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The objective of this research was to determine the antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from items related to hygiene and antisepsis, equipment, and instruments used in different hospital wards. Bacterial isolation and identification, phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility assays, mecA gene detection, and multiple antimicrobial resistance index analysis were performed. In total, 105 bacteria were isolated from 138 items. Of these, 49.52% bacteria were collected from instruments, 43.80% from equipment, and 6.66% from items related to hygiene and antisepsis. All gram-positive bacteria (88 isolates) were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Five species of gram-negative bacilli (17 isolates) were isolated, and the prevalence of Enterobacter agglomerans (29.41%), Escherichia coli (11.76%), and Serratia liquefaciens (11.76%) was high. Antimicrobial resistance was reported for 93.33% of the isolates. Gram-positive bacteria were resistant to sulfazotrim (88.64%) and penicillin (82.95%), while gram-negative bacteria showed resistance to sulfazotrim (70.59%) and ampicillin (64.71%). Analysis of multiple antibiotic resistance index showed that 73.33% of the isolates were a high risk to public health. The mecA gene was detected in 23 (71.88%) isolates. The evaluation of microorganisms isolated in the hospital environment revealed their high multidrug resistance index. Thus our study presses the need to pay more attention to the cleanliness of frequently used instruments, which may be potential sources of infections.

Lately, bacterial drug resistance has become an important worldwide problem in one health, where bacteria have undergone mutation becoming increasingly resistant. The major problem of bacterial drug resistance is the difficulty with eliminating microorganisms from different wounds and infected patients, and the therapeutic option is most often ineffective as a result of the repeated and inappropriate use of antimicrobials. The objective of this work was to detect and identify enterobacteria, to evaluate their resistance profile and the production of extended-spectrum b-lactamases in draft horse isolates from the municipality of Umuarama, Parana, Brazil. A nasal, oral, and ear cavity swab was collected from 38 horses (used for animal traction) for isolation and bacterial identification, phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing, and the phenotypic test for the detection of extended-spectrum b-lactamasesproducing strains. In 12 swabs bacterial isolation was possible. Strains of Escherichia coli, Serratia rubidaea, Citrobacterdiversus, Kluyvera species, and Providenciaalcalifaciens were isolated. One hundred percent multidrug resistance was detected, and the antimicrobials that encountered the highest resistance were ertapenem (100%), cefotaxime (100%), cefoxitin (100%), ampicillin (100%), amoxicillin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%), and aztreonam (91.67%) and no extended-spectrum b-lactamases -producing strain was detected. The results of this work reveal the presence of strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family associated with high bacterial resistance in horses used for animal traction in the municipality of Umuarama, State of Parana, Brazil, and these results confirm that these horses can be considered reservoirs of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This situation can be considered an important problem of one health.

The reproductive efficiency of livestock is the basis for the success of livestock, dairy or beef, and having high reproductive performance depends on several factors within the production system and the presence of infectious diseases of the reproductive sphere in the herd is one of the factors that can compromise that efficiency. The aim of this study was to use molecular biology as a diagnostic tool for the detection of Leptospira spp. DNA in cows with reproductive disorders on a rural property in the municipality of Boca do Acre, Amazonas, Brazil. Vaginal mucus was collected from nine Nelore breeding cows with a history of abortion and birth of weak calves submitted to DNA extraction and nested-PCR technique for 16S gene amplification at the bacterial genus level. Of the nine samples analyzed, five (55.55%) amplified a product of 331bp. The municipality of Boca do Acre is bordered by Peru and Bolivia, and knowledge of the prevalence of the disease, serovars, and circulating Leptospira species is essential for the adoption of measures related to animal husbandry, as well as health education for ranchers and their workers to avoid a possible occupational infection since this disease is considered an important zoonosis. New molecular studies using primers that allow the identification of the Leptospira species and mainly pathogenic species should be conducted in this region in order to elucidate the possible species of this etiological agent and the possible reservoirs of the disease to begin the understanding of the epidemiology of this disease in cattle in this region of border.

Leptospirosis is an important infectious disease, which can generate large economic losses, especially in the dairy herd. The pathogen that causes this disease may have its entry in Brazilian herds...

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Leishmania sp. DNA and anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in free-ranging Sapajus nigritus from an urban forest located in a city in the North Central region of the state of Parana. For the indirect diagnosis, the direct agglutination test was used with promastigote forms of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, where it was possible to detect the agglutination reaction in 53.33% of the S. nigritus blood samples. For direct diagnosis, the samples were submitted to real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, which confirmed the presence of Leishmania spp. DNA in 26.66% of the tested samples. It reinforces the importance of considering the concept of One Health in the face of diseases with high prevalence, such as leishmaniasis and the need for health education measures. This result shows that the animals in the present study have a role as environmental bioindicators for leishmaniasis.

