Search

Vegetable intercropping systems use complementarity between species to increase agricultural profitability. This study evaluated the effects of intercropping chicory and arugula species with collard greens on crop yield and land use efficiency (LUE). Six treatments, consisting of species planted as monocultures or intercropped in various combinations, were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replicates. The cultivars ‘Top Bunch’ (collard greens), ‘Pão de Açúcar’ (chicory) and ‘Folha Larga’ (arugula) were used. The yield of collard greens in monoculture did not differ from those obtained when they were intercropped with chicory, arugula, or both species, whereas chicory and arugula yields were higher in monoculture. However, even with yield losses for chicory and arugula in intercropping, LUE indices were greater than 1.0 in all intercropping systems, indicating their viability. The highest LUE index (2.41) was obtained in the chicory-arugula-collard green intercropping system. RESUMO O consórcio de hortaliças é um sistema de cultivo que utiliza a complementaridade entre espécies para aumentar a rentabilidade da atividade agrícola. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das espécies almeirão e rúcula em consórcio com a couve na produtividade das culturas e no índice de eficiência do uso da área (EUA). Seis tratamentos (espécies em consórcio e em monocultura) foram avaliados em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas as cultivares ‘Top Bunch’ (couve), ‘Pão de Açúcar’ (almeirão) e ‘Folha Larga’ (rúcula). A produtividade da couve em monocultura não diferiu das obtidas em consórcios com almeirão, rúcula ou com ambas as espécies, enquanto as produtividades do almeirão e da rúcula foram maiores no monocultivo. Entretanto, mesmo com perdas de produtividade pelo almeirão e rúcula, os índices de EUA foram maiores que 1,0 em todas as consorciações indicando a viabilidade do consórcio. Maior índice EUA (2,41) foi obtido no consórcio de almeirão-rúcula-couve.

This study aimed to investigate the impacts of Eruca sativa seed extract on some reproductive indicators and carcasses quality for aged local duck males. Forty-five aged local ducks males with the average live-weight of (2000±5g) and two years old were randomly distributed into three treatments (15 for each). After dissolution in corn oil, T2 and T3 were supplemented with 400 and 800 mg alcoholic extract of Eruca sativa seed respectively.T1 has only given corn oil (control). Weekly, a dosage of 2 ml was twice given to the treatments by syringe. The current results showed significant (P

The present study aimed to investigate the benefits of ultrasonic method of extraction compared to maceration method, on intensifying the phytochemicals, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity activities of Eruca sativa leaves and sprouts ethanolic extracts. The ultrasonic treatments of E. sativa leaves and sprout, were tested after 10, 20 and 30 min., whereas, maceration treatments of E. sativa leaves and sprout, were considered after 72 h. Results of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that E. sativa leaves and sprouts are reach sources of active components such as phenols and flavonoids. Moreover, the sprout macerated extracts showed higher total antioxidant activity (TAA), total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), compared to those of the sprout ultrasonic extracts. On the contrary, the ultrasonic extraction of leaves was more efficient than maceration. Results of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity showed that ultrasonic treated leaves, sprouts (10 min.), and macerated sprouts (72 h), recorded the lowest effective concentrations (EC50) of; 2.77, 3.846, and 3.676 mg/100 ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assessed using the well diffusion method. Results showed that ultrasonic treated sprouts (10 min.) and ultrasonic treated leaves (10 and 30 min.) have better antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus (recording diameter of inhibition zone of 13 mm) and Candida albicans (recording diameters of inhibition zones of 13 and 11 mm, respectively). For bacteria, the Staphylococcus aureus was effectively inhibited (recording inhibition zone diameter of 13 mm) by the ultrasonic treated leaves (20 min.), Bacillus cereus was effectively inhibited with ultrasonic treated sprouts (20 and 30 min., both recording 13 mm), ultrasonic treated leaves (10 and 20 min., recording 14, 13 mm, respectively), and the macerated leaves (72 h, recording 13 mm). Salmonella typhimurium recorded (13 mm) with ultrasonic treated leaves (10 min.), and (12 mm) with macerated sprouts. Results of the cytotoxic potency demonstrated high activity of the macerated sprouts on HepG2 cell lines, whereas the macerated sprouts and ultrasonic treated leaves (30 min.) presented high efficacy on the HT-29 cells. Thus we concluded that extracts of E. sativa leaves and sprouts produced using different extraction methods, have a substantial beneficial antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities.

Stored grains commodities are attacked by a variety of beetles and larvae of lepidopteron insect pets. of them,Tribolium castaneum(Herbst) is a severe insect pest of stored commodities throughout the world. This insect is widely spreading various climatic regions throughout the world. Results of bioassay with Spinetoram exposed that maximum larval mortality was detected 88.87% and 44.04% after “48 hr” and “72 hr”. Exposure time period after 0.03% concentration, correspondingly. Minimum mortality 14.17% after “24 hr” at same concentration. At lower concentration 0.02%, maximum mortality 61.96% after “72 hr”, 31.65% after “48 hr” of exposure time period. Minimum mortality of 15.02% was observed after “24 hr”. At lowest concentration 0.01%, maximum mortality 60.38% was recorded at “72 hr”, 28.22% after “48 hr”. Whereas, minimum mortality 8.41% was detected after “24 hr”. The mortality was increased by increased the concentration of spinetoram and exposure time. Repellent activities of acetone based plant extracts ofEruca sativa,Azadirachta indicaandRicinus communisagainst the insect pest of stored grain commodities,Tribolium castaneum. Various concentrations (5, 10 and 15%) of the plant extracts were applied on the filter papers in the bioassay experiments and after the release of 15d old beetles, repellency was evaluated after fixed intervals (12, 24). Increased repellency was found at increased concentrations of plants. The concentration interaction and plant extracts findings for the treatments remained momentous. The generally findings exposed raised death rate with raise the doses and time period.

The microsporidian fungus Nosema ceranae represents one of the primary bee infection threats worldwide and the antibiotic fumagillin is the only registered product for nosemosis disease control, while few alternatives are, at present, available. Natural bioactive compounds deriving from the glucosinolate–myrosinase system (GSL–MYR) in Brassicaceae plants, mainly isothiocyanates (ITCs), are known for their antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogens and for their health-protective effects in humans. This work explored the use of Brassica nigra and Eruca sativa defatted seed meal (DSM) GSL-containing diets against natural Nosema infection in Apis mellifera colonies. DSM patties from each plant species were obtained by adding DSMs to sugar candy at the concentration of 4% (w/w). The feeding was administered in May to mildly N. ceranae-infected honey bee colonies for four weeks at the dose of 250 g/week. In the treated groups, no significant effects on colony development and bee mortality were observed compared to the negative controls. The N. ceranae abundance showed a slight but significant decrease. Furthermore, the GSL metabolism in bees was investigated, and MYR hydrolytic activity was qualitatively searched in isolated bee midgut and hindgut. Interestingly, MYR activity was detected both in the bees fed DSMs and in the control group where the bees did not receive DSMs. In parallel, ITCs were found in gut tissues from the bees treated with DSMs, corroborating the presence of a MYR-like enzyme capable of hydrolyzing ingested GSLs. On the other hand, GSLs and other GSL hydrolysis products other than ITCs, such as nitriles, were found in honey produced by the treated bees, potentially increasing the health value of the final product for human consumption. The results are indicative of a specific effect on the N. ceranae infection in managed honey bee colonies depending on the GSL activation within the target organ.

