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Cactaceae arose ca. 30–35 million years ago (Mya) and comprises keystone species of arid and semiarid biomes. Various specific features related to morphology, anatomy, and CAM metabolism have likely favored diversification and expansion under arid environments. The plastome of most cactus species also undergone several evolutionary features to adapt growth and development under adverse environmental conditions. Aiming to enhance the understanding of the plastid evolution in the subfamily Cactoideae, we sequenced and analyzed in detail the plastome of Rhipsalis teres (Vell.) Steud., an epiphytic species from the Atlantic forest. The plastome of R. teres contains the two main rearrangements found in other plastomes of the subfamily Cactoideae. Our structural analyses suggested that the ancestral plastome architecture served as the basic structure for homologous recombination-mediated diversification of the IR boundaries found in them. Cactoideae plastomes show several polymorphic RNA editing sites, which are mainly distributed in genes related to gene expression machinery. Interestingly, the loss of rpl33 and rpl36 genes suggests a relaxed plastid biosynthesis in these species. Also, the absence of the trnV-UAC gene indicates the emergence of a tRNA import mechanism given that, for steric reasons, all valine codons cannot be read by the tRNAVal(GAC). Finally, our data indicate that the environment imposed several evolutionary features in the plastomes of Cactoideae during evolution under arid and semiarid biomes allowing adaptation and diversification.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:08:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects the myelinated central nervous system (CNS) neurons and triggers physical and cognitive disabilities. Conventional therapy is based on disease-modifying drugs that control disease severity but can also be deleterious. Complementary medicines have been adopted and evidence indicates that yeast supplements can improve symptoms mainly by modulating the immune response. In this investigation, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its selenized derivative (Selemax) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Female C57BL/6 mice submitted to EAE induction were orally supplemented with these yeasts by gavage from day 0 to day 14 after EAE induction. Both supplements determined significant reduction in clinical signs concomitantly with diminished Th1 immune response in CNS, increased proportion of Foxp3+ lymphocytes in inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes and increased microbiota diversity. However, Selemax was more effective clinically and immunologically; it reduced disease prevalence more sharply, increased the proportion of CD103+ dendritic cells expressing high levels of PD-L1 in mesenteric lymph nodes and reduced the intestinal inflammatory process more strongly than S. cerevisiae. These results suggest a clear gut-brain axis modulation by selenized S. cerevisiae and suggest their inclusion in clinical trials. Botucatu Medical School São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biotechnology (IBTEC) São Paulo State University (UNESP) Biorigin Zilor Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo (USP) Immunology and Allergy Unit Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital Botucatu Medical School São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biotechnology (IBTEC) São Paulo State University (UNESP) FAPESP: 2016/23317-8 CNPq: 307269/2017-5 CAPES: PNPD 039/2017

The aim of this study was to synthesize and investigate the in vitro antifungal properties of 23 cinnamyl Schiff bases. In addition, cytotoxic effects of such cinnamyl Schiff bases against human lung, kidney or red blood cells were also checked. The compounds were synthesized in a single-step, 2 min of reaction under microwave irradiation produced up to 97% yield. Six of the 23 cinnamyl Schiff bases possessed antifungal activities against strains of Candida, Aspergillus, Fonsecaea and, particularly, Cryptococcus species. Indeed, cinnamyl Schiff bases 1 and 23 exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values more than twofold lower than fluconazole (FCZ) against all the Cryptococcus neoformans strains (MIC = 1·33, 1·4 and 5·2 µg ml-1 , respectively) and Cryptococcus gattii strains (MIC = 5·3, 2·8 and 9·2 µg ml-1 , respectively) (12 strains of each species) while cinnamyl Schiff base 11 was as potent as FCZ against all strains from both Cryptococcus species. No significant cytotoxic effects were observed for Schiff bases against human lung, kidney or red blood cells, all presenting selective indexes higher than 10. In conclusion, this study revealed cinnamyl Schiff bases, especially 1 and 23, as new lead anticryptococcal agents for the discovery of novel antifungal drugs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The occurrence and severity of fungal infections have increased in recent decades due to resistance to available antifungal drugs and the appearance of new emerging pathogens. Thus, the search for new antifungal agents is mandatory. From a series of 23 cinnamyl Schiff bases, two compounds (1 and 23) were interrogated as new anticryptococcal agents without significant cytotoxicity against human lung, kidney or red blood cells. In turns, these new Schiff bases are lead compounds for the discovery of novel antifungal drugs.

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo de três contos de autoria feminina, tendo como base de análise a utilização do monólogo interior como recurso estilístico e procedimento de construção textual. As narrativas investigadas são: “A Primeira Noite” (2011) da escritora belga-francesa, naturalizada americana, Marguerite Yourcenar; “A Chave” (1970) da brasileira Lygia Fagundes Telles; e “Psicologia” (1992) da neozelandesa Katherine Mansfield. Desse modo, objetiva-se investigar as parcerias textuais que as obras dessas três escritoras empreendem tanto na forma quanto na temática, através da abordagem de questões de gênero e de poder nas relações amorosas.

This work evaluates the adsorption capacity of the wild cane fiber (Gynerium Sagittatum) in crude oil. Both untreated biomass and treated with ionic liquid [2HEA][Ac] and acetylated were studied for oil spill cleanup in aqueous environment. Crude oil adsorption tests were performed in a thermostatic bath, varying the time for the kinetic study and the amount of oil for isotherm model. Kinetic study of oil adsorption allowed us to identify that the untreated fiber reached saturation in 90 minutes, while the fiber treated with acetylated and ionic liquid reached saturation in 30 minutes. In equilibrium, the total amount of oil adsorbed by the untreated fiber was 3.8g, whereas in acetylated and ionic liquid treated fiber, the obtained maximum adsorption capacity was 4.4 and 3.7 g, respectively. The remediation process using wild cane fiber followed a second order kinetic rate and Sips and Toth isotherm models provided the best fit to experimental data.

During probing and blood feeding, haematophagous mosquitoes inoculate a mixture of salivary molecules into their vertebrate hosts’ skin. In addition to the anti‐haemostatic and immunomodulatory activities, mosquito saliva also triggers acute inflammatory reactions, especially in sensitized hosts. Here, we characterize the oedema and the cellular infiltrate following Aedes aegypti mosquito bites in the skin of sensitized and non‐sensitized BALB/c mice by flow cytometry. Ae. aegypti bites induced an increased oedema in the ears of both non‐sensitized and salivary gland extract‐ (SGE‐)sensitized mice, peaking at 6 hr and 24 hr after exposure, respectively. The quantification of the total cell number in the ears revealed that the cellular recruitment was more robust in SGE‐sensitized mice than in non‐sensitized mice, and the histological evaluation confirmed these findings. The immunophenotyping performed by flow cytometry revealed that mosquito bites were able to produce complex changes in cell populations present in the ears of non‐sensitized and SGE‐sensitized mice. When compared with steady‐state ears, the leucocyte populations significantly recruited to the skin after mosquito bites in non‐sensitized and sensitized mice were eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, inflammatory monocytes, mast cells, B‐cells and CD4(+) T‐cells, each one with its specific kinetics. The changes in the absolute number of cells suggested two cell recruitment profiles: (i) a saliva‐dependent migration; and (ii) a migration dependent on the immune status of the host. These findings suggest that mosquito bites influence the skin microenvironment by inducing differential cell migration, which is dependent on the degree of host sensitization to salivary molecules.