Lyme borreliosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia. In ruminants, most infections are asymptomatic, but the animals can present myalgia, lameness, laminitis, arthritis, synovitis, neurological symptoms, and also decreased production and abortion. The objective was to investigate Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in cows and cattle ticks on a small dairy farm in a border region. Blood samples and ticks were collected from Holstein cows with a history of decreased milk production and abortions. Borrelia burgdorferi DNA was extracted from blood samples using a commercial extraction kit, and from ticks using an alkaline hydrolysis solution for subsequent nested-PCR. Serum and tick samples did not present Borrelia burgdorferi DNA, and 100% of the ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Although this study shows negative results it contributes to understanding the epidemiology of this etiological agent in Parana and in Brazil, since there are few studies on bovine species. The negative results of this work demonstrate that the animals and ticks researched were not exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi, however, as it is a property located in a border region, the sanitary monitoring of the herd must be performed constantly since this is a region. vulnerable to the entry of potential threats to human, animal and environmental health from vectors and pathogenic microorganisms, given the large extension of the land border with the neighboring country and which also has different health status.

Devido ao uso de antibióticos para o tratamento e prevenção de infecções bacterianas durante a produção de matrizes pesadas, torna-se importante estudar o perfil de resistência e a prevalência de bactérias gram-negativas produtoras de ESBL. Dentre as várias classes de antimicrobianos disponíveis, destacam-se os agentes beta-lactâmicos, categoria antimicrobiana amplamente utilizada em clínica médica humana e veterinária. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil de resistência e caracterizar as cepas produtoras de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) isoladas de matrizes de corte por meio da coleta de 87 swabs cloacais. As bactérias Gram-negativas foram isoladas em meios seletivos, identificadas por métodos bioquímicos convencionais e MALDI-TOF® e estudadas quanto à resistência antimicrobiana, incluindo ESBL. Das 87 amostras, foram isoladas 52 bactérias gram-negativas. Houve alta resistência bacteriana às principais classes de antimicrobianos utilizados em aves: penicilinas, cefalosporinas e quinolonas. Também foi encontrado fenótipo sugestivo de produção de ESBL em 42,31% dos isolados, demonstrando resistência aos antimicrobianos beta-lactâmicos testados. Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de orientação dos profissionais que trabalham com matrizes de corte, a fim de se reduzir a presença de bactérias resistentes e produtoras de ESBL e evitar sua disseminação para o meio ambiente, ovos férteis e frangos de corte e, consequentemente, carne de frango e humanos.

Hospital infections have a great importance in unique health, especially when one takes into account that the bacteria that cause these infections can be multidrug resistant, an entry path for these microorganisms can be the peripheral venous catheter used, primarily, to maintain the patients hydration. The objective of this work was to detect bacterial contamination and identify the microorganisms involved through blood culture and culture of peripheral venous catheters used by dogs in four different sectors of a Veterinary Hospital. 21 dogs were selected, without differentiation between age or race, and 21 of them had their blood samples collected and 21 samples of catheter tip used by them. The samples were differentiated and identified by biochemical tests and separated into Gram-Negative bacilli, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. Among the 42 samples, there was no growth in 59.52% (25) of them, in 26.19% (11) of the samples, there was growth of Gram-Negative Bacilli, 11.90% (05) were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., and 2.39% (01) were Streptococcus sp. This work shows that there should be concern about contamination that may be present in catheters or hospital probes that may cause serious infections in animals or humans.

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and their negligent use among dog owners have contributed to the rise of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms found in pets. In addition, the search for medicinal plants with antibacterial properties has made the evaluation of aqueous extracts of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum an important issue. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of gram-negative bacteria isolated from nasal swab samples of dogs and assess the antibacterial activity of the aqueous extracts of leaves and rhizomes of A. purpurata. The bacteria identified were tested using the agar disc diffusion assay for the evaluation of antibiotic resistance. A total of 16 isolates were obtained from the 19 samples collected, with a high prevalence of Escherichia coli (n=5). There was a high rate of resistance to ?-lactams, where the highest percentage was seen for amoxicillin (72.5%). Aqueous leaf extracts had high levels of total phenolic compounds (637.47 µg GAE mg-1), differing significantly (p < 0.05) from aqueous rhizome extracts (228.64 µg GAE mg-1). There was no significant difference in EC50 of DPPH values between the aqueous extracts; however, the antioxidant capacity of rhizome extracts had higher values than leaf extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of leaves and rhizomes for the evaluated bacteria ranged from 9000 to 32,000 µg mL-1. For the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), most bacteria showed an MBC over 38,400 µg mL-1 for the rhizome. In conclusion, the bacteria isolated from dog nasal swabs showed a high resistance profile for the antibiotics of the penicillin class. Additionally, the results from the analysis of the aqueous extracts of rhizomes and leaves of A. purpurata showed an antimicrobial effect possibly associated with a high content of total phenolic compounds; these results can create a scope for using these extracts together with conventional antibiotics to control the emergence of antibiotic resistance among microbial species. O uso indiscriminado de antibióticos na Medicina Veterinária e negligência de tutores de cães no uso adequado contribuíram no aumento de resistência em animais de companhia. Além disso, a busca por plantas medicinais que tenham efeito antibacteriano tornou importante a avaliação de extratos aquosos de Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o perfil de resistência aos antibióticos de bactérias Gram-negativas isoladas de amostras de swabs nasais de cães e verificar a atividade antibacteriana dos extratos aquosos das folhas e dos rizomas de A. purpurata. As bactérias identificadas foram submetidas à técnica de disco difusão em ágar para avaliação da resistência aos antibióticos. Das 19 amostras colhidas, foram isoladas 16 bactérias, com maior prevalência para Escherichia coli (n=5). Verificou-se um alto índice de resistência aos ?-lactâmicos testados, com maior percentual para amoxicilina (72,5%). Os extratos aquosos das folhas apresentam elevados teores de compostos fenólicos totais (637,47 µg GAE mg-1 extrato), sendo diferente (p < 0,05) dos extratos aquosos dos rizomas (228,64 µg GAE mg-1 extrato). Não houve diferença significativa nos valores de EC50 – DPPH para os extratos aquosos, entretanto, para a capacidade antioxidante FRAP, os extratos dos rizomas de A. purpurata demonstraram maiores valores quando comparados com os extratos aquosos das folhas. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) das folhas e rizomas para as bactérias avaliadas variaram entre 9.000 a 32.000 µg mL-1. Para a Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM), a maioria das bactérias apresentaram CBM acima de 38.400 µg mL-1 para o rizoma. Conclui-se que as bactérias isoladas de swab nasal de cães apresentam alto perfil de resistência aos antibióticos da classe das penicilinas, no entanto, os resultados dos extratos aquosos dos rizomas e das folhas de A. purpurata sinalizam efeito antimicrobiano possivelmente associado ao elevado teor de compostos fenólicos totais, podendo ser utilizado em conjunto aos antibióticos convencionais, reduzindo assim sua resistência.