Background Microalgae and nanoparticles are currently considered promising tools for numerous agricultural and biotechnological applications. The green microalga Chlorella sp. MF1 and its biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used in this study as biofortification agents to enhance glucosinolate and kaempferol levels in Eruca sativa. UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR and TEM were comprehensively used for characterizing Chlorella-based AgNPs. Results The biosynthesized AgNPs were found to be spherical in shape, with size ranging from 1.45 to 5.08 nm. According to FTIR measurements, silver ions were reduced to AgNPs by functional groups such as amide, hydroxyl and carboxylate. Different experimental treatments were conducted, including either soaking seeds of E. sativa or foliar spray with various concentrations of Chlorella suspension (1, 2, 3 and 4 g L−1) and AgNPs (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg L−1). Expression levels of five key genes in the biosynthetic pathway of glucosinolates (MAM1, SUR1, MYB34 and MYB51) and kaempferol (CHS) were assessed using qRT-PCR. The results indicated an upregulation in the gene expression levels in all treatments compared to control, recording the highest level at 40 mg L−1 AgNPs and 4 g L−1Chlorella suspension. In addition, high glucosinolates and kaempferol content was detected in plants whose leaves were sprayed with AgNPs and Chlorella suspension (40 mg L−1 and 4 g L−1) based on HPLC analysis. Sequence analysis of amplified CHS fragments from E. sativa plants treated with AgNPs (40 mg L−1) showed high sequence similarity to A. thaliana CHS gene. However, there were several CHS regions with sequence polymorphism (SNPs and Indels) in foliar sprayed plants. Conclusions Results of this study evidenced that the application of AgNPs and Chlorella suspension increased glucosinolates and kaempferol content in E. sativa through upregulation of key genes in their biosynthetic pathway.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Eruca sativa on the cytotoxic effect of Hypericum triquetrifolium on sperm abnormalities in albino mice. Leaves of E. sativa and aerial parts of H. triquetrifolium were dried in shade and grinded and their aqueous extracts were used for the treatments to study their effect on sperm morphology. Treated groups were injected with a single dose of 38 mg/kg body weight (BW) of Hypericum subcutaneously, while the Eruca groups were orally administered with 250 mg/kg BW twice/week for 2 weeks. After the exposure of H. triquetrifolium, the frequency of abnormal sperms showed a highly significant induction of sperm abnormalities; separated head from tail sperms, swollen head, hookless, defective head, and hook. However, the Eruca group showed no obvious abnormalities in sperm morphology, while in cotreatment with both Eruca and Hypericum (H/E) groups, there was an extremely significant decrease (P < 0.0001) in the abnormal sperms. In conclusion, it appeared that E. sativa could prevent or at least minimize the damages that Hypericum toxins would make on the sperm morphology significantly.

Allelopathy is a complex phenomenon which depends on allelochemical concentrations. So, two pot experiments were carried out to investigate the allelopathic effect of alcoholic fresh shoot extract of Eruca sativa (foliar spray) and E. sativa shoot powder (mixed with soil) on Pisum sativum plants and two associated weeds, Phalaris minor and Beta vulgaris. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt during two successive winter seasons (2016–2017 and 2017–2018). Ten treatments were applied in this study. Four treatments were applied before sowing, that E. sativa shoot powder was mixed with the soil at rates of 15, 30, 45 and 60 g ⋅ pot–1. The other four treatments of E. sativa alcoholic fresh shoot extract were sprayed twice on both plants and weeds at 5, 10, 15 and 20% (w/v) concentrations. Additionally, two untreated treatments, healthy (P. sativum only) and unweeded (untreated infested P. sativum plants with weeds) were applied for comparison. The results indicated that both alcoholic extracts and powder reduced growth of both weeds. Moreover, there was a direct relationship between concentration and weed reduction. Eruca sativa alcoholic extracts increased yield parameters of P. sativum plants. The maximum yield attributes were recorded by spraying of E. sativa alcoholic extract at 20%. On the other hand, it was clearly noticed that the high powder rates affected negatively P. sativum yield parameters. But the lowest powder rate (15 g ⋅ pot–1) stimulated P. sativum yield parameters as compared to unweeded treatment. Chemical analysis of E. sativa shoot powder ensured that the abundant amount of glucosinolates (9.6 μmol ⋅ g–1) and phenolic compounds (46.5 mg ⋅ g–1) may be responsible for its allelopathic effect. In conclusion, spraying of alcoholic fresh shoot extract of E. sativa at 20% (w/v) and mixing E. sativa shoot powder at 15 g · pot–1can be applied as natural bioherbicides for controlling weeds.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of crushed Rocket salad (Eruca sativa) seeds on serum lipid profile and risk index of males and females quail before and after sexual maturity. A total of two hundred forty unsexed quail (Coturnix coturnix) (7 days aged) were randomly distributed into 4 groups (60 birds/ group, 5 replicates, 12 birds / replicate), the feed and water were allowed ad libitum, and the treatment continued till 77 days age, as follows:- 1st group(control): birds were reared on standard ration (without Eruca sativa seeds) 2nd group: birds were reared on standard ration supplemented with 6 g / kg crushed Eruca sativa seeds from the age of 7 days till 42 days age. 3rd group: birds were reared on standard ration supplemented with 6 g / kg crushed Eruca sativa seeds from the age of 42 days till 77 days age. 4th group: birds were reared on standard ration supplemented with 6 g / kg crushed Eruca sativa seeds for the whole period of experiment (7 - 77 days). The addition of crushed Eruca sativa seed don't change the level of blood glucose, but it improves serum lipid profile in males and females quail, especially when given in the early stage of growth before sexual maturity (Eruca sativa from 7days age), and there was a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the level of cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL-C compared with control. Also the addition of Eruca sativa seeds in the ration enhanced and significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) the level of HDL-C in males and females quail before sexual maturity (2nd and 4th groups), and there is no significant changes in the level of LDL-C compared with control, which reflected in improvement of risk index (LDL/HDL) especially when Eruca sativa seeds were added from 7 days age. On the other hand, the addition of Eruca sativa seeds reduced the stress effects in males and females quail as represented by a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in AST and ALT values as compared with the control group. In conclusion, the addition of crushed Eruca sativa seeds improve the lipid profile and risk index, also reduce stress condition in males and females quail, especially when given in the growth stage and before sexual maturity.

Microtheca punctigera (Achard) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a major pest of Brassicaceae family plants in Brazil and occurs together with M. semilaevis. Occurrence of larvae and adults of M. punctigera and M. semilaevis Stal in five host plants grown in closely patchs was investigated in three periods in the field [Fall/Winter 2001 (May 10 to July 21); Fall 2002 (April 3 to June 12), and Spring 2002 (September 20 to November 15)]. Treatments were Chinese cabbage, mustard, watercress, arrugula and radish. The standard of occurrences of larvae of M. punctigera + M. semialevis was not repeated in the three trials: Chinese and mustard were the preferred food in 2001 Fall Winter while in the 2002 Fall and 2002 Spring preference was predominated for mustard and arrugula. M. punctigera was the predominant species during the experiments and populations were higher in the winter periods. In general, M. punctigera beetles were found mostly on Chinese cabbage and mustard, but in some assessments populations were high also in other hosts (mostly arugula). M. semialevis beetles occurred mostly on Chinese cabbage and mustard. RESUMO Microtheca punctigera (Achard) é praga primária de plantas da família Brassicaceae no Brasil e ocorre associada com M. semilaevis Stal. Ocorrência de larvas e adultos de M. punctigera e M. semilaevis em cinco plantas hospedeiras em parcelas próximas foi avaliada em três períodos no campo ([outono/inverno, 2001 (10 de maio a 21 de julho); outono, 2002 (3 de abril a 12 de junho), e primavera, 2002 (20 de setembro a 15 de novembro)]. Os tratamentos foram couve chinesa, mostarda, agrião, rúcula e rabanete. O padrão de ocorrência de larva de M. punctigera + M. semialevis não se repetiu nos três períodos de avaliação: couve chinese e mostarda foram os alimentos preferidos no outono/inverno de 2001, enquanto que no outono e primavera de 2002, mostarda e rúcula foram os hospedeiros preferidos.M. punctigera foi a espécie predominante durante os experimentos e as populações foram maiores no período de inverno. De maneira geral, besouros de M. semialevis foram encontrados principalmente em couve chinesa e mostarda, mas em algumas as avaliações populações foram superiores em outros hospedeiros (principalmente em rúcula). Besouros de M. semialevis ocorreram principalmente em couve chinesa e mostarda.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:14:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-07-27 Universidade Estadual Paulista Silicon (Si) might be an alternative to mitigate biological damages caused by calcium (Ca) deficiency in rocket plants (Eruca sativa Miller); however, the mechanisms involved in the use of Si by this species remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate if Si supplementation in a nutrient solution increases antioxidant defenses and mitigate negative effects of Ca deficiency in rocket plants. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a factorial design 2 × 2, being the first factor the supply of a nutrient solution containing low (0.75 mM) or high (5 mM) Ca concentration, aiming to induce either a deficiency or sufficiency of this nutrient, and the second factor the absence or presence of Si (2.5 mM). Ca deficiency resulted in oxidative stress in the plants, by increasing the cell electrolyte leakage index and the content of oxidizing compounds, and decreasing dry matter productivity and quality. Si supplementation through a nutrient solution, under Ca deficiency, has decreased the cell leakage index and increased the content of ascorbic acid, total phenols, carotenoids, the quantum efficiency of the photosystem II, and both fresh and dry matter productions. Similar benefits were also verified in plants under Ca sufficiency. Therefore, Si supplementation is recommended through a nutrient solution, in order to improve quality and increase its productivity after leaf harvesting in rocket plants. Agricultural Production Science Department Sector of soil and fertilizing São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences access through the street: Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Department of General and Applied Biology Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Avenida 24 A,1515 Agricultural Production Science Department Sector of soil and fertilizing São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences access through the street: Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Department of General and Applied Biology Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Avenida 24 A,1515 Universidade Estadual Paulista: 001