Yeasts have been used to manage a large number of plant diseases, but little is known about the mechanisms used by these biocontrol agents. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the antagonistic effect of yeasts against Rhizoctonia solani and possible mechanisms of action in cowpea plants. Seventy yeast isolates were obtained from leaf, root and stem tissues of cowpea and common bean plants. Screening experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at temperatures ranging from 15 to 26 °C in the first and from 22 to 31 °C in the second experiment. Candida saopaulonensis C6A, Cryptococcus laurentii FVC10 and Bullera sinensis FVF10 (R1) reduced disease severity by 57.4%, 48.5% and 66.3%, respectively. Cowpea plants treated with FVF10 (R1) showed the highest peroxidase and catalase activities. The mechanisms of action were based on competition and induction of enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in cowpea. Candida saopaulonensis C6A, C. laurentii FVC10 and B. sinensis FVF10 (R1) are potential biocontrol agents of damping-off and stem rot caused by R. solani on cowpea plants.

Different responses are observed in plants after infection by pathogens. The usage of systemic inducers, whether biotic or abiotic, has the function to increase the enzymatic production of the plant defense system. In that sense, our present research aims to evaluate the disease severity of anthracnose in the cowpea cultivar “sempre-verde” infected with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum URM 5771 and subjected to both biotic and abiotic resistance inducers, as well as evaluate the enzymatic activity of plant defense. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse with a completely randomized split-plot design with six treatments: four abiotic plant resistance inducers, acibenzolar-S-methyl, β-aminobutyric acid, chitosan, and salicylic acid; one biotic inducer, the filamentous fungi Trichoderma aureoviride URM 5158; and a control with only water. The plant leaves were sampled at four time points, 4, 8, 12 and 20 days after inoculation with the plant pathogen, to measure the enzymatic activity of β-1,3-glucanase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and protease. The abiotic inducers acibenzolar-S-methyl, β-aminobutyric acid, and chitosan and the biotic inducer presented the highest potential in reducing the anthracnose caused by C. lindemuthianum URM 5771 in cowpea plants by showing the lowest values of injury severity over time. The disease progression showed a proportionate shift in enzymatic activity in that the inducers salicylic acid and T. aureoviride URM 5158 promoted the highest enzymatic activity when compared to the other inducers. High correlations between the enzymatic activity of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase and anthracnose severity were observed in cowpea plants. The use of abiotic and biotic resistance inducers presents high potential for anthracnose control in cowpea plants; however, more studies should be carried out covering different environments, plant cultivars and climatic conditions.

Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) overdose is the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Although the primary hepatic damage is induced by APAP-derived toxic intermediates resulting from cytochrome P450 metabolism, immune components also play an important role in DILI pathophysiology.Aedes aegyptisaliva is a source of bioactive molecules within vitroanti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. However, evidences on the therapeutic use ofAe.aegyptisalivary preparations in animal models of relevant clinical conditions are still scarce. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the protective role ofAe.aegyptisaliva in a murine model of APAP-induced DILI. C57BL/6 mice were exposed toAe.aegyptibites 2 hours after APAP overdose. Biochemical and immunological parameters were evaluated in blood and liver samples at different time points after APAP administration. Exposure toAe.aegyptisaliva attenuated liver damage, as demonstrated by reduced hepatic necrosis and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase in APAP-overdosed mice. The levels of hepatic CYP2E1, the major enzyme responsible for the bioactivation of APAP, were not changed inAe.aegyptiexposed animals, suggesting no effects in the generation of hepatotoxic metabolites. On the other hand, mice treated withAe.aegyptisaliva following APAP overdose presented lower serum concentration of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10, as well as reduced frequency of inflammatory cell populations in the liver, such as NKT cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. These findings show thatAe.aegyptisaliva has bioactive molecules with therapeutic properties and may represent a prospective source of new compounds in the management of DILI-associated inflammatory disorders and, perhaps, many other inflammatory/autoimmune diseases.

The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the effects of including the essential oil of copaiba and oregano as a possible replacement for synthetic butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) additives in fish meat ball. PH, cooking loss, texture, color, sensory acceptability and chemical composition were evaluated. The addition of oregano essential oil had an effect on the color of the fish meat ball (P 0.05) on the chemical composition of the fish meat ball. The essential oils of copaiba and oregano are promising natural antioxidants to increase the useful life of fish by-products, in addition to being a viable solution to replace the synthetic antioxidant BHT, bringing benefits to its commercialization. El objetivo del presente experimento fue evaluar los efectos de incluir el aceite esencial de copaiba y orégano como posible reemplazo de los aditivos sintéticos de hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT) en la bola de carne de pescado. Se evaluó el PH, la pérdida de cocción, la textura, el color, la aceptabilidad sensorial y la composición química. La adición de aceite esencial de orégano tuvo un efecto sobre el color de la bola de carne de pescado (P 0.05) sobre la composición química de la bola de carne de pescado. Los aceites esenciales de copaiba y orégano son antioxidantes naturales prometedores para aumentar la vida útil de los subproductos del pescado, además de ser una solución viable para reemplazar el antioxidante sintético BHT, aportando beneficios a su comercialización. O objetivo do presente experimento foi avaliar os efeitos da inclusão do óleo essencial de copaíba e orégano como possível substituição de aditivos sintéticos butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), em fish meat ball. Foram avaliadas o pH, perda por cocção, textura, cor, aceitabilidade sensorial e composição química. A adição de óleo essencial de orégano apresentou efeito sobre a cor dos fish meat ball (P< 0,05), apresentando melhores resultados de a* e Hue em relação ao BHT, e b* e Croma em comparação ao controle (COM). Além disso, os óleos essenciais de copaíba e orégano apresentaram as menores perdas de água por cocção e o óleo essencial de orégano melhorou o aroma das fish meat ball (P< 0,05). Os tratamentos não tiveram efeito (P> 0,05) na composição química dos fish meat ball. Os óleos essenciais de copaíba e orégano são antioxidantes naturais promissores para aumentar a vida útil de subprodutos do pescado, além de ser uma solução viável para substituir o antioxidante sintético BHT, trazendo beneficios para sua comercialização.

Galactomannan extracted from Cassia fistula seed endosperm present little data related to the its structural characterization. This study reports the chemical characterization of the galactomannan from Cassia fistula (CF) and their oxidized derivatives. The extracted CF presented a yield of 26.5% (w/w) and the intrinsic viscosity [η] was 9.73 dL/g. 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) confirmed that the polysaccharide has a backbone of 4-linked β-D-mannose units, and contains galactose units as pending groups. These galactose units are linked to the central core through a (1→6) linkage and the galactomannan presented Man/Gal ratio of 3.1/1. The galactomannan from Cassia fistula presents low cytotoxicity in Vero cells with a CC50 > 1000 μg/ml. The properties of CF resemble other commercially important galactomannans such as Locust bean gum. Three oxidized derivatives of CF were produced by periodate oxidation, which were carefully characterized by different structural techniques. It was observed that as the degree of oxidation increased, there was an increase in the Man/Gal ratio and a reduction in molar mass and viscosity. The polialdehyde produced may be explored as a versality material to react with amine group of the protein and amined polysaccharide to produce biomaterials.

