Richard W Michelmore, Brian Abernathy, Melanie Pham, Jacqueline D. Campbell, Sergio Sebastián Samoluk, Ethalinda K. S. Cannon, Marie Mirouze, Ziqi Sun, Scott A. Jackson, Jane Grimwood, Zheng Zheng, Christopher Lui, C. Corley Holbrook, Longhui Ren, Manish K. Pandey, Ye Chu, Kenta Shirasawa, Guillermo Seijo, Sudhansu Dash, Carolina Chavarro, Connor Cameron, Xinyou Zhang, Gaurav Agarwal, Lutz Froenicke, Sophie Lanciano, Andrew Farmer, Soraya C. M. Leal-Bertioli, Nathan T. Weeks, David J. Bertioli, Walid Korani, Senjuti Sinharoy, Olga Dudchenko, Carolina Ballén-Taborda, Rajeev K. Varshney, Annapurna Chitikineni, Jerry Jenkins, Steven B. Cannon, Peggy Ozias-Akins, Erez Lieberman Aiden, Moaine El Baidouri, Márcio C. Moretzsohn, Jeremy Schmutz, Jin Hee Shin, Wei Huang, Dongying Gao, Josh Clevenger, Brian E. Scheffler, Baozhu Guo, Kyung Do Kim, Avinash Sreedasyam, DOE Joint Genome Institute [Walnut Creek], Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Baylor University, University of Georgia [USA], Laboratoire Génome et développement des plantes (LGDP), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California (UC), Purdue University [West Lafayette], United States Department of Energy, Université de Berne, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of California, DAVID J. BERTIOLI, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, JERRY JENKINS, HUDSONALPHA INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, USA, JOSH CLEVENGER, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, OLGA DUDCHENKO, BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, HOUSTON, USA, DONGYING GAO, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, GUILLERMO SEIJO, CONICETUNNE, ARGENTINA, SORAYA C. M. LEAL-BERTIOLI, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, LONGHUI REN, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, ANDREW D. FARMER, NATIONAL CENTER FOR GENOME RESOURCES, USA, MANISH K. PANDEY, INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS (ICRISAT), INDIA, SERGIO S. SAMOLUK, INSTITUTO DE BOTÁNICA DEL NORDESTE (CONICETUNNE), ARGENTINA, BRIAN ABERNATHY, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, GAURAV AGARWAL, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, CAROLINA BALLÉN-TABORDA, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, CONNOR CAMERON, NATIONAL CENTER FOR GENOME RESOURCES, USA, JACQUELINE CAMPBELL, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, CAROLINA CHAVARRO, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, ANNAPURNA CHITIKINENI, INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS (ICRISAT), INDIA, YE CHU, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, SUDHANSU DASH, NATIONAL CENTER FOR GENOME RESOURCES, USA, MOAINE EL BAIDOURI, UMR5096, FRANCE, BAOZHU GUO, CROP PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT RESEARCH UNIT, USA, WEI HUANG, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, KYUNG DO KIM, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, WALID KORANI, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, SOPHIE LANCIANO, UNIVERSITÉ DE PERPIGNAN, FRANCE, CHRISTOPHER G. LUI, BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, USA, MARIE MIROUZE, UNIVERSITÉ DE PERPIGNAN, FRANCE, MARCIO DE CARVALHO MORETZSOHN, Cenargen, MELANIE PHAM, BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, USA, JIN HEE SHIN, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, KENTA SHIRASAWA, KAZUSA DNA RESEARCH INSTITUTE, JAPAN, SENJUTI SINHAROY, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PLANT GENOME RESEARCH, INDIA, AVINASH SREEDASYAM, HUDSONALPHA INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, USA, NATHAN T. WEEKS, US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, USA, XINYOU ZHANG, HENAN ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, CHINA, ZHENG ZHENG, HENAN ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, CHINA, ZIQI SUN, HENAN ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, CHINA, LUTZ FROENICKE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, USA, EREZ L. AIDEN, BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, USA, RICHARD MICHELMORE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, USA, RAJEEV K. VARSHNEY, INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS (ICRISAT), INDIA, C. CORLEY HOLBROOK, US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, USA, ETHALINDA K. S. CANNON, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, BRIAN E. SCHEFFLER, US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, USA, JANE GRIMWOOD, HUDSONALPHA INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, USA, PEGGY OZIAS-AKINS, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, STEVEN B. CANNON, US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, USA, SCOTT A. JACKSON, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, USA, and JEREMY SCHMUTZ, HUDSONALPHA INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, USA.