Rocket and spinach baby leaves are valuable commodities since they are basic components of popular ready-made salads. Two methods may follow after harvesting: establishment of new cultivations or successive revegetations and harvests. This study aimed to investigate the yield and nutritional value of rocket and spinach baby leaves after individual cultivations or successive revegetations in a floating system to improve their production strategy. The crops were cultivated in a greenhouse for seven weeks using a floating system with an adjusted nutrient solution. The leaves were either harvested and immediately replaced with a new set of plants (control) or harvested and placed again in the same tank in order to revegetate (revegetation). Revegetated rocket baby leaves in five cuts produced similar yield, with greater antioxidant capacity (DPPH scavenging activity) and total phenolic content, and greater nitrate content (eight times below the maximum allowed by EU) compared to control. Revegetated spinach produced more yield with enhanced antioxidant activity and total phenolic content and the same nitrate content compared to the control. Colour was not affected in either crop, thus eliminating the possibility for market rejection. Production efficiency was increased, as shown by the yields and the reduced resources provided in the revegetation tank. Thus, successive harvesting and revegetation are suggested for increased production efficiency and quality of rocket and spinach baby leaves.

Metals in the environment have been an increasing research topic over the past decade, since they can be found in both natural and drinking water, including irrigation of crops and edible plants with contaminated water. The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake of Cr by arugula (Eruca sativa) in a greenhouse experiment, simulating the open field irrigation conditions. We also evaluate the toxic effects of Cr on oxidative stress by measuring the antioxidant capacity and polyphenol profile in the plant. The study examines the irrigation of arugula, during 15 and 21 days, with four Cr (VI) concentrations, ranging from 0 (control) to 250 μg. L−1. Arugula plants were able to accumulate Cr when irrigated during 15 and 21 days in all the Cr concentrations evaluated. The estimated daily intake (EDI) shows that the amount of Cr accumulated by arugula plants does not represent a threat to human health. Application of Cr levels induced some changes in content, profile and capacity of antioxidants depending on Cr concentration and time of exposure. Taking into account that E. sativa is consumed due to its polyphenol-related health benefits, the allowable Cr limits in irrigation water should be reviewed, in order to maximize health benefits associated with its consumption, and also to improve vegetable quality. Arugula is a valuable and nutritious food, that should not be excluded from a balanced diet. Chromium concentration in irrigation water as well as the speciation forms present in vegetables should be controlled.

Highlights • Extreme high temperature reduces rocket growth, regrowth, and survivability. • Glucosinolate and hydrolysis products of rocket between cuts are determined. • Highest glucosinolate concentrations were observed in first and second cuts at 40 °C. • Highest hydrolysis product concentrations were observed in second cuts at 30 °C. • Temperature response for phytochemicals is cultivar and species dependent., Rocket salad species (Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Eruca sativa; also known as E. vesicaria) are known for their high concentrations of health-related isothiocyanates, which are derived from secondary metabolites called glucosinolates. Increases in temperature due to climate change and extreme weather event frequencies over the coming decades are likely to influence not only the growth of leafy vegetables, but also their nutritional density. It is therefore essential to determine the impacts of these in order to mitigate crop losses and nutritional decline in future. Our data show there is a strong influence of pre-harvest growth temperatures on glucosinolate biosynthesis and formation of glucosinolate hydrolysis products postharvest, and that this is genotype dependent. High growth temperature (40 °C) severely retarded germination, growth, regrowth, and survival of rocket plants. Highest glucosinolate concentrations were observed in first and second cuts at 40 °C, but did not correspond to highest isothiocyanate concentrations (observed at 30 °C, second cut). Hydrolysis product formation is proportionately not as great as glucosinolate increases at 40 °C, possibly due to inhibition of enzyme function(s) at higher temperatures. These data indicate that high growth temperatures increase glucosinolate accumulation, but growth and productivity is significantly reduced. Much greater emphasis is needed for breeding cultivars tolerant to high growth temperatures in order to maximise nutritional benefits imparted by temperature stress.

Rocket cultivation is increasing to supply the expanding ready-to-eat market because of its unique taste, but crops are often over fertilized to avoid nitrogen deficiencies. This leads to nitrate accumulation in leaves, and the products of their degradation (nitrites and nitrosamines) have been related to several health problems. Nitrate concentrations in rocket and other leafy vegetables are subject to limits by the EU legislation, yet rocket holds a great nutritional value. Degradation products of glucosinolates (isothiocyanates) have been consistently linked with benefits to human health. We investigated the influence of nitrogen application (1 and 8 mM), species [Eruca sativa (L.) Cav. and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.] and light spectrum (full spectrum, red, blue and red + blue) on the nitrate concentration, nitrate reductase activity and glucosinolate content of rocket grown in a soil-less system. Red light decreased the nitrate concentration with respect to the blue spectrum (4,270 vs. 7,100 mg.kg(-1) of fresh weight, respectively), but such reduction was influenced by the species and the nitrogen level (significantly higher in D. tenuifolia and with the higher concentration of N). The nitrate reductase activity increased under red light in D. tenuifolia, with the lower N concentration. Rocket is known to contain several health-promoting compounds mainly antioxidants and glucosinolates, as secondary metabolites that act as part of plant defense mechanisms. The total content of glucosinolates was mainly affected by the species (D. tenuifolia showed the highest concentrations). Our results will help growers to tailor light spectra with the aim of reducing nitrate concentration and to remain within EU legislative limits, without any detrimental influence on other qualitative parameters in rocket.

Seeds of arugula (Eruca sativa Miller, cv. Cultivada), carrot (Daucus carota L., cv. Nantes), eggplant (Solanum melongena L., cv. Embú) and watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai cv. Crimson Sweet] were submitted to different osmotic potentials induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) with the objective of evaluate the effects of drought stress on seed germination and initial seedling growth. Seeds were distributed in plastic boxes containing blotter paper, soaked with PEG solutions prepared with osmotic potentials 0.0 (control), -0.2, -0.4, and -0.8 MPa and kept into a seed germinator, at 25 °C for 14 days. A completely randomized design in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with four replicates of 50 seeds each was used. The results showed that by increasing of the osmotic potential level, germinated seeds number, germination rate index, root and shoot length, shoot and root dry matter, and seedling vigor indices decreased, while mean germination time and root: shoot ratio increased in all four vegetable crops. Additionally, the carrot and watermelon are more susceptible than arugula and eggplant to drought stress, with germination response declining more rapidly with the rise of osmotic potential level. Arugula and eggplant crops tolerate water stress of up to -0.2 MPa, without reducing germination of the seeds; however, the growth of shoots and roots are inhibited. The germination process of eggplant and watermelon seeds are completely inhibited at -0.8 MPa osmotic potential, whereas germination of carrot seeds is completely inhibited at -0.4 MPa osmotic potential. Severe drought stress limits the process of seed germination and initial seedling growth of vegetable crops.