Background In northeastern Brazil, the wild nature of Trypanosoma cruzi vectors has challenged control actions. This study aims to describe the entomological and epidemiological scenario of Chagas disease in rural communities in the state of Piauí. Methods A cross-sectional study (n=683 individuals/244 dwellings) was carried out to obtain serum samples, sociodemographic data and intra- and peridomestic triatomines. Results The overall seroprevalence rate was 8.1%, with no positive tests among subjects 75 y of age, respectively; 1474 triatomines were collected, of which 90.3% were found in peridomiciliary structures and 9.7% inside houses; 87.2% were classified as Triatoma brasiliensis. T. cruzi infection rates in insects were 0.5% by light microscopy and 0.9% by culture in NNN/LIT medium. Five cultivated isolates were submitted to molecular genotyping, three of which were identified as T. cruzi I and two as T. cruzi II. Conclusions Although no vector transmission currently occurs, prevalence rates are high in adults and the elderly. This disease should be targeted by primary healthcare providers. Insect surveillance and control activities should not be discontinued in an environment favourable to the perpetuation of house colonization by triatomines.

Background The gut microbiota is a key element to support host homeostasis and the development of the immune system. The relationship between the microbiota and immunity is a 2-way road, in which the microbiota contributes to the development/function of immune cells and immunity can affect the composition of microbes. In this context, natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are distinct T lymphocytes that play a role in gut immunity and are influenced by gut microbes. In our work, we investigated the involvement of invariant NKT cells (iNKT) in intestinal homeostasis. Results We found that iNKT-deficient mice (iNKT-KO) had reduced levels of fecal IgA and an altered composition of the gut microbiota, with increased Bacteroidetes. The absence of iNKT cells also affected TGF-β1 levels and plasma cells, which were significantly reduced in knockout (KO) mice. In addition, when submitted to dextran sodium sulfate colitis, iNKT-KO mice had worsening of colitis when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. To further address iNKT cell contribution to intestinal homeostasis, we adoptively transferred iNKT cells to KO mice, and they were submitted to colitis. Transfer of iNKT cells improved colitis and restored fecal IgA levels and gut microbiota. Conclusions Our results indicate that intestinal NKT cells are important modulators of intestinal homeostasis and that gut microbiota composition may be a potential target in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases.

The incorporation of organic matter has been used to manage of diseases caused by soilborne pathogen, but there is a gap in the use of coffee residues on disease supressiveness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic matter sources against cassava root rot caused by F. solani CFF109. Fertilization with coffee residue (CR), cattle manure (CM), earthworm excrements (EE) and goat manure (GM) resulted in suppression of cassava root rot. The treatments of CR and CM presented higher reduction in the cassava disease severity. There were changes in the soil microbial community structure by organic matter incorporation, mainly in total fungi and Gram-negative bacteria populations. The total organic carbon and magnesium are negatively associated with disease severity. The microbial quotient, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were positively and the biomarker a-15:0 was negatively associated with disease severity. This study indicated that agro-industrial residues can be recycled for providing organic matter and nutrients with effect for management of plant diseases by suppressing soilborne pathogens. This is the first evidence that the industrial residue of coffee can be use in the management of cassava root rot, caused by F. solani.

Trichoderma spp. are used as antagonists against different pathogens. Despite many possibilities of using Trichoderma as an antagonist, there are gaps in the knowledge of the interaction between Trichoderma, cassava and Scytalidium lignicola. This fungus causes cassava black root rot and is an inhabitant of the soil, so it is difficult to control. Antagonists may contribute to the possible induction of resistance of plants because, when exposed to such pathosystems, plants respond by producing antioxidative enzymes. The test for potential inhibition of growth of S. lignicola CMM 1098 in vitro was performed in potato-dextrose-agar with two Trichoderma strains T. harzianum URM3086 and T. aureoviride URM 5158. We evaluated the effect of the two selected Trichoderma to reduce the severity of cassava black root rot and shoots. Subsequently, the production of enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) was evaluated in cassava plants. All two Trichoderma strains show an inhibition of the growth of S. lignicola CMM 1098. The most efficient was T. harzianum URM 3086, with 80.78% of mycelial growth inhibition. T. aureoviride URM 5158 was considered the best chitinase producer. All treatments were effective in reducing severity, especially treatments using Trichoderma. Cassava plants treated with T. aureoviride URM 5158 had the highest enzyme activity, especially peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase. Trichoderma harzianum URM3086 and Trichoderma aureoviride URM 5158 were effective in reducing the severity of cassava black root rot caused by S. lignicola CMM 1098.

Previously we showed that 65-kDa Mycobacterium leprae heat shock protein (Hsp65) is a target for the development of a tuberculosis vaccine. Here we evaluated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals or tuberculosis patients stimulated with two forms of Hsp65 antigen, recombinant DNA that encodes Hsp65 (DNA-HSP65) or recombinant Hsp65 protein (rHsp65) in attempting to mimic a prophylactic or therapeutic study in vitro, respectively. Proliferation and cytokine-producing CD4+ or CD8+ cell were assessed by flow cytometry. The CD4+ cell proliferation from healthy individuals was stimulated by DNA-HSP65 and rHsp65, while CD8+ cell proliferation from healthy individuals or tuberculosis patients was stimulated by rHSP65. DNA-HSP65 did not improve the frequency of IFN-gamma+ cells from healthy individuals or tuberculosis patients. Furthermore, we found an increase in the frequency of IL-10-producing cells in both groups. These findings show that Hsp65 antigen activates human lymphocytes and plays an immune regulatory role that should be addressed as an additional antigen for the development of antigen-combined therapies.

In the leaf litter, ants have various nesting resources available, such as live or dead trunks, twigs, leaves, fruits and seeds. On the twigs, there are adults and immature individuals, but also the queen and winged. The production of wings requires time and energy from the colony. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of winged in ant colonies in twigs on the leaf litter. Our prediction is that the richness and abundance of winged in twigs are the greatest in rainy months. We collected all twigs with ants in 552 plots with 16 m2, totaling 8,832 m2 of leaf litter, in areas located in the Brazilian Atlantic Domain. We compared the species richness and the number of colonies with and without winged, as well as the number of winged over a year. In total, we collected 1,521 twigs with colonies belonging to 92 species of ants. The rate of twigs with winged was low, about 12%. In colonies with winged, the total number of twigs, species and amount of winged does not differ between the months considered dry and rainy. The majority of winged species are leaf litter dwellers, such as Linepithema neotropicum, recorded with the highest amount of winged irrespective of the period. Arboreal species colonized 15% of the twigs and, in 1/3 of these species, winged were recorded as part of the composition of the colony. Although winged represent a small percentage of the colony in twigs, our results indicate that this feature is important for the life cycle of 44% of the species that occupy twigs, considering that winged are fundamental for the dispersion of the colony.

Discussion on changes in gut microbiota driving the breakdown of mucosal barrier in NOD mice; the resulting inflammation and impairment of oral tolerance induces the autoimmune diabetes.

