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Scrophularia species are highly valued and widely used traditional medicinal plants in East Asia. In this article, the complete chloroplast genome of Scrophularia cephalantha, a species endemic to South Korea, is reported for the first time. The genome is 153,016 bp long, and it is composed of a pair of 25,485 bp inverted repeats (IRs), separated by a large single copy (LSC) region of 84,124 bp, and a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,922 bp. There are 133 predicted genes in the genome, comprising 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs, with an overall GC content of 38%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the chloroplast genome data showed that S. cephalantha is a sister species to S. buergeriana and S. ningpoensis. The data provide useful molecular information for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of the genus Scrophularia and its related species.

Completed chloroplast genome of Campanula takesimana Nakai isolated from Dokdo island in Korea is 169,719 bp long (GC ratio is 38.8%) and has four subregions: 102,381 bp of large single-copy (37.8%) and 7,750 bp of small single-copy (32.6%) regions are separated by 29,794 bp of inverted repeat (41.3%) regions including 131 genes (87 protein-coding genes, eight rRNAs, and 36 tRNAs). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that C. takesimana from Dokdo Island form a clade with C. takesimana from Ulleungdo Island and that chloroplast genomes of the two accessions are diverged.

Jang, Hyun-Do, Nam, Gi-Heum, Oh, Hyun-Kyung, Leem, Hyosun (2021): Typification of the names Asarum chungbuensis and A. maculatum (Aristolochiaceae). Phytotaxa 508 (3): 295-299, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.508.3.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.508.3.5

Background In 2020, a categorized list of wetland preferences, major habitats, and life forms of 4145 vascular plant taxa occurring in the Korean Peninsula was published by the National Institute of Biological Resources. We analyzed the list and explored the distribution patterns of the five categorized groups according to wetland preference, along with the information on the major habitats and the life forms of the plants belonging to those categories. Results Out of 4145 taxa, we found that 729 wetland plant taxa (18%) occur in Korea: 401 obligate wetland plants and 328 facultative wetland plants. Among the 729 wetland taxa, the majority (73%) was hygrophytes and the remaining 27% was aquatic macrophytes. Furthermore, almost all of the wetland taxa are herbs; so, woody plants are only 4.7%. The 16 carnivorous taxa distributed in Korea were characterized as obligate wetland plants. Conclusions We expect the categorized information would promote understanding of the characteristics of the plant species and would be an important source for understanding, conservation, and restoration of wetland ecosystems.

Iris is one of the largest genera in the family Iridaceae, comprising hundreds of species, including numerous economically important horticultural plants used in landscape gardening and herbal medicine. Improved taxonomic classification of Iris species, particularly the endangered Korean-native Iris, is needed for correct species delineation. To this end, identification of diverse genetic markers from Iris genomes would facilitate molecular identification and resolve ambiguous classifications from molecular analyses; however, only two Iris plastid genomes, from Iris gatesii and Iris sanguinea, have been sequenced. Here, we used high-throughput next-generation sequencing, combined with Sanger sequencing, to construct the plastid genomes of 14 Korean-native Iris species with one outgroup and predict their gene content. Using these data, combined with previously published plastid genomes from Iris and one outgroup (Sisyrinchium angustifolium), we constructed a Bayesian phylogenetic tree showing clear speciation among the samples. We further identified sub-genomic regions that have undergone neutral evolution and accurately recapitulate Bayesian-inferred speciation. These contain key markers that could be used to identify and classify Iris samples into taxonomic clades. Our results confirm previously reported speciation patterns and resolve questionable relationships within the Iris genus. These data also provide a valuable resource for studying genetic diversity and refining phylogenetic relationships between Iris species.