Background It is well known that legume and other crops such as pea, faba bean, lentil, chick pea, and several other crops are susceptible to Orobanche crenata (broomrape) infestation. There is a direct relationship between O. crenata infestation and yield losses depending on the severity of infestation, the crop sensitivity, the planting date, and the different prevailing environmental factors. So, the present investigation aims to evaluate the allelopathic potentiality of the seed powder of the Brassicaceae plants (Eruca sativa and Sinapis alba) in controlling O. crenata infesting Pisum sativum plants. Materials/methods Two greenhouse experiments were held during two consecutive winter seasons to study the allelopathic effect of Eruca sativa (Essp) and Sinapis alba (Sasp) seed powder and compare it with recommended Basamid (Dazomet) herbicide treatment in controlling O. crenata infesting Pisum sativum as well as their effect on P. sativum growth, yield, and yield attributes. The treatments were conducted by mixing the seed powder of E. sativa (Essp) or S. alba (Sasp) to the soil at 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50 g/kg soil as well as Basamid herbicide at 0.2 g/pot. Results The recorded results show that both Essp and Sasp at successive rates as well as Basamid treatment scored a great inhibition in dry weight of O. crenata tubercles infesting P. sativum plants at 55 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest. The highest rate (50 g/kg) of both applied seed powder achieved the highest level of controlling O. crenata investigated weed. Growth as well as yield and yield attributes of P. sativum increased by the application of Essp and Sasp especially at the lowest rates in comparison with infected control. Conclusion The lowest rates (12.5 and 25 g/kg soil) of both Essp and Sasp were the optimum applied treatments that suppressed O. crenata weed with the highest yield of P. sativum as compared with the healthy control. Glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in both seed powder may be the main active allelochemical which could be considered as a natural bioherbicide for controlling the O. crenata parasitic weed that infests P. sativum and reflected in turn on the plant yield by increase.

The increase in the cultivation area of cruciferous oilseed crops and the use of short crop rotation has resulted in the enhanced spread of several major pests in Northern latitudes. There is currently limited information about incidence and severity of Alternaria black spot disease (Alternaria brassicae) on the main oilseed crop, spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus), in the Northern Baltics. Thus, spring oilseed rape and five alternative cruciferous oilseed crops were selected and their resistance to black spot disease was evaluated in field conditions during two growing seasons. We hypothesized that spring oilseed rape is more susceptible to Alternaria black spot disease than other alternative cruciferous oilseed crops. Both growing seasons were warmer and drier compared to the long-term average, and were thus suitable for A. brassicae development and assessments. In both years, incidence of Alternaria black spot infection was recorded on all cruciferous species, yet the disease development differed considerably among the crops. During both growing seasons, black mustard (B. nigra) plants were the most infected. Based on our observations during warm growing seasons we conclude that alternative oilseed crops such as Sinapis alba, Eruca sativa and Raphanus sativus are more resistant to the Alternaria black spot infection than the traditional oilseed crops and thus, possess a great potential to grow with limited chemical disease control in Northern Baltic conditions.

The behaviour of Myrothecium roridum, artificially inoculated on cultivated rocket (Eruca sativa), has been evaluated under eight different temperature and CO2 concentration combinations (from 14-18 °C to 26-30 °C and with 400-450 or 800-850 ppm of CO2). The pathogen isolate used for this study was inoculated on rocket and disease severity increased with high temperatures for both CO2 levels. Verrucarin A and roridin E mycotoxins were produced under all the tested temperatures at high CO2 conditions. The maximum level of verrucarin A was found at 14-18 °C and 800-850 ppm of CO2, and the maximum roridin E production was detected at 26-30 °C with 800-850 ppm of CO2. The results obtained in this study show that both the CO2 concentration and the temperature influence disease severity and mycotoxin production in different ways. An increase in temperature, which is favourable for attacks of the pathogen, could induce the spread of M. roridum in temperate regions, and this pathogen could take on even greater importance in the future, considering its ability to produce mycotoxins.

Polycultures from broadleaves with tuberoses are being used in vegetable crop production systems in the semiarid region of Potiguar. The challenge is to determine whether these systems are productively viable when fertilized with organic matter produced by spontaneous species of the Caatinga biome. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agro-economic performance of arugula (A), carrot (C), and coriander (Co) polycultures fertilized with hairy woodrose biomass incorporated into the soil under different population densities among the component crops. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications, with the treatments arranged in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, from the combination of four amounts of hairy woodrose biomass incorporated into the soil (7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and 30.0 t ha-1 on a dry matter basis), with four population densities (20A-50C-20Co%, 30A-50C-30Co%, 40A-50C-40Co%, and 50A-50C-50Co% of the recommended population in the single crop). The efficiency of polycultures was evaluated through indexes and agro-economic indicators. The most productive agro-economic performance was obtained with a biomass of 18.21 t ha-1 of hairy woodrose incorporated in the soil and a population density of 50A-50C-50Co%. RESUMO Policultivos de folhosas com tuberosas estão sendo utilizados nos sistemas de produção de hortaliças na região semiárida Potiguar. O desafio é determinar se esses sistemas são produtivamente viáveis quando fertilizados com matéria orgânica produzida por espécies espontâneas do bioma Caatinga. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agroeconômico de policultivos de rúcula (R), cenoura (C) e coentro (Co) adubados com biomassa de jitirana incorporada no solo sob diferentes densidades populacionais entre as culturas componentes. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, provenientes da combinação de quatro quantidades de biomassa de jitirana incorporadas ao solo (7,5; 15,0; 22,5 e 30,0 t ha-1 em base seca) com quatro densidades populacionais (20R-50C-20Co; 30R-50C-30Co; 40R-50C-40Co e 50R-50C-50Co (%) da população recomendada no cultivo solteiro - PRCS). A eficiência dos policultivos foi avaliada através de índices e indicadores agroeconômicos. O desempenho agroeconômico mais produtivo foi obtido com uma biomassa de 18,21 t ha-1 de jitirana incorporada ao solo e uma densidade populacional de 50R-50C-50Co (%).

In the cultivation of leafy vegetables, it is common to apply high amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. The imbalance between the absorption and the use of nitrogen (N) by the plant increases the nitrate content and decreases the quality of the vegetables because nitrate has a strong association with compounds harmful to human health. On the other hand, there is a lack of information on how N dose in intercropping, in order to improve yield, affects the quality (nitrate content) of vegetables. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the nitrate content of intercropped lettuce and rocket, with nitrate content acting as a function of the nitrogen dose applied to these crops. The experiment was carried out at UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, from September to December 2006. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 4 × 4 + 2 factorial scheme, with four varying concentrations of N each for lettuce and rocket (0, 65, 130 and 195 kg ha-1 of N), plus two treatments corresponding to lettuce and rocket monocrops. Nitrate content in lettuce under intercropping is 42% less compared to that in the monocrop. Increasing nitrogen concentrations increased nitrate levels for lettuce and rocket under intercropping; however, these levels are below those found for their respective monocrops. RESUMO No cultivo de hortaliças folhosas é comum a aplicação de elevadas quantidades de fertilizante nitrogenado. O desequilíbrio entre a absorção e o uso do nitrogênio (N) pela planta eleva o teor de nitrato e diminui a qualidade das hortaliças, pois tem forte associação com compostos prejudiciais à saúde humana. Por outro lado, há falta de informação para dose de N em cultivos consorciados com vistas à obtenção de boa produtividade e como isso impacta a qualidade (teor de nitrato) das hortaliças. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o teor de nitrato na alface e na rúcula, em função da dose de nitrogênio aplicada às culturas em cultivo consorciado. O experimento foi conduzido na UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, de setembro a dezembro de 2006. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 + 2. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de quatro doses de N para a alface (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg ha-1 de N) e quatro doses de N para a rúcula (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg ha-1 de N), mais dois tratamentos adicionais correspondentes às monoculturas de alface e rúcula. O teor de nitrato na cultura da alface em consórcio reduziu 42% quando comparado à monocultura. O aumento das doses de nitrogênio, para ambas as culturas em consórcio, resulta em aumento nos teores de nitrato para alface e rúcula; porém, abaixo dos encontrados para suas respectivas monoculturas.