Introduction This study evaluated the presence of pathogenic human parasites on field-grown strawberries in the Federal District of Brazil. Methods A total of 48 samples of strawberries and 48 soil samples from 16 properties were analyzed. Results Contaminated strawberries were detected in 56% of the properties. Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides or Ascaris suum, Balantidium coli, Endolimax nana, and Entamoeba spp. were detected. Soil was contaminated with Entamoeba spp., Entamoeba coli, Strongyloides spp., Ancylostomatidae, and Hymenolepis nana. Conclusions Producers should be instructed on the safe handling of strawberries in order to reduce the incidence of strawberries that are contaminated with enteroparasites.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen associated with increased morbidity and mortality in Healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Combination antimicrobial therapy, meropenem, amikacin and colistin, has been used as an alternative in multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii infections due to reduced treatment options. However, these combinations are not always effective and exhibit high toxicity. Empiric therapy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) associated with antimicrobials has shown promising results in bacterial infections, considering the immunomodulatory action of IVIG. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the combined antimicrobial action and to describe the ultrastructural changes caused in ten MDR A. baumannii isolates submitted to IVIG alone and in combination with colistin, meropenem and amikacin. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of antimicrobials and checkerboard were determined. Isolates were submitted to 4 mg/mL of IVIG alone and in combination with different synergistic sub-MIC of antimicrobials tested, and processed for scanning electron microscopy. Nine bacterial isolates showed meropenem-resistant, two isolates had colistin-intermediate, and four isolates were considered intermediate to amikacin. Synergism in five isolates for meropenem/amikacin and meropenem/colistin were observed. Bacterial cells submitted to IVIG and meropenem, amikacin and colistin presented several ultrastructural changes, such as cell elongation and rupture, membrane roughness, incomplete cell division, cell surface “bubbles” and “depression”. A. baumannii isolates presented high resistance to meropenem and synergism among evaluated antimicrobials. In addition, it was possible to verify in vitro that IVIG associated with meropenem, amikacin and colistin is a promising alternative for MDR A. baumannii infections. Thus, these data support the continued empirical use and stimulate in vivo analyzes with IVIG to search for new therapeutic options for HAI.

Natural products have been used to treat various infections; however, the development of antimicrobials has made natural products in disuse. Riparin I, II and III are natural alkamide isolated from Aniba riparia (Ness) Mez (Lauraceae), that exhibit economic importance and it is used in traditional medicine, and popularly known as "louro". This study investigated the cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, and ultrastructural changes in vitro by riparins I, II and III in Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We analyzed the cytotoxicity by MTT assay in Vero cells and hemolytic action verified in human erythrocytes. The antimicrobial activity was determined by microdilution in broth against ATCC strains, identifying the susceptible species. Subsequently, only the MDR isolates of sensitive bacterial species were evaluated regarding its biofilm formation and ultrastructural changes. Riparin I presented low cytotoxicity and hemolytic percentage ranging from of 9.01%-12.97%. Only the riparin III that showed antimicrobial activity against MDR clinical isolates, and significant reduction in biofilm formation in S. aureus. Moreover, the riparin III promoted ultrastructural changes in bacterial cells, such as elongated cellular without bacterial septum, cells with a rugged appearance on the cell surface and cytoplasmic material extravasation. As has been noted riparin III has an inhibitory potential against biofilm formation in S. aureus, besides having antimicrobial activity and promoting ultrastructural changes in MDR clinical isolates. Thus, riparin III is an interesting alternative for further studies aiming to develop new therapeutic options.

Trichoderma has been used to manage a large number of pathogens, but there is a gap in the mechanisms used by these biocontrol agents regarding the physiological response of cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) when it is subjected to cassava root rot. The aims of this study were to investigate the antagonist activity of ten Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium solani on potato dextrose Agar (PDA), to quantify the chitinase production, to select and test in vivo the best isolate from each experiment and to assess the physiological response of cassava to the production of oxidative enzyme complex production (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase). All Trichoderma isolates have shown competitive capability against F. solani, and Trichoderma hamatum URM 6656 showed the highest inhibition of pathogen growth (88.91%). All isolates have shown chitinase activity, but Trichoderma aureoviride URM 5158 produced the highest amount of chitinase. T. hamatum URM 6656 and T. aureoviride URM 5158 were selected to be applied in vivo. The two Trichoderma strains reduced 64 and 60% of the disease severity in the shoot and 82 and 84% in the root. Cassava plants infected with Trichoderma have shown the highest peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase production. Our results have indicated that T. aureoviride URM 5158 is an effective biocontrol agent against cassava root rot caused by F. solani, because it presented competitive antagonist capability in vitro, the highest chitinase production, and reduced the cassava root rot severity. The application of T. aureoviride has led to the maximum enzyme activity of reactive oxygen species group in cassava plants.

Twigs in the litter derived from the fragmentation of tree branches form one microhabitat, where entire colonies of ants, both leaf litter and arboreal species, can be found. The objective was to survey ant species that are presente in both the leaf litter and twigs simultaneously. We describe the nest type, the social structure of the colonies and the trophic guild membership of these species. Samples were collected from 10 preserved fragments of Brazilian Atlantic forest. We used Berlese funnels to collect leaf litter ants and manual collection for twig ants. We recorded 80 ant species; 60 species were in leaf litter samples and 35 species were in twigs. Of the total species, only 15 (20%) occurred simultaneously in the leaf litter and in twigs. Of these species, Gnamptogenys striatula, Pheidole sarcina, P. sospes and Solenopsis sp. 2 were the most frequent among leaf litter dwellers, and Myrmelachista catharinae was the most common arboreal species. Most of these belonged to generalista and predator guilds, with “polydomous nests” and colonies monogynous.

Due to the increasing rate of morbidity and mortality caused by vector diseases in the current context, especially by Aedes aegypti, substances of plants have been studied as alternatives to chemical insecticides, among them, the essential oil (EO) of the species Cymbopogon winterianus. Thus, this study evaluated the larvicidal activity of the EO of C. winterianus against the A. aegypti larvae. EO was extracted through the hydro-distillation technique and physicochemical properties were determined. To evaluate larvicidal activity, tests were performed with larvae in the third instar at the final concentrations of 19.54; 26.50; 55.59; 138.98; 208.47 and 277.97 mg L -1 of C. winterianus EO. In addition, Artemia salina Leach bioassay was used to verify toxicity effect. EO obtained presented satisfactory results in 2.64%. In the larvicidal assay, 100% mortality of larvae was observed after 24 hours at concentrations of 208.47 mg L -1 and 277.97 mg L -1 of the EO, showed effective in the other concentrations and with LC 50 of 46.18 mg L -1 , considered highly active. In the toxicity assay, the EO presented LC 50 at 532.34 mg L -1 , showed considered nontoxic. These results reinforce the use of EO front A. aegypt larvae control.

The plastome of B. orellana reveals specific evolutionary features, unique RNA editing sites, molecular markers and the position of Bixaceae within Malvales. Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a native species of tropical Americas with center of origin in Brazilian Amazonia. Its seeds accumulate the apocarotenoids, bixin and norbixin, which are only found in high content in this species. The seeds of B. orellana are commercially valued by the food industry because its dyes replace synthetic ones from the market due to potential carcinogenic risks. The increasing consumption of B. orellana seeds for dye extraction makes necessary the increase of productivity, which is possible accessing the genetic basis and searching for elite genotypes. The identification and characterization of molecular markers are essential to analyse the genetic diversity of natural populations and to establish suitable strategies for conservation, domestication, germplasm characterization and genetic breeding. Therefore, we sequenced and characterized in detail the plastome of B. orellana. The plastome of B. orellana is a circular DNA molecule of 159,708 bp with a typical quadripartite structure and 112 unique genes. Additionally, a total of 312 SSR loci were identified in the plastome of B. orellana. Moreover, we predicted in 23 genes a total of 57 RNA-editing sites of which 11 are unique for B. orellana. Furthermore, our plastid phylogenomic analyses, using the plastome sequences available in the plastid database belonging to species of order Malvales, indicate a closed relationship between Bixaceae and Malvaceae, which formed a sister group to Thymelaeaceae. Finally, our study provided useful data to be employed in several genetic and biotechnological approaches in B. orellana and related species of the family Bixaceae.