Plastic surgeries are considered clean or potentially contaminated procedures. The incidence of infection in reduction mammoplasty is 1.1 to 22% and the main etiological agents are bacteria found on the skin and mucous membranes such as Staphylococcus aureus. Due to the increase in bacterial resistance with the widespread use of antibiotics, identify natural compounds with antibacterial action on postoperative surgery wounds are fundamental. Thus, the objective of this research was the identification of compounds and assessment of the antibacterial action of Copaifera spp. (copaiba) oil against standard strains and bacterial pathogens isolated from postoperative mammoplasty surgery. For this, four commercial copaiba oils (1, 2, 3 and 4) were submitted to a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oils on standard strains and clinical samples, as well as the disk antibiotics sensitivity and the synergistic effect of the oils and antibiotics, were assessed. A total of 72 compounds were identified, accounting for ~99% of the volatile constituents in the oils. Sesquiterpenes comprised 67.24– 90.11% of the components, with β-caryophyllene being the most common. Oils 1 and 2 were the most active on the S. aureus strain, with MIC similarto Oil 3, while Oil 4presented no activity. The same pattern was observed in the clinical samples. In addition, Oil 2 presented synergism when associated with amoxicillin. The synergistic effects of Copaiba oils may represent a source of therapeutic compounds against bacterial infections in surgical wound. Las cirugías plásticas se consideran procedimientos limpios o potencialmente contaminados. La incidencia de infección en la mamoplastia de reducción es del 1,1 al 22% y los principales agentes etiológicos son las bacterias presentes en la piel y mucosas como Staphylococcus aureus. Debido al aumento de la resistencia bacteriana con el uso generalizado de antibióticos, identificar compuestos naturales con acción antibacteriana sobre las heridas de la cirugía postoperatoria es fundamental. Así, el objetivo de esta investigación fue la identificación de compuestos y la evaluación de la acción antibacteriana de Copaifera spp. (copaiba) contra cepas estándar y patógenos bacterianos aislados de la cirugía de mamoplastia postoperatoria. Para ello, cuatro aceites de copaiba comerciales (1, 2, 3 y 4) se sometieron a un análisis de cromatografía de gases / espectrometría de masas. Se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro y la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de los aceites en cepas estándar y muestras clínicas, así como la sensibilidad a los antibióticos de disco y el efecto sinérgico de los aceites y antibióticos. Se identificaron un total de 72 compuestos, que representan ~ 99% de los constituyentes volátiles de los aceites. Los sesquiterpenos comprendieron entre el 67,24 y el 90,11% de los componentes, siendo el β-cariofileno el más común. Los aceites 1 y 2 fueron los más activos en la cepa de S. aureus, con CMI similar al aceite 3, mientras que el aceite 4 no presentó actividad. El mismo patrón se observó en las muestras clínicas. Además, Oil 2 presentó sinergismo cuando se asoció con amoxicilina. Los efectos sinérgicos de los aceites de Copaiba pueden representar una fuente de compuestos terapéuticos contra infecciones bacterianas en heridas quirúrgicas. As cirurgias plásticas são consideradas procedimentos limpos ou potencialmente contaminados. A incidência de infecção na mamoplastia redutora é de 1,1 a 22% e os principais agentes etiológicos são bactérias presentes na pele e nas mucosas, como o Staphylococcus aureus. Devido ao aumento da resistência bacteriana com o uso generalizado de antibióticos, identificar compostos naturais com ação antibacteriana em feridas pós-operatórias é fundamental. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi a identificação de compostos e avaliação da ação antibacteriana do óleo de Copaifera spp. (copaíba) contra cepas padrão e patógenos bacterianos isolados do pós-operatório de cirurgia de mamoplastia. Para tanto, quatro óleos comerciais de copaíba (1, 2, 3 e 4) foram submetidos à análise por cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa. A atividade antimicrobiana in vitro e a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de óleos em cepas padrão e amostras clínicas, bem como a sensibilidade a antibióticos em disco e o efeito sinérgico dos óleos e antibióticos, foram avaliados. Um total de 72 compostos foram identificados, representando ~ 99% dos constituintes voláteis dos óleos. Os sesquiterpenos representaram 67,24–90,11% dos componentes, sendo o β-cariofileno o mais comum. Os óleos 1 e 2 foram os mais ativos na cepa de S. aureus, com CIM semelhante ao óleo 3, enquanto o óleo 4 não apresentou atividade. O mesmo padrão foi observado nas amostras clínicas. Além disso, o óleo 2 apresentou sinergismo quando associado à amoxicilina. Os efeitos sinérgicos dos óleos de copaíba podem representar uma fonte de compostos terapêuticos contra infecções bacterianas em feridas cirúrgicas.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibodies and DNA of Leptospira spp. isolated from infected cattle in a small rural dairy farm in a border region between Brazil and Paraguay. Blood and urine samples were collected from 50 Holstein cows aged between 1 and 15 years. The diagnostic tests performed were microscopic serum agglutination for antibody detection and polymerase chain reaction for Leptospira spp. detection. Out of the samples analyzed, 48% were MAT positive with titers ranging from 100 to 400, and the most prevalent antibody was to the serovar Hardjo. One serum sample was amplified to 549 bp for the sec y gene, and sequencing identified it as L. interrogans. This is the first report from northwestern Paraná (PR) State of L. interrogans identification in naturally infected milk cattle. Thus, based on these results, to enhance production efficiency, new serological and molecular studies on dairy cattle from border regions are required to characterize the epidemiology of possible genotypes and their consequences in affected herds. O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar anticorpos e DNA de Leptospira spp. em uma propriedade rural leiteira de uma região fronteiriça entre Brasil e Paraguai. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue e urina de 50 animais da raça Holandesa com idade variando de um a quinze anos, de uma pequena propriedade rural de exploração leiteira em uma região de fronteira entre Brasil e Paraguai. Quanto aos diferentes diagnósticos foi utilizado a soroaglutinação microscópica para a detecção de anticorpos e também foi realizada a reação em cadeia pela polimerase para a detecção de DNA de Leptospira spp. Das amostras analisadas, 48,00% foram soro reagentes na SAM com títulos variando de 100 a 400 e o anticorpo contra o sorovar mais prevalente foi o Hardjo. Uma amostra de soro amplificou 549pb para o gene sec y, e no sequenciamento foi identificada como Leptospira interrogans. Este é o primeiro relato da região noroeste do estado do Paraná (PR) relacionado à identificação de L. interrogans de bovinos de leite naturalmente infectados e em virtude dos resultados deste trabalho são necessários novos estudos sorológicos e moleculares em criações de gado de leite de regiões fronteiriças para se caracterizar a epidemiologia dos possíveis genótipos e suas possíveis consequências nos rebanhos afetados visando sempre à eficiência da produção.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of antimicrobial resistance in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and to detect strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in free-living Sapajus nigritus. Oral and rectal swabs were collected from 15 primates to isolate and identify bacteria, conduct phenotypic tests to detect antimicrobial sensitivity and ESBL-producing strains, and calculate the multiple antimicrobial resistance index. The least effective antimicrobial was amoxicillin (72.72%) and ampicillin (57.57%), and the samples were considered as high risk for public health. No sample was positive for ESBL production. The results show that this study is relevant to One Health initiatives, considering the possibility of transmission of bacterial resistance and resistant genes originating from direct or indirect interaction of S. nigritus with parkgoers. However, these animals cannot be considered as the only reservoirs and transmitters of resistant bacteria as they can be contaminated by human-origin bacteria that can be extremely harmful and often prove lethal to them that play an important role in relationship to the ecology, spreading seeds and controlling insects.