Carex poculisquama Kuk., recorded only in the literature in Korea, was confirmed to be distributed in limestone zones in the country. Carex poculisquama is most similar to species in the section Occlusae, such as C. ligulata Nees, but it differs in its rhombic-elliptic perigynium and by the presence of short hairs on the veins of its utricles. We provide here a description, illustrations, and photographs of C. poculisquama and a key to the species. Kewwords: Carex poculisquama, sect. Occlusae, Cyperaceae 적 요: 국내에서 문헌에만 기록되어 있던 장군대사초(Carex poculisquama Kuk.)가 우리나라 석회암지대에 분포하는 것으로 확인되었다. 장군대사초는 과포가 마름모상 타원형이고, 맥 위에만 단모가 있다는 형태적인 특징으로 같은 절내 근연종인 갈사초(Carex ligulata Nees)와 구분된다. 본 연구에서 장군대사초의 실체를 확 인하고, 기재, 도해, 화상자료를 통하여 근연종과의 차이점을 검색표로 작성하였다. 주요어: 장군대사초, 갈사초절, 사초과 사초속(Carex L.)은 사초과(Cyperaceae)에서 가장 큰 속 으로 전 세계적으로 2,000여 종이 온대와 한대지역에 널 리 분포하고, 열대의 산악지대와 아프리카지역에서 드물 게 나타난다(Koyama, 1961; Ohwi, 1965; Reznic et al, 1990). 국내에는 157분류군, 일본에는 202분류군, 중국에는 527 분류군이 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있다(Ohwi, 1965; Oh, 2007; Dai et al., 2010). 한반도산 갈사초절(sect. Occlusae)에는 장군대사초와 갈 사초(C. ligulata Nees) 두 분류군이 분포하고 있으나 학자에 따라 사초절(sect. Carex)의 민숲이삭사초(C. drymophila var. abbreviata (Kuk.) Ohwi), 곱슬사초(C. glabrescens (Kuk.) Ohwi), 벌사초(C. lasiocarpa var. occultans (Franch.) Hulten), 융단사초(C. miyabei Franch.), 화산곱슬사초(C. raddei Kuk.) 등과 함께 Hirtae절로 처리하기도 한다(Ohwi, 1936, 1937; Koyama, 1961, 1962; Im, 2000; Katsuyama, 2005; Oh, 2006; Im, 2008; Dai et al., 2010; Hoshino et al., 2011). 장군대사초(C. poculisquama Kuk.)는 국내의 경상남도 장군태산에 분포하는 것으로 문헌기록으로만 알려져 있 었으며(Lee, 1996), 그 외에는 분포·기재된 바 없던 분류군 이다. 일본은 Honshu와 Kyushu의 석회암지대 초지에 분포 (Katsuyama, 2005; Hoshino et al., 2011)하고, 중국은 Anhui, S Jiangu, Zhejiang의 호수나 배수로 근처 습한 곳에서 분포 하는 고유종으로 인식되어 왔다(Dai et al., 2010). 본 연구는 국내에서 문헌에만 기록되었던 장군대사초 에 대한 실체를 확인하고 채집된 확증표본을 바탕으로 외 부형태학적 기재와 근연종과의 차이점을 검색표로 작성 *Author for correspondence: kimjh4065@hotmail.com http://e-kjpt.org, © 2016 the Korean Society of Plant Taxonomists. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The giant knotweed plant, Fallopia sachalinensis is confined to Ulleung and Dokdo islands, Korea. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of F. sachalinensis. The chloroplast genome size was 163,485 bp in length, containing a couple of identical inverted repeat regions of 31,108 bp, a large single-copy region of 87,703 bp and small single-copy region of 13,566 bp. The genome encoded 129 genes, of which 112 were unique, including 78 protein-coding, 30 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree showed that F. sachalinensis is a basal group and sister to the rest of the Polygonaceae family plants.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Lychnis kiusiana Makino (Caryophyllaceae) was determined. The genome was 151,831 bp long, consisting of a large single-copy region (83,875 bp) and a smal...