The volatile composition of honeys produced by eight species of stingless bees collected in three municipalities in the state of Parana (Brazil) was compared by combining static headspace GC–MS and chemometrics methods. Forty-four compounds were identified using NIST library and linear retention index relative to n-alkanes (C8–C40). Linalool derivatives were the most abundant peaks in most honeys regardless geographical or entomological origin. However, Principal Component Analysis discriminated honeys from different geographical origins considering their distinctive minor volatile components. Honey samples from Guaraquecaba were characterized by the presence of hotrienol while those from Cambara showed epoxylinalol, benzaldehyde and TDN as minor discriminating compounds. Punctual species such as Bora showed similar fingerprints regardless geographical origin, with ethyl octanoate and ethyl decanoate as characteristic intense chromatographic peaks, which may suggest a specialized behavior for nectar collection. Discriminant Analysis allowed correct geographic discrimination of most honeys produced in the three spots tested. We concluded that volatile profile of stingless bee honeys can be used to attest authenticity related to regional origin of honeys.

Sepsis is a severe syndrome that arises when the host response to an insult is exacerbated, leading to organ failure and frequently to death. How a chronic infection that causes a prolonged Th1 expansion affects the course of sepsis is unknown. In this study, we showed that mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii were more susceptible to sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Although T. gondii-infected mice exhibited efficient control of the bacterial burden, they showed increased mortality compared to the control groups. Mechanistically, chronic T. gondii infection induces the suppression of Th2 lymphocytes via Gata3-repressive methylation and simultaneously induces long-lived IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes, which promotes systemic inflammation that is harmful during CLP. Chronic T. gondii infection intensifies local and systemic Th1 cytokines as well as nitric oxide production, which reduces systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures after sepsis induction, thus predisposing the host to septic shock. Blockade of IFN-γ prevented arterial hypotension and prolonged the host lifespan by reducing the cytokine storm. Interestingly, these data mirrored our observation in septic patients, in which sepsis severity was positively correlated to increased levels of IFN-γ in patients who were serologically positive for T. gondii. Collectively, these data demonstrated that chronic infection with T. gondii is a critical factor for sepsis severity that needs to be considered when designing strategies to prevent and control the outcome of this devastating disease.

The protective effects of mycobacterial infections on lung allergy are well documented. However, the inverse relationship between tuberculosis and type 2 immunity is still elusive. Although type 1 immunity is essential to protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis it might be also detrimental to the host due to the induction of extensive tissue damage. Here, we determined whether lung type 2 immunity induced by allergen sensitization and challenge could affect the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection. We used two different protocols in which sensitization and allergen challenge were performed before or after M. tuberculosis infection. We found an increased resistance to M. tuberculosis only when allergen exposure was given after, but not before infection. Infected mice exposed to allergen exhibited lower bacterial load and cellular infiltrates in the lungs. Enhanced resistance to infection after allergen challenge was associated with increased gene expression of alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) and IL-33 levels. Accordingly, either adoptive transfer of M2 macrophages or systemic IL-33 treatment was effective in attenuating M. tuberculosis infection. Notably, the enhanced resistance induced by allergen exposure was dependent on IL-33 receptor ST2. Our work indicates that IL-33 might be an alternative therapeutic treatment for severe tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium bovis BCG prime DNA ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes)-booster vaccinations have been shown to induce greater protection against tuberculosis (TB) than BCG alone. This heterologous prime-boost strategy is perhaps the most realistic vaccination for the future of TB infection control, especially in countries where TB is endemic. Moreover, a prime-boost regimen using biodegradable microspheres seems to be a promising immunization to stimulate a long-lasting immune response. The alanine proline antigen (Apa) is a highly immunogenic glycoprotein secreted by M. tuberculosis . This study investigated the immune protection of Apa DNA vaccine against intratracheal M. tuberculosis challenge in mice on the basis of a heterologous prime-boost regimen. BALB/c mice were subcutaneously primed with BCG and intramuscularly boosted with a single dose of plasmid carrying apa and 6,6′-trehalose dimycolate (TDM) adjuvant, coencapsulated in microspheres (BCG-APA), and were evaluated 30 and 70 days after challenge. This prime-boost strategy (BCG-APA) resulted in a significant reduction in the bacterial load in the lungs, thus leading to better preservation of the lung parenchyma, 70 days postinfection compared to BCG vaccinated mice. The profound effect of this heterologous prime-boost regimen in the experimental model supports its development as a feasible strategy for prevention of TB.

Ants can use twigs from fragments of tree branches as a nesting resource. The present study analyzed gatherings of ants in twigs of Albizia niopoides, a Fabaceae native to the Atlantic Forest that is used in landscaping in parks and squares in Brazil. Expeditions were performed in an urban park located in Atlantic Forest areas between February and June 2014. A total of 70 twigs with ants were collected and included 9357 workers, 2309 broods ants, 68 winged ants and 19 queens. Four subfamilies, 10 genera and 17 species/morphospecies were recorded. The species with the largest number of nests were Nylanderia sp.1, Hypoponera sp.4, and Wasmannia auropunctata. Ants of different species were found coexisting in the same twig, and Pheidole gr. tristis was the most common species found sharing a nest. Among the species recorded, only Pseudomyrmex gracilis and P. phyllophilus are arboreal; the others also live in litter. For some species, our results indicate that the twig occupation in the litter can be structured and not by chance. No correlation was found between the twig structure and the colony components. Keywords: Communities, Nesting, Urban park, Transient nests, Atlantic Forest

Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for major economic losses due to abortions in cattle. Innate immune responses are crucial for host resistance against the infection, however the molecules involved in parasite recognition are still poorly understood. Nod2 is a cytosolic receptor that recognizes several pathogens and its role during N. caninum infection has not yet been described. In that sense, we evaluated the role of Nod2 in host response against this parasite. We found that infection of macrophages induced increased expression of Nod2, which colocalized with the parasites’ vacuoles. Nod2-deficient macrophages showed an impaired induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased production of modulatory molecules and failure to restrict parasite replication. In vivo, Nod2-knockout mice showed a reduction of MAPK phosphorylation and proinflammatory cytokines, followed by decreased inflammation in target organs and increment in parasite burden. Surprisingly, these mice were partially resistant to lethal doses of tachyzoites. In addition, these phenomena were not observed in Rip2−/− mice. In conclusion, our study indicates that Nod2-dependent responses account for N. caninum elimination. On the other hand, the inflammatory milieu induced by this innate receptor provoked pathogenesis and death in severe experimental neosporosis.

Interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 17A (IL-17A)-producing cells are described to be related to the protection against Leishmania infantum infection. How the immune system coordinates the balance between T-helper type 1 (Th1) and 17 (Th17) responses during visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is still unknown. Here, we combined transcriptional profiling, using RNA sequencing analysis of human samples, with an experimental model to show that Th17-related genes are suppressed and that Th1 signature genes are induced during human VL. The high amount of Th1 cells in VL was dependent on the NOD2-RIP2 signaling in dendritic cells, which was crucial for interleukin 12 production through the phosphorylation of MAPK. On the other hand, this pathway inhibits Th17 cells by limiting interleukin 23 production. As a consequence, Nod2-/- and Rip2-/- mice showed defects in Th1 responses and higher parasite loads as compared to WT mice. Together, the data demonstrate that the NOD2-RIP2 pathway is activated in murine and human VL and plays a role in shaping adaptive immunity toward a Th1 profile.