Background : Contact between humans and pets, mainly dogs and cats, has been increasing in recent years, which may result in the spread of infectious agents to new hosts and even to the environment, causing emergencies of national and international interest. The aim of this work was to understand the phenotypic profile of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family of vaginal and preputial mucous of stray dogs from a border region. Materials, Methods & Results : Swab samples from the vaginal and preputial mucosa of stray dogs from two border regions were collected for later bacterial isolation, biochemical identification of bacterial isolates, susceptibility tests to different antimicrobials, and determination of the bacterial resistance index. Samples were collected from 70 animals, was possible to isolate 88 samples, of which 36 (40.9%) presented isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent species (44.8%), followed by Obesumbacterium proteus in eight (27.5%); Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae in two (6.8%); and Erwinia herbicola , Koserella trabulsii , Proteus mirabilis , and Serratia rubidaea (3.4%) from one isolate. The most resistant antimicrobials Clindamycin (100%), Metronidazole (100%), Oxacillin (100%), and Penicillin (100%) were tested against the vaginal and preputial samples and when the multidrug resistance index of the isolates was analyzed, all were classified as presenting a public health risk. Discussion : The results of this work suggest that stray dogs may be considered potential reservoirs of resistant pathogenic microorganisms, enabling future health problems due to the close coexistence of tutors with their dogs. It is known that the microorganisms that inhabit a certain environment or a specific part of the body are collectively called microbiomes. More specifically, some of them are bacteria that inhabit the reproductive mucous membranes (vaginal and preputial) of healthy dogs. Several works have also identified E. coli as the most prevalent bacteria identified in the vaginal and preputial mucosa of healthy dogs, that is regarded as a member of different microbiomes that is a commensal of different species of domestic animals, it is important to stress that this bacterial species presents sophisticated virulence mechanisms possibly responsible for different nosocomial infections as well as community infections in mankind and different species of animals. Found other bacterial species suggests a connection of these bacterial species with different environments and different animal species, which is even more disturbing regarding public health, since most of the time dogs share the same spaces of their tutors, which would facilitate the transmission and interaction with potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The MAR index result is worrying when dealing with stray and asymptomatic dogs, since the behavioral particularities of canine species such as licking the body, licking the genitalia, sniffing the environment for territorial demarcation and, in some cases, coprophagy, may facilitate the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms and even disseminate genes of resistance to their keepers, other animals, and even to the environment. Unique health education works should be conducted in border regions in order to raise awareness of the population involved about the different situations that may favor the dissemination of microorganisms and their resistance genes, including the problems caused by the illegal sale and/or transportation of drugs, a situation that is very common in borders.

The capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris L. 1766) is the largest existing rodent in the world. This animal species, being synanthropic, may serve as a transmitter of different diseases and parasitic infections in animals and humans as well. Leptospirosis is a cosmopolitan infectious disease with a high prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions that can affect humans and other domestic and wild animals. Due to the absence of regional data and the importance of this animal species in transmitting diseases to animals and humans, the aim of this study was to analyze DNA and anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in free-living capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) from a university campus in the city of Araras in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 31 capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) were captured for collecting their blood samples. The collected sera were analyzed using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). For the detection of Leptospira spp. DNA, the serum samples were used to extract genomic DNA for the nested-PCR analysis. Out of the 31 serum samples, 29 (93.55%) were reactive for MAT, with titers ranging from 25 to 400. The antibody could be identified against the most probable serovar in 26 (89.65%) samples, namely: Grippotyphosa (69.23%), Autumnalis (26.92%), and Bratislava (3.85%). Presence of Leptospira via nested-PCR was found only in 3.22% of serum samples. This study revealed the presence of DNA and anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in free-living capybara. Characterization of these animals as possible carriers and disseminators of the etiological agent in the environment is necessary for identification of infection in other animals and campus visitors. A capivara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris, L., 1766) é o maior roedor existente, pertencente a ordem Rodentia e família Hydrichaeridae. Esta espécie animal por ser sinantrópica pode ser transmissora de diferentes enfermidades infecto-parasitárias para animais e também para o homem. Entre as enfermidades, destaca-se a leptospirose, doença infecciosa cosmopolita com elevada prevalência em regiões tropicais e subtropicais que pode acometer o homem e outros animais domésticos e silvestres. Devido à ausência de dados regionais e a importância desta espécie animal para a saúde única o objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar DNA e anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. em capivaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) de vida livre provenientes de um campus universitário da cidade de Araras em São Paulo, Brasil. Foram capturadas 31 capivaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), as quais passaram por coletas de sangue, onde os soros colhidos foram analisados mediante a técnica de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). Para a detecção de DNA de Leptospira spp., as amostras de soro foram submetidas a extração de DNA e esses submetidos à técnica de nested-PCR. Das 31 amostras de soro, 29 (93,55%) foram reagentes na SAM com títulos variando de 25 a 400. Em 26 (89,65%) amostras foi possível identificar o anticorpo contra o sorovar mais provável sendo: Grippotyphosa (69,23%), Autumnalis (26,92%) e Bratislava (3,85%) e em uma amostra de soro (3,22%) evidenciou-se a presença de leptospiras através da nested-PCR. Este estudo evidenciou a presença de DNA e anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. em capivara de vida livre, caracterizando estes animais como possíveis portadores e disseminadores do agente etiológico no ambiente, permitindo a infecção de outros animais e também de visitantes do campus.