Induced resistance emerges as an alternative method for controlling plant diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of biotic and abiotic resistance inducers for controlling white rust in rocket (Eruca sativa), as well as biochemical changes (peroxidase) and fitness costs. The experiments were developed with the abiotic inducers acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) (12.5, 25, and 50 mg ai L-1) and citrus biomass (CB) (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5%), as well as with the biotic ones Saccharomyces cerevisiae (25 mg mL-1), Bacillus thuringiensis (25 mg p.c. mL-1), Saccharomyces boulardii (25 mg mL-1), and phosphorylated mannan oligosaccharide (PMO) (0.25%), in preventive and curative interventions. Fungicide mancozeb (1.6 g ai L-1), Bordeaux mixture (1%), and water were the control treatments. Leaf samples were collected 3, 7, 11, 15, and 19 days after the treatments to determine peroxidases and assess the severity and production. Concerning abiotic inducers, all doses of ASM and CB 0.5% (preventive) and CB 0.25% (curative) reduced the severity of white rust, whereas, among biotic inducers, only PMO applied preventively controlled the disease. Peroxidase activity was higher for CB 0.25% and ASM 50 mg L-1. Bordeaux mixture induced higher peroxidase activity. RESUMO: A indução de resistência surge como um método alternativo para o controle de doenças em plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de indutores de resistência bióticos e abióticos no controle de ferrugem branca em rúcula (Eruca sativa), bem como alterações bioquímicas (peroxidase) e o impacto na produção. Foram desenvolvidos experimentos com os indutores abióticos acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (12,5; 25 e 50 mg i.a. L-1) e biomassa cítrica (BC) (0,1; 0,25 e 0,5%), e os bióticos Saccharomyces cerevisiae (25 mg p.c. mL-1), Bacillus thuringiensis (25 mg p.c. mL-1), Saccharomyces boulardii (25 mg p.c. mL-1) e manano-oligossacarídeo fosforilado (MOF) (0,25%), sendo aplicados preventiva e curativamente. Como controles foram utilizados o fungicida mancozeb (1,6 g i.a. L-1), calda bordalesa (1%) e água. Amostras de folhas foram coletadas aos 3, 7, 11, 15 e 19 dias após os tratamentos para a determinação de peroxidases, e avaliações de severidade e produção. Entre os indutores abióticos, todas as doses de ASM e BC 0,5% (preventivamente) e BC 0,25% (curativamente) reduziram a severidade da ferrugem branca, enquanto entre os indutores bióticos, apenas o MOF aplicado preventivamente, controlou a doença. A atividade de peroxidase foi superior para BC 0,25% e ASM 50 mg L-1. O tratamento com calda bordalesa também incrementou a atividade de peroxidase.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:09:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-03-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) After mushroom production, the substrate plus the cultivated mycelium represents a byproduct, the so-called “spent mushroom substrate” (SMS). We evaluated different SMS types in fresh form, recently taken from the cultivation rooms, for the production of lettuce and arugula in the open field, greenhouse and greenhouse in pot. Three kinds of SMS were used (i - SMS of ABL (Agaricus subrufescens), ii - SMS of POS (Pleurotus ostreatus) and iii - 50% SMS of ABL + 50% SMS of POS) at three doses (1, 2 and 4 kg m−2). For comparison purposes, two commercial soil conditioners, Forth Condicionador® and Visa Fértil Orgânico®, were used. Finally, chicken manure with reference as international organic material was used. A control treatment consisted of a soil plot without any organic material. The application of fresh SMS in the production of LE (lettuce) and AR (arugula) is feasible considering several agronomic parameters evaluated, therefore that in F (field) the superior results were obtained by the ABL dose of 4 kg m−2, in the GR (green house) at a lower dose ABL with 1 kg m−2, POS with 2 kg m−2 and mix with ABL + POS at doses of 2–4 kg m−2, and finally in GR/P (greenhouse pot) it was proved that in a protected environment by rain the combination ABL + POS at dose of 4 kg m−2 is recommended. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas (FCAT) Universidade Federal de Lavras Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV) Centro de Investigación Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas (FCAT) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV) FAPESP: 2015/15306-3 FAPESP: 2018/21492-2

Auxins are signaling molecules involved in multiple stages of plant growth and development. The levels of the most important auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), are regulated by the formation of amide and ester conjugates with amino acids and sugars. In this work, IAA and IAA amide conjugates with amino acids bearing a free carboxylic group or a methyl ester group, along with some selected IAA metabolites, were studied in positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) modes, utilizing high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) as a tool for their structural analysis. HRMS/MS spectra revealed the fragmentation patterns that enable us to identify IAA metabolites in plant extracts from eight vegetables of the Brassicaceae family using a fast and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS) method. The accurate m/z (mass to charge) ratio and abundance of the molecular and fragment ions of the studied compounds in plant extracts matched those obtained from commercially available or synthesized compounds and confirmed the presence of IAA metabolites.

Background Orobanche ramosa (Broomrape) is an obligate root parasite belonging to Orobanchaceae. It causes a great damage to tomato plants. Several attempts have been done in order to control this parasitic weed. So, the aim of this work is to study the allelopathic efficiency of Eruca sativa (Essp) and Sinapis alba (Sasp) seed powder in comparison to the herbicidal effect of Basamid (Dazomet) treatment in controlling Orobanche ramosa (O. ramosa) infesting Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) as well as their effect on Lycopersicon esculentum plant growth and yield. Materials/methods Two pot experiments were performed in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, during two successive winter seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. Treatments were applied by incorporating E. sativa (Essp) and S. alba (Sasp) seed powder to the soil at (5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 g/kg soil) concentration and Basamid treatment at 0.2 g/pot. Results The results indicated that no O. ramosa infestation on Lycopersicon esculentum appeared with all Essp and Sasp concentrations except with the lowest concentration (5 g/kg soil) that reduced O. ramosa tubercles dry weight at 100 days from transplanting (DFT) to about 48.4 and 42.0%, respectively, as compared to the infected control. Lycopersicon esculentum growth as well as its yield and yield components were significantly increased with Basamid treatment at 0.2 g/pot and all Essp and Sasp concentrations (5–45 g/kg soil) except some parameters with the lowest concentration (5 g/kg soil) of both materials used when compared with their corresponding infected control. The highest yield, which exceeds the yield of the healthy control, was obtained by using both Essp and Sasp at concentrations 45 followed by 30 g/kg. Conclusion The allelopathic efficiency of Essp and Sasp is due to the presence of allelochemicals, mainly glucosinolates and phenolic compounds which could play an important role, as a natural selective bioherbicide.

Background Brassica species have been established to have very high concentrations of glucosinolates, flavonols, and other secondary metabolites that achieved good results in weed management strategy. So, this study highlights how to investigate the allelopathic potential of Eruca sativa fresh shoot aqueous extract as a natural bioherbicide to control Phalaris minor and Beta vulgaris weeds beside its effect on Pisum sativum growth as well as yield traits. Two pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, in the two successive winter seasons of (2016–2017, 2017–2018). Treatments were applied by spraying E. sativa fresh shoot aqueous extract once at 14 days after sowing and twice at 14 and 21 days after sowing at rates of 20, 40, 60, and 80% w/v. Results E. sativa fresh shoot aqueous extract at 80% achieved the maximum inhibition effect on the growth of both weeds. This in turn was reflected on P. sativum plant and gave the observable highest growth and yield parameters. Chemical analysis of E. sativa shoot powder approved the presence glucosinolates (9.6 μmol/g) and phenolic compounds (46.5 mg/g) which may be responsible for the allelopathic effect. Conclusion Spraying of aqueous fresh shoot extract of E. sativa at 80% (w/v) can be applied as natural selective bioherbicide in controlling the two annual grassy and broad-leaved weeds associated with P. sativum plants.

