher than in P. merguiensis. In general, there were highly significant differences among the storage conditions from accumulation the selected trace elements and metallothionein in both species point of view, but in most cases, no significant differences could be observed among the fresh, refrigerated and frozen specimens of P. semisulcatus. In regards to Zn and Cu accumulation in edible (muscle) tissues of P. merguiensis, optimum conditions for frozen storage is −30 °C as ice-frozen, and in terms of short-term storage, 1-day refrigeration is recommended. The redistribution of Zn and Cu during the storage period can be attributed to the role of metallothionein in their transport from organ(s) to muscle during storage. The variations in pH values measured in the muscle of P. merguiensis in different storage conditions showed a similar trend with metallothionein, Zn and Cu. In contrast, it appears that cadmium is transported from muscle to the other tissues. Exoskeleton is probably one of the recipient tissues of cadmium. The inter-elemental relationships were assessed for each species, separately. A significant positive relationship was observed between the concentrations of Zn and metallothionein in P. semisulcatus, whereas in P. merguiensis, Cd concentrations decreased significantly with increasing metallothionein. Highly significant differences between the sexes in Cu and Zn contents could be detected. The differences between the sexes in the levels of Zn and Cu were significantly greater in P. semisulcatus. Highly significant size-related differences were found in the levels of Cd, Cu and metallothionein in the selected tissues of the shrimp species. Comparison between the mean concentrations of the elements in muscle tissue and existing guidelines indicate that in nearly all cases, the concentrations were well below permissible levels for human consumption. The only exception was observed regarding mean values of Cd, which was somewhat greater than some of the recommended levels. Keywords: Penaeus merguiensis, P. semisulcatus, Trace elements, Distribution, Redistribution, Metallothionein, Storage conditions, Persian Gulf

Shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) and Penaeus merguiensis (de Man), culture on East Java is described with special attention to the differences in production characteristics between areas and districts. Traditionally, tambak culture developed along the North coast of East Java where the majority of modern tambaks are still located. The practice never developed extensively on Madura's Island. With the exception of the latter, intensification, startingin 1984-1987, touched all areas. In 1991, the combined production of P monodon and P. merguiensis reached 35 000 Mt, representing a value of US$ 220 × 106. The following year, a decline in total production was noted, mainly caused by a diminished production of intensive farms. Possible causes for this production drop are explored.

Penaeus merguiensis detects food and discriminates it from non‐food particles by chemo‐sensory mechanisms. Vision was not found to play any part in the process. Food seeking behaviour is initiated by low concentrations of organic compounds (10‐5‐10‐6 Molar solutions of a range of amino acids) in the water, but higher concentrations (10‐1‐10‐2M) are needed to produce a masticating reaction by the mouthparts. The stimuli for mouthpart action and food seeking behaviour are not specific, the responses resulting from a wide range of amino acids. The chemoreceptors are distributed over the body surface, but concentrated at the anterior end, as in other decapod Crustacea. When stimulated by food odour in flowing water, P. merguiensis moves against the current. The reaction is a true rheotaxis, not mediated by vision. In still water, food location is less efficient. A chemotactic mechanism may operate, but is effective only over very short distances (a few centimetres).

Studies conducted on prawn, Penaeus merguiensis (de Man, 1888), from Goa and Devgarh (Maharashtra) waters showed higher average values of tail weight and other morphometric characters in Devgarh. The coefficient of variation in females is almost twice that in males in both localities. Stepwise sequential regression analysis indicated that morphometric characters like partial carapace length (PCL), exopod of uropod length (EUL) and posterior abdominal circumference (PAC), either individually or in combination, give a more accurate estimate of tail weight than the other 14 possible variables, and can be used for selection of the broodstock in aquaculture.

Sensory, biochemical and microbiological changes and changes in SDS-PA GE patterns of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins were studied in shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) muscle during storage at partial freezing temperature (—3°C; PFS) and in ice (0°C; IS). During PFS up to 20 days there were slight changes in biochemical parameters, apparently no changes in microbiological populations, and no changes in electrophoretic protein patterns. Rapid changes in these parameters occurred in IS over the same period. Sensory assessment of shrimps stored at PFS showed that a considerable increase in prime quality life was possible at this temperature over shrimps in IS. Prime quality life of shrimps in PFS was found to be 16 days, compared with 8 days in IS. Extension of prime quality life was attributed to the significantly slower rate of biochemical and microbiological changes at PFS compared with IS. Changes in sensory properties were associated with changes in some of the chemical properties.