Purpose Investigation of the antibacterial action of aqueous extracts of Bidens sulphurea, Bidens pilosa, and Tanacetum vulgare, species of Asteraceae family that are popularly used for the treatment of genito-urinary infection. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bacterial concentration (MBC) of the extracts against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853) and against bacteria that were isolated from cultures of vaginal secretions and urine from menopausal women with a diagnosis of recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) were determined by broth microdilution. Results The MIC values of the three extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative standard bacterial strains ranged from 7.81 to 125.00 mg ml-1, and the MBC values ranged from 7.81 to 500.00 mg ml-1. However, B. sulphurea was more efficient. In the urine samples, the three extracts inhibited the growth of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., and the B. pilosa was the most active extract against E. coli compared with the other ones. For the vaginal secretion samples, no significant differences in the inhibition of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. and P. mirabilis were found among the extracts. T. vulgare and B. sulphurea were more effective in inhibiting coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. compared with B. pilosa. E. coli was more susceptible to the B. sulphurea extract compared with the B. pilosa and T. vulgare extracts. Conclusion The present results suggested the potential medicinal use of Asteraceae species, especially B. sulphurea, as therapeutic agents against rUTI-related bacteria.

Ayahuasca is a drink of indigenous origin made as a decoction obtained from medicinal plants found mainly in Acre, state of Brazil, which are the leaves of Psychtoria viridis, popularly known as “chacrona” in Brazil, and the stem of Banisteriopsis caapi, commonly known as mariri or jagube. The decoction is used in religious practices for the therapy of diseases that affect the human being, such as psychological disorders, neurological, parasitic and bacterial infections. Considering the existing bioactive compounds and the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca, this study aims to carry out a literature review of scientific articles (PubMed, Scielo and LILACS) in order to gather knowledge within 30 years of study about the therapeutic potentials of ayahuasca. In the current literature, the studies focus on the area of neuropsychology, dealing with ayahuasca as a form of therapy for neurological and neuromotor disorders. In addition, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant actions have already been reported. However, new studies are still needed in these areas in order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ayahuasca and its component plant species, in order to use it as an alternative therapy, especially in the population from which the traditional knowledge about this beverage came from.

Losses due to low reproductive efficiency can economically affect production in a small dairy farm. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of anti-Leptospira, anti-Toxoplasma gondii, and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in dairy cows with history of reproductive problems at a small dairy farm in Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil. The evaluated herd presented with history of abortion and return to estrus. Of the 37 samples analyzed, 10 (27%) were positive in microscopic serum agglutination, with titers ranging from 100 to 400, 21 (56.75%) were positive for Toxoplasma gondii in the indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT), with titers ranging from 16 to 256, and four (10.8%) were positive for Neospora caninum in IIFT, with titers ranging from 25 to 50. No variables were associated with any infection. Leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, and neosporosis are widespread in herds and may have a negative impact on reproductive parameters of dairy cattle. Periodic serological evaluations are important, as they may guide the choice of preventive disease control measures in the herd and also alert and educate small producers and the local population on the possible presence of zoonoses spread by these infectious agents, in addition, it can be concluded that infectious diseases can have negative implications on the reproductive parameters of dairy cattle causing return to heat and abortion. Las pérdidas debidas a la baja eficiencia reproductiva pueden afectar económicamente la producción en una pequeña granja lechera. El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Leptospira, anti-Toxoplasma gondii y anti-Neospora caninum en vacas lecheras con antecedentes de problemas reproductivos en una pequeña granja lechera en Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil. El rebaño evaluado tenía antecedentes de aborto y regreso al estro. De las 37 muestras analizadas, 10 (27%) resultaron positivas en la aglutinación microscópica de suero, con títulos que variaron de 100 a 400, 21 (56,75%) fueron positivas para Toxoplasma gondii en la prueba de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IIFT), con títulos que variaron entre 16 para 256, y cuatro (10,8%) fueron positivos para Neospora caninum en IIFT, con títulos que oscilaron entre 25 y 50. Ninguna variable se asoció con ninguna infección. La leptospirosis, la toxoplasmosis y la neosporosis son comunes en los rebaños y pueden tener un impacto negativo en los parámetros reproductivos del ganado lechero. Las evaluaciones serológicas periódicas son importantes, ya que pueden orientar la elección de medidas preventivas para el control de la enfermedad en el rebaño y también alertar y concienciar a los pequeños productores y a la población local sobre la posible presencia de zoonosis propagadas por estos agentes infecciosos, además, se puede concluir que las enfermedades infecciosas pueden tener implicaciones negativas sobre los parámetros reproductivos del ganado lechero provocando el retorno al celo y el aborto. Perdas devido à baixa eficiência reprodutiva podem afetar economicamente a produção em uma pequena fazenda leiteira. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira, anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum em vacas leiteiras com histórico de problemas reprodutivos em uma pequena fazenda leiteira em Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil. O rebanho avaliado apresentou histórico de aborto e retorno ao estro. Das 37 amostras analisadas, 10 (27%) foram positivas em soroaglutinação microscópica, com títulos variando de 100 a 400, 21 (56,75%) foram positivas para Toxoplasma gondii no teste de imunofluorescência indireta (IIFT), com títulos variando de 16 para 256, e quatro (10,8%) foram positivos para Neospora caninum em IIFT, com títulos variando de 25 a 50. Nenhuma variável foi associada a qualquer infecção. Leptospirose, toxoplasmose e neosporose são comuns em rebanhos e podem ter um impacto negativo nos parâmetros reprodutivos do gado leiteiro. Avaliações sorológicas periódicas são importantes, pois podem orientar a escolha de medidas preventivas de controle da doença no rebanho e também alertar e educar pequenos produtores e a população local sobre a possível presença de zoonoses disseminadas por esses agentes infecciosos, além disso, pode se concluir que as doenças infecciosas podem ter implicações negativas sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos de bovinos leiteiros causando retorno ao cio e abortamento.