Yongneup wetland protected area, the only high moor in Korea, is a core area to conserve biodiversity. Even though the Yongneup wetland protected area is relatively small, various plant species are distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area because it includes various habitats showing different environmental gradients. Vascular plants distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area were identified as a total of 376 taxa that is composed of 73 families, 217 genera, 322 species, 3 subspecies, 44 varieties and 7 forms. For endangered plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, 5 species including Trientalis europaea var. arctica, Lilium dauricum, Halenia corniculata, Lychnis wilfordii and Menyanthes trifoliata were found and 34 taxa were confirmed to be distributed only in the mountainous wetland habitats. Regarding naturalized plants, a total of 11 taxa were distributed, but most of them were distributed in the areas where artificial interference has occurred. And in areas inside the wetlands that are relatively well preserved, 2 species of Bidens frondosa and Erigeron annuus were observed. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of Pseudostellaria baekdusanensis M. Kim, which was recently found in Mt. Baekdu and reported as a new species, were identified in the Yongneup wetland protected area. A wetland is a very vulnerable area to drastic environmental changes and damages to its ecosystem could cause the extinction of rare plant species which are distributed only in the wetlands. Therefore, it is mandatory that current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area is evaluated and actions to prevent rapid environmental changes are taken. Fourteen separate investigations were conducted in 2013 and another four in 2014, to evaluate current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area. These investigations have provided us the basic information for future actions of conservation and restoration.

Two unrecorded naturalized species, Lolium rigidum Gaudin (Poaceae) and Oenothera rosea L'Her. ex Aiton (Onagraceae) were newly reported in Korea. L. rigidum , ‘Daeng-Dol-Bo-Ri’, was found at roadside of Yesong beach, Yesong-ri, Bogil-myeon, and roadside of Myeongsasimni beach , Sin-ri, Sinji-myeon, in Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do. It was distinguished from L. mutiflorum Lam by spikelet 10-20 ㎜ long, florets 2-10(-13), and obtuse lemma, awn absent or up to 3-8(-10) ㎜. O. rosea , ‘Ae-Ki-Bun-Hong-Nat-Dal-Mat-I-Kkot’, was found in side of Wondong wetland, Yongdang-ri, Wondong-myeon, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. This taxon was distinguishable from other Oenothera in Korea by following combination of characters, stem erect to ascending, petal 5-12 ㎜ long, pink to bright purple. Descriptions and illustrations of the two taxa and their photographs in the habitat are provided along with a key to the species of Lolium and Oenothera from Korea. Key words - Lolium rigidum , Oenothera rosea

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of indigenous habitat of Donghae-si and Samcheok-si in Gangwon-do, Korea. The vascular plants were collected 18 times (from March to October 2011), and were identified as 804 taxa; 127 families, 445 genera, 720 species, 8 subspecies, 69 varieties, 5 forms and 2 hybrids. In the flora of this area, the calcicolous plants were 55 taxa; Cheilanthes argentea, Clematis serratifoliam, Quercus variabilis. Epipactis papillosa, etc. The endangered plants designated and protected by the wildlife protection law, the Ministry of Environment, Korean were counted to one taxon; Cymbidium macrorhizum. The red list of vascular plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined, endangered species (EN); Prunus yedoensis and Cymbidium macrorhizum, Vulnerable species (VU); Juniperus chinensis, Pulsatilla tongkangensis, Diarthron linifolium and Swertia wilfordii, Near Threatened species (NT); Paeonia japonica, Allium senescens, Epipactis papillosa and Pogonia minor, Least Concern species (LC); Asplenium ruta-muraria, Platycladus orientalis, Monotropa hypopithys and Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis, etc., Data Deficient species (DD); Paeonia lactiflora var. trichocarpa, and Not Evaluate species (NE); Prunus choreiana, Panax ginseng and Polygonatum infundiflorum etc. Korean endemic plants of this area were 26 taxa; Aconitum pseudolaeve, Corydalis hirtipes, Vicia chosenensis, Salvia chanroenica and Hemerocallis hakuunensis, etc. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 130 taxa comprising 11 taxa of grade V, 15 taxa of grade IV, 33 taxa of grade III, 15 taxa of grade II, 56 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were identified as 67 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 8.3% of total 804 taxa vascular plants.