Culture filtrate proteins (CFP) are potential targets for tuberculosis vaccine development. We previously showed that despite the high level of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production elicited by homologous immunization with CFP plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CFP/CpG), we did not observe protection when these mice were challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis . In order to use the IFN-γ-inducing ability of CFP antigens, in this study we evaluated a prime-boost heterologous immunization based on CFP/CpG to boost Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination in order to find an immunization schedule that could induce protection. Heterologous BCG-CFP/CpG immunization provided significant protection against experimental tuberculosis, and this protection was sustained during the late phase of infection and was even better than that conferred by a single BCG immunization. The protection was associated with high levels of antigen-specific IFN-γ and interleukin-17 (IL-17) and low IL-4 production. The deleterious role of IL-4 was confirmed when IL-4 knockout mice vaccinated with CFP/CpG showed consistent protection similar to that elicited by BCG-CFP/CpG heterologous immunization. These findings show that a single dose of CFP/CpG can represent a new strategy to boost the protection conferred by BCG vaccination. Moreover, different immunological parameters, such as IFN-γ and IL-17 and tightly regulated IL-4 secretion, seem to contribute to the efficacy of this tuberculosis vaccine.

The results of various animal model studies of tuberculosis (TB) suggest that culture filtrate proteins (CFPs), which are antigens secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are largely responsible for improvements in TB vaccines. The great obstacle to developing protein subunit vaccines is that adjuvants are required in order to stimulate relevant protective immune responses. Acting as immune adjuvants, CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) promote the activation of Th1 cells and of pro-inflammatory cytokines. To evaluate the adjuvant role of CpG-ODNs in conferring enhanced immunogenic capacity and protection against M. tuberculosis, we immunized mice with CFP antigen combined with synthetic CpG-ODNs (CFP/CpG) or with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) (CFP/IFA). Immunization with CFP/CpG induced a T helper 1 (Th1)-biased response accompanied by a higher immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) antibody/IgG1 antibody ratio, elevated production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by spleen cells and in lungs. However, CFP/IFA-immunized mice presented higher levels of IgG1 antibodies, as well as increased production of IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-5, and IL-10 by spleen cells, together with lower levels of IFN-gamma in the lungs. Despite the stronger Th1 response seen in both groups, believed to be necessary for protection against TB, only mice immunized with CFP/IFA were protected after M. tuberculosis infection. Lung histology revealed that lung parenchyma were better preserved in CFP/IFA-immunized mice, which also presented intense lymphocyte recruitment to the lesion, whereas CFP/CpG-immunized mice presented severe pulmonary injury accompanied by necrosis. Based on the data presented, we discuss the widely accepted paradigm that high levels of IFN-gamma are directly correlated with protection against experimental TB.

Several essential oil samples from dried flower-heads of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, grown and commercially available around Curitiba metropolitan area, South of Brazil, were analyzed by GC-MS and the chemical constituents were compared with an Egyptian sample obtained under similar conditions and used as a control. The local grown herbs showed levels of essential oil below the standards recommended by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. Also, differences in their composition as well as in the quantity of several components were found such as the unexpected inversion of the relative constitution of the A and B alpha-bisabolol oxides. Of particular interest was the striking effect of the chamomile extracts upon human leukocyte chemotaxis, a biological anti-inflammatory activity not reported before, in which cell migration was in vitro inhibited at the same level as showed by dexamethasone.Óleos essenciais extraídos de amostras de Chamomilla recutita (l.) Rauschert cultivadas e comercializadas na região metropolitana de Curitiba, sul do Brasil, foram analisadas por cromatografia com fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa e seus constituintes químicos comparados com uma amostra egípcia, usada como controle. A quantidade de óleo essencial obtida das amostras locais foi abaixo do padrão recomendado pela Farmacopéia Brasileira IV. Observou-se, também, diferenças na composição química desses óleos, assim como na quantidade relativa dos constituintes, como os óxidos A e B do alfa-bisabolol. De particular interesse foram os efeitos inibidores dos extratos de camomila sobre a quimiotaxia de leucócitos humanos induzida por caseína, efeito biológico descrito pela primeira vez e semelhante ao promovido pela dexametasona.

Age and size-at-maturity of Loligo vulgaris from Portuguese waters were evaluated in order to explain its complex population structure, which is strongly influenced by continuous spawning. Age was obtained by increment counting in statoliths. Maturity ogives by age group indicated that males mature one month earlier (at 277 days) than females (at 298 days). Females mature at a ML50% of 17.6 cm, while males mature at smaller sizes. The later, however, showed a high degree of complexity in the size at maturity with evidence of two size at maturity groups. In both sexes, maturity was ultimately found to be primarily dependent on size rather than age. The effect of hatching season on age-at-maturity, size-at-maturity and reproductive investment was analysed by comparing two groups of squid hatched under distinct environmental conditions, namely the temperature during the first 3 months of life, the cold cohort (CC), hatching between December and March and the warm cohort (WC), hatching between May and September. Significant differences were found between cohorts on age-at-maturity, size-at-maturity and reproductive investment, giving indi- cation of the environmental influences on sexual maturity. CC squid mature ca. 2 months later in life than WC squid and at a significantly larger size. The reproductive investment as measured by GSI was higher in the WC squid. Much of the variability in age and size-at-maturity of females in the population was due to differences between cohorts but this was not the case for males.

Araca-boi (Eugenia stipitata), bacuri (Platonia insignis) and cupuacu (Theobroma grandiflorum) are three exotic fruits typical of the Amazonian region. Their pulps are very much appreciated by the inhabitants and have been recently exported. The present paper reports on the chemical composition of these pulps: the gross composition (carbohydrates, protein, fat, ash and dietary fibre contents) has been determined, together with a more detailed analysis of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and minerals. Altogether, the data indicate that these fruit pulps of Amazonian origin are of nutritional interest and should be promoted at least at a regional level.

Resenha de: McEVOY, M. A. Child emperor rule in the late roman west (a.D. 367‑455). Oxford: Oxford University, 2013. 384 p. Review of: McEVOY, M. A. Child emperor rule in the late roman west (a.D. 367‑455). Oxford: Oxford University, 2013. 384 p.

Tomoregulin-1 (TMEFF1) was first identified as a gene implicated in pituitary secretion in Xenopus laevis. The predicted structure of TMEFF1 is that of a transmembrane protein with a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail, two follistatin domains and one modified EGF domain in its extracellular region. We report the cloning of the newt orthologue, and show that the expression of TMEFF1 is upregulated in the blastema during limb regeneration, and is also expressed in mouse embryonic limb development.