Mastitis is a breast tissue disease with a high incidence in dairy cows and implications ranging from the health of the animals to the economy of the sector. Although antibiotic therapy is widely used, the search for new perspectives in the management and treatment of this disease is necessary. Although phage research preceded the discovery of antibiotics, with the appearance of antibiotics and their efficiency in treating infections, phage therapy fell into disuse. However, phage therapy has now re-emerged as an alternative for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria. The relationship between phages, bacteria, and the immune system is unique, generating a wide range of opportunities, some of which have yet to be studied. Thus, the objective of this review was to analyze the use of bacteriophages in the control of bovine mastitis and its association with other natural products today. Phages have been shown to exert effective antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity, and their interactions with other substances of natural origin could be a viable path for treating disease. Despite being little explored, phages are already being considered as an alternative for treatment against the main bacterial agents of mastitis. In this review, the safety and future pathways of phage therapy are addressed in order to indicate points where research still needs to progress and the main advantages and difficulties in this area. La mastitis es una enfermedad del tejido mamario que tiene una alta incidencia en el hato lechero con implicaciones que van desde la salud hasta la economía del sector. El uso de la terapia con antibióticos es de amplia aplicación, sin embargo, es necesaria la búsqueda de nuevas perspectivas en el manejo y tratamiento de esta enfermedad. La investigación en fagos es anterior al descubrimiento de los antibióticos, pero con la aparición de estas sustancias y su eficacia en el tratamiento de infecciones, esta terapia quedó en el olvido por un tiempo y resurgió como una alternativa para combatir las bacterias multirresistentes. La relación entre los fagos, las bacterias y el sistema inmunológico es única y genera una amplia gama de oportunidades, algunas de las cuales aún están poco estudiadas. Así, el objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar el uso de bacteriófagos en el control de la mastitis bovina y su asociación con otros productos naturales en la actualidad. Las investigaciones han mostrado una actividad antibacteriana y antibiopelícula efectiva, y las interacciones de los fagos con otras sustancias de origen natural aparecen como una vía viable aún poco explorada para la enfermedad, pero que ya se vislumbra en relación a los principales agentes causantes de mastitis. También se abordan cuestiones sobre la seguridad y los caminos para el futuro de la terapia con fagos con el fin de señalar los puntos en los que la investigación aún debe avanzar y las principales ventajas y dificultades en esta área. A mastite é uma afecção do tecido mamário que tem alta incidência no rebanho leiteiro com implicações que vão desde a saúde até a economia do setor. O uso de antibioticoterapia é amplamente aplicado, no entanto, a busca por novas perspectivas no manejo e tratamento desta doença é necessária. As pesquisas com fagos são anteriores a descoberta dos antibióticos, mas com o aparecimento dessas substâncias e a sua eficiência no tratamento das infecções, essa terapia ficou por um tempo esquecida vindo à tona novamente como alternativa no combate as bactérias multirresistentes. A relação entre fagos, bactérias e sistema imune é única, gerando um amplo range de oportunidades, algumas delas ainda pouco estudadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta revisão foi analisar o uso de bacteriófagos no controle da mastite bovina e sua associação com outros produtos naturais na atualidade. Pesquisas tem demonstrado efetiva atividade antibacteriana e anti-biofilme e, interações de fagos com outras substâncias de origem natural aparecem como um caminho viável ainda pouco explorado para a doença, mas já vislumbrado frente aos principais agentes causadores da mastite. Questões sobre a segurança e caminhos para o futuro da terapia fágica também são abordados com intuito de indicar pontos onde a pesquisa ainda deve avançar e as principais vantagens e dificuldades nesta área.

Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics both in humans and in animals, has contributed to the development of bacterial resistance. One of the key mechanisms in the resistance of enterobacteria to antibiotics is the production of extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), which reduce the therapeutic options available. Several studies have been performed in different animal species in order to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant strains and determine their antibiotic sensitivity profile. The purpose of this study was to detect ESBL-producing enterobacteria in isolates from a pet blue-fronted amazon parrot.Case: A 16-year-old pet blue-fronted-amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) weighing 0.445 kg, from the city of Presidente Castelo Branco, Paraná, Brazil, was admitted into a specialized veterinary clinic in the city of Maringá. This parrot was presented with agitation and aggressive behavior. It was fed with sunflower seeds, and its cage was small and unsanitary especially in the feeding and drinking areas, which were heavily contaminated with feces. The parrot had been diagnosed with acute sinusitis approximately one year prior, with a history of treatment with tylosin, thuya (a herbal remedy popularly used for fowl pox), and a mineral-vitamin complex. The clinical symptoms included dyspnea and bilateral increase of facial swelling, with a mass in the peri-nasal region. A membranous red tissue not related to the nictitating membrane was observed in the lower left eyelid. To obtain a better clinical evaluation, the bird was anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of dextroketamine 50 mg/kg (KetaminS+™). Subsequently, physical examination, head radiographic examinations, and an attempt at sinus draining were performed. The radiographic examinations showed a decreased amount of air in the nasal sinuses. For treatment, oral itraconazole and vitamin A were prescribed, and a dietary improvement, prioritizing the offering of fruits and industrialized food for parrots was proposed. Samples were collected from the cloaca and choanae by making rotating movements with compressed sterile swabs in the corresponding locations. All samples were kept in Amies transport media with activated coal and forwarded under refrigeration to the Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health in the Post-Graduation Program in Animal Sciences with Emphasis in Bioactive Products at Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR).Discussion: The samples were subjected to phenotypic antimicrobial sensitivity tests and phenotypic testing for detecting ESBL-producing strains. Escherichia coli was identified and isolated from the cloacal sample. Phenotypic tests for antimicrobial sensitivity, detected resistance to the following antimicrobials: ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, cefotaxime, cefepime, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, and tetracycline. The phenotypic test for detecting ESBL-producing strains was positive. The findings in this study had no relation with the clinical symptoms presented by the parrot. However, in the samples collected, it was possible to detect the presence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, indicating that this parrot had strains in its cloacal microbiota that were either multidrug-resistant or at a subclinical stage of an infection. This knowledge is important, since the presence of this bacteria in a pet represents an important factor in the dissemination of multidrug-resistant strains into the environment, as well as being a source of contamination for both humans and other animals.

The pet industry is currently expanding and specializing mainly in the field of domestic felines. Problems related to antimicrobial resistance are frequent, and the use of essential oils (EOs) in animal feed has become a novel treatment strategy. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the bacteriostatic activity of Brazilian lemon balm (Lippia alba), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), and oregano (Origanum vulgare) in bacterial isolates from 12 samples of cat food sold in bulk. The EOs from fresh leaves of crops were obtained from the Medicinal Garden of Paranaense University, Umuarama, Paraná. Cat food samples were processed for identification of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The determination of the bacteriostatic activity of the EOs was performed by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at dilutions of 2.5, 1.25, and 0.62 mg/mL. The diffusion disc technique was used to evaluate the resistance profile to the main antimicrobials used in the feline clinic and to analyze the effect of the association of these antimicrobials with the EOs studied. A total of 23 isolates were obtained, of which 16 were gram-negative and seven were gram-positive. As for the oil composition for L. alba, C. citratus, and O. vulgare, 40, 24, and 44 compounds were identified, respectively, with the major ones being geranial, geranial/?-citral, and carvacrol, respectively. Regarding MIC, no differences were found for any EOs tested. The lowest MIC value was obtained for the C. citratus EO (0.83 mg/mL) for two bacteria (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium kutscheri). The means of the inhibition halos for the 10 antimicrobials tested in association or not with one of the EOs for Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, and Serratia rubidaea showed that, for S. rubidaea, the inhibition halo diameter (12.4 mm) was greater (p < 0.05) when amoxicillin was associated with the O. vulgare EO than the association of the same antibiotic with the C. citratus EO (11.0 mm). For K. aerogenes and P. vulgaris, there was no difference in inhibition halo diameter when EOs were included. In conclusion, L. alba, C. citratus, and O. vulgare EOs are effective in inhibiting the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and can be added to cat food to replace chemical antimicrobials.

Populations of nonhuman primates are often considered to be a link in the chain of emerging infectious diseases, as they are reservoirs for different zoonotic pathogens. The objective of this study was to identify the presence of bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae in free-living nonhuman primates. The research was carried out in an urban park located in a city in the northern region of the State of Paraná, Brazil. The animals were captured in Tomahawk-type traps and chemically restrained, being oral and rectal samples collected with sterile swabs. For bacterial isolation, the samples were seeded on MacConkey agar plates and grown under anaerobic conditions. The subsequent identification was conducted using a commercial biochemical kit. Sixteen primates identified as black-capuchin-monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) were captured. Seven different enterobacterial species were identified from the oral cavity swabs: six Escherichia coli (42.9%), three Kluyvera species (21.40%), one Serratia rubidaea (7.14%), one Enterobacter aerogenes (7.14%), one Enterobacter cloacae (7.14%), one Hafnia alvei (7.14%), and one Erwinia herbicola (7.14%). Seven different species were identified from the rectal swabs: six Escherichia coli (40%), three Kluyvera species (20%), two Enterobacter aerogenes (13.32%), one Erwinia herbicola (6.67%), one Serratia rubidaea (6.67%), one Pragia fontium (6.67%), and one Edwardsiella tarda (6.67%). The results indicate that the isolated bacteria belong mainly to the human microbiota and had crossed the interspecific barrier, contaminating the nonhuman primates.