Three unrecorded species, Carex chungii Z. P. Wang, C. tsushimensis (Ohwi) Ohwi , C. multifolia Ohwiwere found in Korea. C. chungii Z. P. Wang was found in Is. Wan and Is. Geogeum, Jeollanam-do and Namhae, Gyeo-ngsangnam-do. This species is distinguished from C. leuchoclora Bunge by achenes constricted above in the middle.C. tsushimensis (Ohwi) Ohwi was found in Is. Gageo, Sinan, Jeollanam-do. This species is distinguished from C. con-ica Boott by pistillate scales with a long arista. C. multifolia Ohwi was found in Haenam, Jeollanam-do . This speciesis distinguished from C. sachalinensis var. sikokiana (Franch. & Sav.) Ohwi by caespitose and leaf of light gray. Weprovide here their description, illustration, photographs and the key of related species. Keywords: Carex chungii, Carex tsushimensis, Carex multifolia, sect. Mitratae, First record : (Carex chungii Z. P. Wang), !" (C. tsushimensis (Ohwi) Ohwi), #$ (C.multifolia Ohwi) % & ' 3()*+ ,-./0 . (C. chungii Z. P. Wang)1 234 54 , 67489:34 3; ?0 . (C. leuchoclora Bunge) 8 >@ A % BC+ AD>E FG+ H(I0 .!" (C. tsushimensis (Ohwi) Ohwi)1 234 J * K64 @ OP Q T U VWLX H(I0 . #$ (C. multifolia Ohwi) 1 234 ;3* YZ[ \]^_ @ c>M d+ (ef ghLX H(I0 . 3()* ?0 .

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Maianthemum dilatatum is sequenced and analyzed. The chloroplast genome is 156,921 bp, with 36.7% GC content. A pair of inverted repeats of 26,468 bp is separated by a large single-copy region (85,554 bp) and a small single-copy region (18,431 bp). It encodes 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Of 132 individual genes, 19 genes are duplicated in the IR regions, while 14 genes are encoded with one intron and three genes with two introns.

Three new Poaceae species are reported in South Korea. Muhlenbergia ramosa was found in Boryeong-si, Iksan-si, Jangsu-gun and Gwangju. Dichanthelium acuminatum and Rottboellia cochinchinensis were found in Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do and Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do which were thought to be alien species. Genus Dichanthelium and Rottboellia are newly reported in South Korea. Muhlenbergia ramosa was thought to be native to Korea.

A new species of Apiaceae, Angelica reflexa from Daeamsan, Gangwon-do province, Korea is described and illustrated. This new species is closely related to A. genuflexa Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray, having such characters as leaf rachis and petiolules refracted strongly, but distinguished from the latter by its regularly serrated leaf margins, glabrous on abaxial leaf veins, and two vittae on the commissural face of the mericarp.

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Is. Gageo (Jeollanam-do). The vascular plants were collected 13 times (from June 2008 to September 2011), and 465 taxa in total were identified, including 112 families, 301 genera, 402 species, 3 subspecies, 49 varieties, 9 forms and 2 hybrids. 171 taxa were first records for the region. Among them were seven taxa of Korean endemic plants and the Ministry of Environment-designated plants, which should be protected by the wildlife protection law, were identified as three taxa. There were 54 taxa of the flora with the levels Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ in the floristic indicator plants which was designated by Ministry of Environment. The naturalized plants were identified as 29 taxa, and their naturalization ratio and urban index were found to be 6.2% and 9.0% respectively. There existed many kinds of plants resources having conservational value like Loxogramme salicifolia, Sarcandra glabra, Osmanthus insularis, Saussurea polylepis, Carex ligulata var. austrokoreensis, Hosta jonesii, Cyrtosia septentrionalis, etc., in this area. As therefore clear that appropriate plans to conserve the natural habitat of Is. Gageo must be made immediately.