Background Orobanche crenata (Broomrape) is an obligate root parasitic weed belonging to Orobanchaceae. It causes a great damage to legume crops. Many attempts have been done in order to control this parasitic weed. So, the aim of this work is to study the allelopathic potentiality of Eruca sativa seed powder (Essp) in comparison to the herbicidal effect of Basamid (Dazomet) treatments in controlling Orobanche crenata (O. crenata) and their effect on growth and yield of two Vicia faba cultivars. Materials/methods Two pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, in the two successive winter seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. Treatments were applied by incorporating Essp to the soil at (15, 30, and 45 g/kg soil) and Basamid treatments at 0.2 and 0.4 g/pot. Results All Essp concentrations used as well as Basamid treatments minimized to great extent, the number of O. crenata tubercles/pot, and the fresh and the dry weight of O. crenata tubercles/pot (g) infecting both V. faba cultivars at 90 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest. The best results for controlling O. crenata infesting both V. faba cultivars were recorded with both 45 g/kg soil Essp concentration and 0.4 g/pot Basamid treatments. On the other side, both V. faba cultivars growth as well as yield and yield attributes were significantly increased with all Essp concentrations used and Basamid treatments when compared to their corresponding infected control. Essp at 45 g/kg soil and 0.4 g/pot Basamid treatments gave the highest increases which exceed than their corresponding healthy control. Conclusion The presence of the allelochemicals mainly glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in Essp could play an important role, as a natural selective bioherbicide, in controlling the parasitic O. crenata weed infecting V. faba cultivars and increasing the yield.

Arugula (Eruca sativa) is cultivated using hydroponic techniques in greenhouses to fulfill high year-round demand, but its nutrient management in hydroponic production has not yet been standardized, potentially leading to limited quality and productivity. Aiming to address this issue, we investigated the effect of electrical conductivity (EC) on yield, nutritional and phytochemical properties of arugula. The model cultivar arugula ‘Standard’ was grown at four different EC levels (1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.1 dS·m−1). Our results indicated photosynthetic properties, SPAD, leaf area, yield and dry weight increased with increasing EC from 1.2 to 1.8 dS·m−1. Foliar nutrient content increased with higher EC, but nutrient solution with 2.1 dS·m−1 showed a significant decline in N, Ca and most of the micronutrients including Fe, Zn, Mo, Cu, B and Mn. Total glucosinolates, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids concentrations increased with increasing EC. In addition, total anthocyanin content was highest in plants grown in EC 1.2 and 2.1 dS·m−1, demonstrating a stress response when grown in extreme EC levels. Our results further indicated a rapid accumulation of nitrate with higher EC, potentially detrimental to human health. This research demonstrated the optimal EC range would be 1.5 to 1.8 dS·m−1 for arugula in hydroponic production systems based on yield, quality criteria and human health considerations.

The vegetables intercropping practice triumph in family farming depends on several production factors, including the crops involved, green manuring and plant density of component crops. Therefore, the aim of this work was to assess whether there is agro-economic viability in the radish-arugula intercropping, in different equitable amounts of M. aegyptia and C. procera biomass (20, 35, 50 and 65 t ha-1 on base dry) and in diverse arugula population densities (40, 60, 80 and 100% of that recommended density for single crop - RDSC), combined with 100% of the RDSC for radish in two cropping years. The characteristics, the commercial productivity of radish roots and the arugula green mass yield were evaluated and in the intercropped system, the agronomic indices: land equivalent ratio (LER), intercropping advantage (IA), actual yield loss (AYL), productive efficiency index (PEI), score of the canonical variable (Z), and the economic indicators: gross income (GI), net income (NI), rate of return (RR) and profit margin (PM). The greatest agro-economic advantages of the radish-arugula intercropping were achieved with an LER of 1.64, PEI of 0.86, Z of 1.54, GI of R$ 45,543.92 ha-1, NI of R$ 24,662,31 ha-1, RR of R$ 2.20 for each real invested, and PM of 56.37%, respectively, in the combination of 65 t ha-1 of M. aegyptia and C. procera biomass and arugula population density of 100% of the RDSC, corresponding to the density of 1 million plants per hectare. El éxito de la práctica de la asociación de hortalizas en la agricultura familiar depende de varios factores de producción, incluidos los cultivos involucrados, el abono verde y la densidad de plantas de los cultivos que lo componen. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar si existe viabilidad agroeconómica en el consorcio rábano-arugula, en diferentes cantidades equitativas de biomasa de M. aegyptia y C. procera (20, 35, 50 y 65 t ha-1 en base seca) y en diversas densidades de población de rúcula (40, 60, 80 y 100% de la densidad recomendada para un solo cultivo - DRSC), combinada con el 100% del DRSC de rábano en dos años de cultivo. Se evaluaron las características, productividad comercial de las raíces de rábano y la producción de masa verde de arugula y, en el sistema asociado, los índices agronómicos: relación equivalente de tierra (RET), ventaja del consorcio (VC), pérdida real de rendimiento. (PRR), índice de eficiencia productiva (IEP), puntaje de variable canónica (Z) e indicadores económicos: ingreso bruto (RB), ingreso neto (RL), tasa de retorno (TR) e índice de rentabilidad (IL). ​Las mayores ventajas agroeconómicas de la asociación rábano-rúcula se lograron con RET de 1,64, IEP de 0,86, Z de 1,54, RB de R$ 45.543,92 ha-1, RL de R$ 24.662,31 ha-1, TR de R$ 2,20 para cada uno real invertido, e IL de 56,37%, respectivamente, en la combinación de 65 t ha-1 de biomasa de M. aegyptia y C. procera y densidad poblacional de arugula de 100% de la DRCS, correspondiente a la densidad de 1 millón de plantas por hectárea. O sucesso da prática da consorciação de hortaliças na agricultura familiar depende de diversos fatores de produção, incluindo as culturas envolvidas, a adubação verde e a densidade de plantas das culturas componentes. Portanto, o propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar se há viabilidade agroeconômica no consórcio rabanete-rúcula, em distintas quantidades eqüitativas de biomassa de M. aegyptia e C. procera (20, 35, 50 e 65 t ha-1 em base seca) e em diversas densidades populacionais de rúcula (40, 60, 80 e 100% da densidade recomendada para cultivo solteiro - DRCS), combinadas com 100% da DRCS do rabanete em dois anos de cultivos. Foram avaliadas as caracteristicas, produtividade comercial de raízes de rabanete e a produção de massa verde de rúcula e, no sistema consorciado, os índices agronômicos: razão equivalente de terra (RET), vantagem do consórcio (VC), perda real de rendimento (PRR), índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP), escore da variável canônica (Z) e os indicadores econômicos: renda bruta (RB), renda líquida (RL), taxa de retorno (TR) e índice de lucratividade (IL). As maiores vantagens agroeconômicas do consórcio rabanete-rúcula foram alcançadas com RET de 1,64, IEP de 0,86, Z de 1,54, RB de R$ 45.543,92 ha-1, RL de R$ 24.662,31 ha-1, TR de R$ 2,20 para cada real investido, e IL de 56,37%, respectivamente, na combinação de 65 t ha-1 de biomassa de M. aegyptia e C. procera e densidade populacional de rúcula de 100% do DRCS, correspondente à densidade de 1 milhão de plantas por hectare.