Like many other crops, the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is of hybrid origin and has a polyploid genome that contains essentially complete sets of chromosomes from two ancestral species. Here we report the genome sequence of peanut and show that after its polyploid origin, the genome has evolved through mobile-element activity, deletions and by the flow of genetic information between corresponding ancestral chromosomes (that is, homeologous recombination). Uniformity of patterns of homeologous recombination at the ends of chromosomes favors a single origin for cultivated peanut and its wild counterpart A. monticola. However, through much of the genome, homeologous recombination has created diversity. Using new polyploid hybrids made from the ancestral species, we show how this can generate phenotypic changes such as spontaneous changes in the color of the flowers. We suggest that diversity generated by these genetic mechanisms helped to favor the domestication of the polyploid A. hypogaea over other diploid Arachis species cultivated by humans. Fil: Bertioli, David J.. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Jenkins, Jerry. Hudsonalpha Institute For Biotechnology; Estados Unidos Fil: Clevenger, Josh. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Dudchenko, Olga. The Center for Genome Architecture; Estados Unidos Fil: Gao, Dongying. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Seijo, José Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Leal Bertioli, Soraya C.M.. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Ren, Longhui. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Farmer, Andrew D.. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Pandey, Manish K.. Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); India Fil: Samoluk, Sergio Sebastián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Abernathy, Brian. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Agarwal, Gaurav. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Ballén Taborda, Carolina. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Cameron, Connor. National Center for Genome Resources; Estados Unidos Fil: Campbell, Jacqueline. University of Iowa; Estados Unidos Fil: Chavarro, Carolina. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Chitikineni, Annapurna. Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); India Fil: Chu, Ye. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Dash, Sudhansu. National Center for Genome Resources; Estados Unidos Fil: El Baidouri, Moaine. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Guo, Baozhu. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Huang, Wei. University of Iowa; Estados Unidos Fil: Kim, Kyung Do. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos. Corporate R&D, LG Chem; Corea del Sur Fil: Korani, Walid. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Lanciano, Sophie. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Lui, Christopher G.. The Center for Genome Architecture; Estados Unidos Fil: Mirouze, Marie. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Moretzsohn, Márcio C.. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; Brasil Fil: Pham, Melanie. The Center for Genome Architecture; Estados Unidos Fil: Shin, Jin Hee. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Shirasawa, Kenta Shirasawa. Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute; Japón Fil: Sinharoy, Senjuti. National Institute of Plant Genome Research; India Fil: Sreedasyam, Avinash. Hudson Alpha Institute of Biotechnology; Estados Unidos Fil: Weeks, Nathan T.. United States Department of Agriculture; Estados Unidos Fil: Zhang, Xinyou. Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; China Fil: Zheng, Zheng. Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; China Fil: Sun, Ziqi. Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; China Fil: Froenicke, Lutz. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos Fil: Aiden, Erez L.. The Center for Genome Architecture; Estados Unidos Fil: Michelmore, Richard. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos Fil: Varshney, Rajeev K.. Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); India Fil: Holbrook, C. Corley. United States Department of Agriculture; Estados Unidos Fil: Cannon, Ethalinda K. S.. University of Iowa; Estados Unidos Fil: Scheffler, Brian E.. United States Department of Agriculture; Estados Unidos Fil: Grimwood, Jane. Hudson Alpha Institute of Biotechnology; Estados Unidos Fil: Ozias-Akins, Peggy. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Cannon, Steven B.. United States Department of Agriculture; Estados Unidos Fil: Jackson, Scott A.. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos Fil: Schmutz, Jeremy. Hudson Alpha Institute of Biotechnology; Estados Unidos