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of uninhabited Island in the Deokjeok Archipelago. The vascular plants which were collected in 5 times (from Jun. 2009 to Apr. 2010) were identified as 350 taxa in total, including 89 families, 231 genera, 309 species, 5 subspecies, 31 varieties, and 5 forms. There were many useful plants such as 2 taxa of Korean endemics and 2 taxa of rare plants which were proposed by the Korea Forest Service. The specially determined plants which were categorized as 5 degrees in all by the Ministry of Environment appeared as 49 taxa; Degree V was one taxon; Senecio nemorensis and IV was one taxon; Apocynum lancifolium and III was 2 taxa; Stauntonia hexaphylla, Hylotelephium spectabile and I was 45 taxa; Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, Hedera rhombea, etc. Based on the plants which were approval objects when transfer overseas were 5 taxa, and 21 taxa of evergreen plants were recorded in the investigated area. The naturalized plants were identified as 15 taxa, and their naturalization ratio were found to be 4.2% respectively.

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular flora of Mt. Munsu. The vascular plants collected in 13 times(from Mar. to Oct. 2009) were identified as 511 taxa in total, including 113 families, 332 genera, 445 species, 5 subspecies, 46 varieties, 5 forms. Among them, 6 taxa of the Korea Forest Service-designated rare & endangered plants and the Korean endemic plants were identified as 2 taxa. Based on the list of approved for delivering overseas of plants, 6 taxa were recorded in the investigated area. The Ministry of Environment-designated plants, which should be protected by the wildlife protection law, were identified as 2 taxa and 39 taxa of specially designated plants by the Ministry of Environment. The naturalized plants were identified as 53 taxa, and their naturalization ratio and urban index were found to be 10,3%, and 18.5% respectively. There existed many kinds of plants resources having conservational value like Ranunculus trichophyllus var. kadzusensis, Jeffersonia dubia etc, in this area, but there remains a fear of nature destruction's acceleration due to indiscriminate human development and access of a lot of visitors, so it is judged that there should be a management plan, such as a limit on the number of visitors or rest-year-system for restoration of nature.

Somatic chromosomes about 13 taxa of Korean Euphorbia L. was investigated to estimate its taxonomic significance. Somatic chromosome numbers of treated taxa were 2n= 12, 20, 22, 28, 40, 42, 56, therefore basic chromosome numbers of those were x=6, 7, 10, 11. The chromosome numbers of E. pallasii Turcz. (2n=20), E. hylonoma Hand.-Mazz (2n=20.), E. fauriei H. Lv. & Vaniot ex H. Lv (2n=28) and E. jolkini Boiss. (2n=28) were determined for the first time in this study. The chromosome numbers of four taxa were same as previous ones; E. sieboldiana Moor. & Decne. (2n=20), E. ebracteolata Hayata (2n=20), E. humifusa Willd. ex Schlecht. (2n=22). But those of six taxa were different; E. esula L (2n= 16, 20, 60, 64 vs 2n=20), E. helioscopia L. (2n=12, 42 vs 2n=42), E. lucorum Rupr. (2n=28, 40 vs 2n=56), E. pekinensis Rupr. in Maxim. (2n=24 vs 2n=28, 56), E. maculata L. (2n=28, 42 vs 2n=12), E. supina Raf. (n=7 vs 2n=40). E. ebracteolata, E. pallasii and E. hylonoma were distingushcd from the other taxa by the chromosome numbers, size and satellites, E. maculata, E. humifusa, E. supina had the different basic and somatic chromosome numbers in spite of the similar morphological. anatomical and palynological chracters. The chromosomal character of Korean Euphorbia was supported the Ma and Hu's systems, and as above results, it was found to be a good character in delimiting above sections and estimating relationships for some species.