The management of pain in patients affected by diabetic neuropathy still represents an unmet therapeutic need. Recent data highlighted the pain-relieving efficacy of glucosinolates deriving from Brassicaceae. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperalgesic efficacy of Eruca sativa defatted seed meal, along with its main glucosinolate, glucoerucin (GER), on diabetic neuropathic pain induced in mice by streptozotocin (STZ). The mechanism of action was also investigated. Hypersensitivity was assessed by paw pressure and cold plate tests after the acute administration of the compounds. Once bio-activated by myrosinase, both E. sativa defatted meal (1 g kg&minus, 1 p.o.) and GER (100 &micro, mol kg&minus, 1 p.o., equimolar to meal content) showed a dose-dependent pain-relieving effect in STZ-diabetic mice, but the meal was more effective than the glucosinolate. The co-administration with H2S scavengers abolished the pain relief mediated by both E. sativa meal and GER. Their effect was also prevented by selectively blocking Kv7 potassium channels. Repeated treatments with E. sativa meal did not induce tolerance to the anti-hypersensitive effect. In conclusion, E. sativa meal can be suggested as a new nutraceutical tool for pain relief in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

WOS: 000452183800001 An experiment was conducted to search the efficacy of radish (Raphanus sativus) and arugula (Eruca sativa) for the control of Meloidogyne arenaria in the commercial tomato growing greenhouse. R. sativus and E. sativa were used as winter cycle crops and lettuce as a susceptible crop and 4 months after sowing, host level of the treatment plants was evaluated. All parts of R. sativus and E. sativa were incorporated except lettuce was covered with transparent polyethylene film for 4 weeks. R. sativus and E. sativa had not any root galls, and these plants caused reducing number of juveniles in the soil, in contrast to control and lettuce plots before growing tomato. Gall index and egg masses were significantly decreased on tomatoes in plots of applied biofumigation with E. sativa and R. sativus. It was concluded that growing R. sativus and E. sativa as a winter cycle plants before susceptible plants would be helpful to reduce the damage of root-knot nematode M. arenaria and increased crop yields.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:33:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1983-21252018000100106.pdf: 506652 bytes, checksum: f9ff8a84bda706d7a73a02ac699dfba5 (MD5) Foundation for Research Support of State of São Paulo A consorciação de culturas é um sistema de produção capaz de reduzir os custos produtivos e aumentar a rentabilidade dos produtores de hortaliças, uma vez que ele possibilita o uso mais eficiente da área e dos insumos agrícolas. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da densidade de plantas de alface na viabilidade econômica do consórcio de alface e rúcula, em duas épocas de cultivo (inverno e verão), dois experimentos foram instalados em campo, na Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil. Os tratamentos corresponderam a cinco consórcios de alface com rúcula nos espaçamentos entre linhas da alface de: 0,20; 0,25; 0,30; 0,35 e 0,40 m, cinco cultivos solteiros de alface nos mesmos espaçamentos adotados em consórcio, e um cultivo solteiro de rúcula no espaçamento entre linhas de 0,20 m. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições. No inverno, maior rentabilidade é obtida com a maior densidade populacional. Maior rentabilidade das culturas, em ambas épocas de cultivo é obtida no verão. Intercropping is a production system that can reduce the production cost and increase the profitability of vegetable producers, since it permits more efficient land and agricultural inputs use. In order to evaluate the effect of lettuce plant density on the economic feasibility of lettuce-rocket intercropping system over two growing seasons (winter and summer), two experiments were conducted in the field at São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. The treatments consisted of five lettuce-rocket intercrops with spacing between lettuce rows of: 0.20; 0.25; 0.30; 0.35 and 0.40 m, five sole crop of lettuce in the same spacing between rows adopted in the intercropping system, and a sole cropping of rocket with spacing between rows of 0.20 m. The statistical design adopted was the complete randomized block with four replicates. During winter, higher profitability was achieved with the highest population density. Highest profitability of the crops in both seasons was obtained in summer. Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Department of Plant Production Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Department of Plant Production Foundation for Research Support of State of São Paulo : FAPESP - 2011 / 10784-3

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a viabilidade agronômica do bicultivo de rúcula (R) e alface consorciado (A) com cenoura (C) sob diferentes quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo e de proporções de densidades populacionais entre as culturas componentes no semiárido do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4. O primeiro fator foi constituído pelas quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (10, 25, 40 e 55 t ha-1 em base seca) e o segundo fator pelas proporções de densidades populacionais das culturas componentes em policultivo [(50R-50C-50A (%); 40R-50C-40A (%); 30R-50C-30A(%) e 20R-50C-20A (%) das populações recomendadas em cultivos solteiro - PRCS)]. As folhosas foram plantadas em dois cultivos no ciclo da cenoura e uma análise conjunta foi realizada envolvendo os dois cultivos da rúcula e da alface e o fatorial 4 x 4. As características avaliadas foram: rendimento de massa verde (rúcula); massa seca da parte aérea e produtividade (alface); produtividade total; comercial; e classificada de raízes de cenoura. A vantagem monetária corrigida foi usada para avaliar a viabilidade agronômica dos sistemas consorciados. O uso da flor-de-seda como adubo verde se mostrou viável no policultivo de rúcula, cenoura e alface. O melhor desempenho agronômico do policultivo de rúcula, cenoura e alface foi registrado na quantidade de 55 t ha-1 de flor-de-seda incorporada ao solo. As proporções de densidades populacionais de rúcula, cenoura e alface de 50-50-50 (%) das PRCS foram as que proporcionaram a maior viabilidade agronômica dos policultivos. ABSTRACT: This work aimed to study the agronomic feasibility of the arugula (A) and lettuce (L) bicropping intercropped with carrot (C) under different amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil and proportions of population densities among component crops in semiarid conditions of the Rio Grande do Norte state. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications, with the treatments arranged in a factorial 4 x 4. The first factor was constituted by the amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil (10, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-1 on a dry basis) and the second factor by the proportions of population densities of the component crops in polyculture [(50A-50C-50L (%); 40A-50C-40L (%); 30A-50C-30L (%) and 20A-50C-20L (%) of the recommended populations in sole crops - RPSC)]. The leafy vegetable crops were planted in two cultivations during the carrot cycle, and a joint analysis was carried out involving the two cultivations in the 4 x 4 factorial scheme. The characteristics evaluated were green mass yield (arugula), dry mass of shoots and productivity (lettuce), total, commercial and classified productivity of carrot roots. The modified monetary advantage was used to evaluate the agronomic feasibility of intercropping systems. The use of roostertree as green manure proved viable in the polyculture of arugula, carrot, and lettuce. The major agronomic performance of the arugula, carrot and lettuce in the polyculture was registered in the amount of 55 t ha-1 of roostertree incorporated into the soil. The population density proportions of arugula, carrot and lettuce of 50A-50C-50L (%) of the RPSC were those that provided the greatest agronomic feasibility of the polycultures.

International audience; Background and aim: Eruca sativa or most commonly known as rocket is a worldwide herbaceous plant usually used for salad preparations due to its astringent properties. The health benefits of its leaves and seeds were widely investigated, however no study has been conducted on its flowers demonstrating these benefits. The aim of this work is to investigate the phytochemical properties of solvent extract from rocket flowers. Method: Rocket flowers were collected at their blooming day and solvent extracts were prepared meaning hydrodistillation. Non-polar compounds were extracted using hexane and the efficiency of the obtained extract was evaluated using antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The antibacterial activities were tested against 11 pathogenic strains, whereas the antioxidant activities were tested through DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity and β-carotene bleaching test. Results: The antibacterial activities showed good growth inhibition compared to positive controls. The diameter of the inhibition zones reached a maximum of 16.7 ± 0.1 mm when tested against Salmonella typhimurium using 14 mg extract. The results obtained for the antioxidant activities showed more than 90% DPPH free radical inhibition, 315 μg AAE/ml for 71 mg/ml extract and more than 70% inhibition using β-carotene bleaching assay. Conclusion: The obtained phytochemical properties demonstrated the health benefit features of rocket flowers and their potential uses as feedstock of bioactive molecules.