[Les crevettes de trois especes, Penaeus merguiensis De Man, P. indicus H. Milne Edwards et P. penicillatus Alcock, sont distinguees d'apres des caracteres meristiques et morphometriques de la carene de la carapace, des troisiemes maxillipedes, des pereiopodes, des pleopodes, du rostre et des antennules. Ces caracteres et la valeur qu'on peut leur accorder dans l'identification des especes sont discutes en relation avec le developpement ontogenetique. Une clef est proposee pour l'identification des juveniles, des subadultes et des adultes des trois especes., Les crevettes de trois especes, Penaeus merguiensis De Man, P. indicus H. Milne Edwards et P. penicillatus Alcock, sont distinguees d'apres des caracteres meristiques et morphometriques de la carene de la carapace, des troisiemes maxillipedes, des pereiopodes, des pleopodes, du rostre et des antennules. Ces caracteres et la valeur qu'on peut leur accorder dans l'identification des especes sont discutes en relation avec le developpement ontogenetique. Une clef est proposee pour l'identification des juveniles, des subadultes et des adultes des trois especes.]

In growth trials with juvenile Penaeus merguiensis the incorporation of a complex vitamin supplement into diets based on freeze-dried Mytilus edulis , at 3.5% by weight, increased growth rate but no additional advantage was gained at higher levels of inclusion. When a mineral supplement was incorporated at 7.0% by weight in addition to the vitamins, a further improvement in growth response was achieved. Doubling the levels of both supplements, however, did not influence this result significantly. The inclusion of minerals alone in the diet, at either 7.0% or 14.0% by weight not only failed to increase growth but resulted in severe mortalities.

To estimate the growth parameters of the banana prawn, P. merguiensis, a tag-recapture study, using vinyl streamer tags (Floy FTSL-731, was undertaken throughout the northern Gulf of Papua. Recapture data were analysed using Fabens' derivation of the von Bertalanffy growth curve. A differential growth rate was found between male and female banana prawns: L∞ and K values for males were 29.34 mm carapace length (C.L.) and 0.136 per week, and for females 35.34 mm C.L. and 0.117 per week, respectively. The assumptions applied in estimating the parameters by the Fabens method were not invalidated. These prawns were shown to have a smaller maximum size than banana prawns from the Gulf of Carpentaria, and it is proposed that two discrete populations exist.

A previously reported microsporidium in Penaeus merguiensis de Man, 1888 (Decapoda, Penaeidae), in the Philippines has been identified as a species of Agmasoma Hazard & Oldacre, 1975, and named Agmasoma aquinoae n. sp. (Microsporida, Thelohaniidae).

1 000 post larval Penaeus merguiensis were grown in Fiji to commercial size within 90 days in a 0.5-acre pond stocked with milkfish and rabbit-fish. Growth curves for males and females are presented.

Glands are abundant in the paragnaths and distal endopod segments of the second maxillipeds of Penaeus merguiensis. Seven gland types have been identified and their secretions differentiated into acidic sulfated mucopolysaccharides and carboxylated mucopolysaccharides. In the paragnaths secretions are discharged through groups of pores on the oral and aboral surfaces, and in the second maxillipeds through a dense row of pores on the aboral surface at the propodus-dactylus articulation. Glands are not sexually dimorphic and glandular morphology does not change during the moult cycle. Glandular products probably have a role in feeding by lubricating large particles and entangling particulate matter in mucus.

Baculovirus particles were found in the digestive gland of Penaeus monodon from hatcheries and grow-out ponds in northern New South Wales, northern Queensland and the Northern Territory. Similar particles were seen in a Penaeus merguiensis specimen caught off Townsville, Queensland. The particles were found in the hypertrophied nuclei of hepatopancreatic epithelial cells, both free in the nucleoplasm and occluded in large eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. The nucleocapsids of the particles measured 45-52 nm × 260-300 nm and resembled the baculovirus reported from Penaeus plebejus.

A description is given of the metamorphosis and functional aspects of male and female genitalia in Penaeus merguiensis de Man, and criteria for the designation of adult genitalia are presented. Male and female primary sexual development is described and the effect of parasitism by the bopyrid crustacean Epipenaeon sp, on primary and secondary sexual development is outlined. Some aspects of mating and spawning are discussed.