RESUMO: As parasitoses intestinais mantem-se como um dos maiores problemas de saude publica em areas rurais do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. A pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar o inquerito da prevalencia de enteroparasitas em comunidades extrativistas do municipio de Cairu-BA que possuiam diferencas marcantes no acesso aos servicos publicos de saneamento basico. Por meio de estudo de corte transversal com emprego do metodo de sedimentacao espontânea foram examinados 311 individuos de diferentes faixas etarias. Foram levantadas informacoes sobre os aspectos socioeconomicos e ambientais por meio da aplicacao de questionario pre-codificado padrao. Foi utilizado o software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) para analise dos dados coletados. Na localidade de Garapua, 74,7% dos individuos examinados estavam parasitados e 30,8% estavam poliparasitados. As especies enteroparasitas mais prevalentes foram: Endolimax nana (54,1%), Giardia lamblia (29,5%), Trichuris trichiura (28,1%) e Entamoeba histolytica (21,2%). Na localidade de Monte Alegre, 98,2% dos individuos estavam parasitados e 74,8% estavam poliparasitados. As especies enteroparasitas mais prevalentes foram: Endolimax nana (88,3%), Entamoeba histolytica (64,0%), Ancylostoma sp. (55,9%) e Entamoeba coli (51,4%). Na localidade da Batateira, 96,3% dos individuos examinados estavam parasitados e 79,6% (43/54) estavam poliparasitados. As especies enteroparasitas mais prevalentes foram: Endolimax nana (87,0%), Trichuris trichiura (68,5%), Entamoeba histolytica (66,7%) e Ascaris lumbricoides (46,3%). ABSTRACT: Intestinal parasitic diseases remain one of the major public health problems in rural areas of the North and Northeast of Brazil. This research aimed to survey the prevalence of intestinal parasites in extractive communities in the city of Cairu - BA which had marked differences in access to basic sanitation public services. The survey of the prevalence of intestinal parasites and survey data on the socioeconomic and environmental aspects were performed by means of cross-sectional study. The Socioeconomic and environmental aspects was conducted through interviews at the household level, with the use of standard questionnaire semi-structured and pre-coded. The qualitative fecal examinations were performed by the technique of spontaneous sedimentation. The study population was composed of individuals of all ages residing in the village of Monte Alegre and Batateira, and children (0-14 years) living in the village of Garapua. Examined a total of 311 individuals. The results were described with the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. In the village of Garapua, 74,7% of the individuals examined were parasitized and 30.8% were infected of three or more intestinal parasites. The species most prevalent were Endolimax nana (54,1%), Giardia lamblia (29,5%), Trichuris trichiura (28,1%) and Entamoeba histolytica (21,2%). In the village of Monte Alegre, 98,2% of individuals were infected and 74,8% were infected of three or more intestinal parasites. The species most prevalent were Endolimax nana (88,3%), Entamoeba histolytica (64,0%), Ancylostoma sp. (55,9%) and Entamoeba coli (51,4%). In the village of Batateira, 96,3% of the individuals examined were infected and 79.6% (43/54) were infected of three or more intestinal parasites. The species most prevalent were Endolimax nana (87,0%), Trichuris trichiura (68,5%), Entamoeba histolytica (66,7%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (46,3%).

Urban parks offer refuge for numerous animal species, and some of these parks represent the remaining fragments of native forests. We evaluate the diversity and composition of epigaeic ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in urban parks located within the Atlantic Forest biome (Centenial Park, Leon Feffer Park and Villa Lobos Park). For our collections, we placed pitfall traps along 100-m line transects in areas both accessible and inaccessible to the public. A total of 46 species distributed in seven subfamilies were collected. The number of species did not differ among park areas, but the ant communities themselves differed. Native species, such as Strumigenys denticulata and S. louisianae, were collected in the most preserved natural areas in the parks. Generalist species composed the richest guild and were primarily found in areas with public access. Wasmannia auropunctata, Brachymyrmex heeri, Solenopsis sp. 2, and Solenopsis sp. 3 were classified with high value as biological indicators.

Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasite responsible for causing clinical diseases especially in pregnant and immunosuppressed individuals. Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR), which is also known as TNFRS18 and belongs to the TNF receptor superfamily, is found to be expressed in various cell types of the immune system and provides an important costimulatory signal for T cells and myeloid cells. However, the precise role of this receptor in the context of T. gondii infection remains elusive. Therefore, the current study investigated the role of GITR activation in the immunoregulation mechanisms induced during the experimental infection of mice with T. gondii. Our data show that T. gondii infection slightly upregulates GITR expression in Treg cells and B cells, but the most robust increment in expression was observed in macrophages and dendritic cells. Interestingly, mice infected and treated with an agonistic antibody anti-GITR (DTA-1) presented a robust increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production at preferential sites of parasite replication, which was associated with the decrease in latent brain parasitism of mice under treatment with DTA-1. Several in vivo and in vitro analysis were performed to identify the cellular mechanisms involved in GITR activation upon infection, however no clear alterations were detected in the phenotype/function of macrophages, Tregs and B cells under treatment with DTA-1. Therefore, GITR appears as a potential target for intervention during infection by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, even though further studies are still necessary to better characterize the immune response triggered by GITR activation during T. gondii infection.

CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells inhibit the production of interferon-γ, which is the major mediator of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In this study, we evaluated whether the protection conferred by three different vaccines against tuberculosis was associated with the number of spleen and lung regulatory T cells. We observed that after homologous immunization with the 65 000 molecular weight heat-shock protein (hsp 65) DNA vaccine, there was a significantly higher number of spleen CD4(+) Foxp3(+) cells compared with non-immunized mice. Heterologous immunization using bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to prime and DNA-hsp 65 to boost (BCG/DNA-hsp 65) or BCG to prime and culture filtrate proteins (CFP)-CpG to boost (BCG/CFP-CpG) induced a significantly higher ratio of spleen CD4(+) /CD4(+) Foxp3(+) cells compared with non-immunized mice. In addition, the protection conferred by either the BCG/DNA-hsp 65 or the BCG/CFP-CpG vaccines was significant compared with the DNA-hsp 65 vaccine. Despite the higher ratio of spleen CD4(+) /CD4(+) Foxp3(+) cells found in BCG/DNA-hsp 65-immunized or BCG/CFP-CpG-immunized mice, the lungs of both groups of mice were better preserved than those of DNA-hsp 65-immunized mice. These results confirm the protective efficacy of BCG/DNA-hsp 65 and BCG/CFP-CpG heterologous prime-boost vaccines and the DNA-hsp 65 homologous vaccine. Additionally, the prime-boost regimens assayed here represent a promising strategy for the development of new vaccines to protect against tuberculosis because they probably induce a proper ratio of CD4(+) and regulatory (CD4(+) Foxp3(+) ) cells during the immunization regimen. In this study, this ratio was associated with a reduced number of regulatory cells and no injury to the lungs.

A biological characterisation of the populations of Loligo forbesi and Loligo vulgaris from the Portuguese coast is attempted by analysing morphometric and reproductive data, obtained from 1817 specimens of L. forbesi and 3940 of L. vulgaris , during 1990–1992. Based on the proportions of each of five maturity stages, and the proportion of mated females in monthly samples between January 1990 and June 1992, as well as analyses of the fluctuations of calculated gonadosomatic indices ( GSI ) and maturation indices ( MI ), spawning was found to take place (in autumn and winter for L. forbesi ) throughout the year (for L. vulgaris ), but with peaks of breeding in autumn and winter. Two different size groups at maturity were found in both species, one reaching full maturity at 180 mm dorsal mantle length and the other closer to the maximum size reached by each species and sex. No clear seasonal pattern in sex ratios was observed for either species. Characterisation of the relationship between length and weight in both sexes of both species is given.

Statistical data, obtained from government auction services, are analysed with the aim of giving an overview of the recent status of the most important long-finned squid (Loligo vulgaris and Loligo forbesi) and short-finned squid (Illex coindetii) fisheries. Annual data from the fishery, on the fishing season, fishing area, type of gear, fishing effort, and the abundance and economic value of these resources are summarised. The main findings are as follows. In the last 5 years there has been an increase in long-finned squid landings and a slight decrease in short-finned squid landings. Landings and catch per unit effort (CPUE) show regular seasonal patterns. Landings and trawl fishing effort are highest in northern Portugal. The highest CPUE occurs in the north for long-finned squid and in central Portugal for short-finned squid. The trawl fishery accounts for most long-finned squid landings, while the artisanal fishery (gill nets, hooks, traps) is responsible for most short-finned squid landings. The seine fishery (purse-seine nets) takes squid in small amounts.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-27T14:54:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000273688300001.pdf: 288439 bytes, checksum: 6044356f046cdd0c18b0c237b16a5877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:38:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000273688300001.pdf: 288439 bytes, checksum: 6044356f046cdd0c18b0c237b16a5877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:51:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000273688300001.pdf: 288439 bytes, checksum: 6044356f046cdd0c18b0c237b16a5877 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:51:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000273688300001.pdf: 288439 bytes, checksum: 6044356f046cdd0c18b0c237b16a5877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) A new tuberculosis vaccine is urgently needed. Prime-boost strategies are considered very promising and the inclusion of BCG is highly desirable. In this investigation, we tested the protective efficacy of BCG delivered in the neonatal period followed by boosters in the adult phase with a DNA vaccine containing the hsp65 gene from Mycobacterium leprae (pVAXhsp65). Immune responses were characterized by serum anti-hsp65 antibody levels and IFN-gamma and IL-5 production by the spleen. Amounts of these cytokines were also determined in lung homogenates. Protective efficacy was established by the number of colony-forming units (CFU) and histopathological analysis of the lungs after challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunization with BCG alone triggered a significant reduction of CFU in the lungs and also clearly preserved the pulmonary parenchyma. BCG priming also increased the immunogenicity of pVAXhsp65. However, boosters with pVAXhsp65 or the empty vector abolished the protective efficacy of BCG. Also, higher IL-5 levels were produced by spleen and lungs after DNA boosters. These results demonstrated that neonatal BCG immunization followed by DNAhsp65 boosters is highly immunogenic but is not protective against tuberculosis. São Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Microbiol Immunol, Biosci Inst, BR-18618000 São Paulo, Brazil São Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Morphol, Biosci Inst, BR-18618000 São Paulo, Brazil Univ São Paulo, Dept Biochem & Immunol, São Paulo, Brazil São Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Microbiol Immunol, Biosci Inst, BR-18618000 São Paulo, Brazil São Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Morphol, Biosci Inst, BR-18618000 São Paulo, Brazil FAPESP: 03/06348-7

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:52:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-879X2010000700006.pdf: 1207920 bytes, checksum: bdfd880a5c652f478c772b02369b88e6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:52:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-879X2010000700006.pdf: 1207920 bytes, checksum: bdfd880a5c652f478c772b02369b88e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-879X2010000700006.pdf: 1207920 bytes, checksum: bdfd880a5c652f478c772b02369b88e6 (MD5) S0100-879X2010000700006.pdf.txt: 26142 bytes, checksum: c72a8913ddc1306036955a9f6666f63c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:24:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-879X2010000700006.pdf: 1207920 bytes, checksum: bdfd880a5c652f478c772b02369b88e6 (MD5) S0100-879X2010000700006.pdf.txt: 26142 bytes, checksum: c72a8913ddc1306036955a9f6666f63c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:24:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-879X2010000700006.pdf: 1207920 bytes, checksum: bdfd880a5c652f478c772b02369b88e6 (MD5) S0100-879X2010000700006.pdf.txt: 26142 bytes, checksum: c72a8913ddc1306036955a9f6666f63c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Leukotrienes are reported to be potent proinflammatory mediators that play a role in the development of several inflammatory diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. Leukotrienes have also been associated with protection against infectious diseases. However, the role of leukotrienes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is not understood. To answer this question, we studied the role of leukotrienes in the protective immune response conferred by prime-boost heterologous immunization against tuberculosis. We immunized BALB/c mice (4-11/group) with subcutaneous BCG vaccine (1 x 10(5) M. bovis BCG) (prime) followed by intramuscular DNA-HSP65 vaccine (100 µg) (boost). During the 30 days following the challenge, the animals were treated by gavage daily with MK-886 (5 mg·kg-1·day-1) to inhibit leukotriene synthesis. We showed that MK-886-treated mice were more susceptible to M. tuberculosis infection by counting the number of M. tuberculosis colony-forming units in lungs. The histopathological analysis showed an impaired influx of leukocytes to the lungs of MK-886-treated mice after infection, confirming the involvement of leukotrienes in the protective immune response against experimental tuberculosis. However, prime-boost-immunized mice treated with MK-886 remained protected after challenge with M. tuberculosis, suggesting that leukotrienes are not required for the protective effect elicited by immunization. Protection against M. tuberculosis challenge achieved by prime-boost immunization in the absence of leukotrienes was accompanied by an increase in IL-17 production in the lungs of these animals, as measured by ELISA. Therefore, these data suggest that the production of IL-17 in MK-886-treated, immunized mice could contribute to the generation of a protective immune response after infection with M. tuberculosis. Universidade de São Paulo Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia Núcleo de Pesquisas em Tuberculose Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto Departamento de Patologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Departamento de Ciências Biológicas FAPESP: 07/02407-0

To date there is no report on mosquitoes infected with free-living amoebae. For this reason, the aim of this study was to verify if Aedes aegypti could be susceptible to Acanthamoeba polyphaga under laboratory conditions, so trophozoites were offered as a unique food resource for larvae of first instar. The results show that those amoebae are able to infect and colonize the mosquito gut and could be re-isolated of all stages of the mosquito (larvae, pupae, and adults).

CCR5, an important receptor related to cell recruitment and inflammation, is expressed during experimental Toxoplasma gondii infection. However, its role in the immunopathology of toxoplasmosis is not clearly defined yet. Thus, we inoculated WT and CCR5(-/-) mice with a sub lethal dose of the parasite by oral route. CCR5(-/-) mice were extremely susceptible to infection, presenting higher parasite load and lower tissue expression of IL-12p40, IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, iNOS, Foxp3, T-bet, GATA-3 and PPARα. Although both groups presented inflammation in the liver with prominent neutrophil infiltration, CCR5(-/-) mice had extensive tissue damage with hepatocyte vacuolization, steatosis, elevated serum triglycerides and transaminases. PPARα agonist Gemfibrozil improved the vacuolization but did not rescue CCR5(-/-) infected mice from high serum triglycerides levels and enhanced mortality. We also found intense inflammation in the ileum of CCR5(-/-) infected mice, with epithelial ulceration, augmented CD4 and decreased frequency of NK cells in the gut lamina propria. Most interestingly, these findings were accompanied by an outstanding accumulation of neutrophils in the ileum, which seemed to be involved in the gut immunopathology, once the depletion of these cells was accompanied by reduced local damage. Altogether, these data demonstrated that CCR5 is essential to the control of T. gondii infection and to maintain the metabolic, hepatic and intestinal integrity. These findings add novel information on the disease pathogenesis and may be relevant for directing future approaches to the treatment of multi-deregulated diseases.