Background: Eruca sativa Mill. is a good source of glucosinolates (GLS), phenolic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids, being a valuable material for the production of functional-foods or nutraceutical ingredients. Extraction by supercritical CO2 (SCO2) can be used and the limitations due to the apolar nature of CO2 can be overcome using co-solvents. In this paper different cosolvents and conditions were used for SCO2 extraction and the composition of the obtained extracts was studied by LC-MS. Results: Water resulted the ideal co-solvent, allowing the extraction of glucosinolates in comparable amounts to the classical procedure with boiling water, as it can be carried out at mild temperatures (45 &deg, C vs. &gt, 100 &deg, C). Increasing the pressure improved the GLS extraction. On the other hand polyphenol extraction under the studied conditions was not influenced by pressure and temperature variations. The in vitro antioxidant effect of the obtained extracts was also measured, showing significant activity in the DPPH and FC tests. Conclusions: The GLS, flavonoids and lipids composition of the obtained extracts was studied, showing the presence of numerous antioxidant constituents useful for nutraceutical applications. The extraction method using SCO2 and water as co-solvent presents advantages in terms of safety because these solvents are generally recognised as safe. Water as cosolvent at 8% resulted useful for the extraction of both glucosinolates and phenolics in good amount and is environmentally acceptable as well as safe for food production.

This study aimed to evaluate the agro-economic efficiency of agrosystems of two croppings of arugula (A) and two of lettuce (L) intercropped with carrot (C) under different biomass amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil and population density proportions between the component crops. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications, with the treatments arranged in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme. The first factor was made up of the amounts of roostertree biomass incorporated into the soil (10, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-1 on a dry basis) and the second factor by the population density proportions of the component crops in the polycultures (50A-50C-50L%, 40A-50C-40L%, 30A-50C-30L% and 20A-50C-20L% of the population recommended for single crops – PRSC). The agro-economic performance of arugula, carrot and lettuce in polyculture was optimized at 25 t ha-1 of roostertree incorporated into the soil. The population density proportions of arugula, carrot and lettuce of 50A-50C-50L% of the PRSC provided the best agro-economic efficiency to the polyculture. RESUMO Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência agroeconômica de agrossistemas provenientes de dois cultivos de rúcula e dois de alface em consórcio com cenoura em diferentes quantidades de biomassa de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo e proporções de densidades populacionais entre as culturas componentes. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4. O primeiro fator foi constituído pelas quantidades de flor-de-seda (10, 25, 40 e 55 t ha-1 em base seca) e o segundo pelas proporções de densidades populacionais das culturas componentes nos policultivos (50R-50C-50A%; 40R-50C-40A%; 30R-50C-30A% e 20R-50C-20A% das populações recomendadas em cultivos solteiro - PRCS). O desempenho agroeconômico do policultivo de rúcula, cenoura e alface foi otimizado na quantidade de 25 t ha-1 de flor-de-seda incorporada ao solo. As proporções de densidades populacionais de rúcula, cenoura e alface de 50R-50C-50A% das PRCS foram as que proporcionaram ao policultivo as melhores eficiências agroeconômicas.

The production of vegetable crops has been characterized as a highly intensive activity in the use of soil, water, inputs and labor in semi-arid regions, being practiced mostly by small family farmers as a way of subsistence, or in the small-scale commercialization of surplus production. Among the agricultural practices that have been successfully used by vegetable producers are intercrop systems that, when implemented with adequate management, present gains in productivity, nutritional, economic, and environmental value. The aim of this study was to estimate the optimal plot sizes of plantings of carrot (Daucus carota L.) intercropped with arugula (Eruca sativa L.) in bi-cultivation in three spatial arrangements, as well as to determine bio-agroeconomic revenues from associations between these vegetable crops in a semi-arid region. Estimates of optimal sizes of experimental plots in intercropping systems, provided by the methods of bootstrap resampling and of sampling intensity (10%), were four, four and three basic units, respectively, for the spatial arrangements 2R:2C, 3R:3C, and 4R: 4C, between rows of arugula (R) intercropped with carrot (C), and by the Hatheway method, all spatial arrangements were of four basic units. The best bio-agroeconomic performance of carrot intercropped with arugula in bi-cultivation was obtained in the spatial arrangement 2R:2C.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades microbiológicas e nutricionais do solo, no consórcio de beterraba e rúcula, em função de quatro quantidades de flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera) incorporadas ao solo e de arranjos espaciais. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados com cinco repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4x3. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (10; 25; 40 e 55 t ha-1 de matéria seca) e em três arranjos espaciais (2:2, 3:3 e 4:4). As cultivares plantadas foram: beterraba ‘Early Wonder’, e rúcula ‘Cultivada’. As características avaliadas no solo foram os teores de: N, P, K, pH, CTC, matéria orgânica (M.O.), bactérias e fungos totais presentes no solo, antes do plantio e após a colheita das culturas. O melhor desempenho microbiológico e nutricional foi registrado na segunda época de colheita do solo na quantidade de 55 t ha-1. Os arranjos espaciais entre as culturas da beterraba e rúcula não influenciaram as características nutricionais e microbiológicas do solo. O número total de fungos e bactérias do solo aumentou com as quantidades crescentes da flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo., Revista de Ciências Agrárias, vol. 40 n.º 1 (2017)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a contaminação por enteroparasitas em amostras de rúcula (Eruca sativa) comercializadas na cidade de Erechim–RS. No período de março a maio de 2013, foram analisadas, pelo método de sedimentação espontânea, 40 amostras, obtidas em mercados e feiras do produtor. Dentre as rúculas analisadas, 22,5% apresentaram contaminação por trofozoítos e/ou cistos de ameba. Não foram encontrados ovos ou larvas de helmintos patogênicos ao homem. Vegetais consumidos sem cozimento prévio podem apresentar padrão de qualidade higiênicosanitária inadequado, o que destaca a necessidade de maior orientação aos produtores e manipuladores, no que se refere à sua correta manipulação e higienização.

The epidermal cells of leaf and roots of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sudangrass (S. sudanensis) and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids (S. bicolor × S. sudanensis) contain the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin, which can degrade into hydrogen cyanide (HCN), well known for its toxicity to many organisms, including nematodes. In vitro bioassays were carried out with the aim of evaluating the nematicidal and the nematistatic effects of dhurrin concentrations on second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita, and the effectiveness of dhurrin in decreasing or preventing hatching of M. incognita. Furthermore, Sorghum hybrid cv. Super Dolce 10, selected for its dhurrin content, and Eruca sativa sel. Nemat were used in two glasshouse experiments to study the host-nematode relationship and the development of M. incognita life cycle in the roots. In the in vitro bioassays, Sorghum hybrid cv. Super Dolce 10 showed an inhibitory effect on hatching, a slow nematicidal effect on J2 and no nematistatic activity. In the glasshouse experiments, both Sorghum hybrid cv. Super Dolce 10 and E. sativa sel. Nemat proved to be a poor to non-host of M. incognita, with reproduction factor (R) always Solanum lycopersicum cv. UC82, an excellent host (R = 43). In both bioactive accessions two generations were completed in 15 weeks (four cycles in S. lycopersicum), but with the production of very few egg masses, while root infestation was also always very low, with gall index (G.I.) < 1, compared with S. lycopersicum (G.I. = 4). In this study, the effectiveness of E. sativa sel. Nemat in controlling M. incognita confirmed data from previous work.

Solvent extracts from the aerial and root parts and seed oil from E. sativa (rocket salad) were assayed for anticancer activity against melanoma cells. The seed oil (isothiocyanates rich) significantly (p

Aydin, Birsen/0000-0002-5541-9365 WOS: 000276603100006 Eruca sativa seedlings were treated with different Zn concentrations (0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000 mu g g(-1) dried growth medium) under controlled conditions. The seedlings were harvested 20 days after Zn treatment. Physiological parameters, such as root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight, were measured and Zn content of roots and shoots was determined. Furthermore, various biochemical parameters were studied on E. sativa leaves: enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbate, non-protein thiols. Malondialdehyde, which is an index of lipid peroxidation, was assayed. Zn treatment did not have any significant effect on fresh and dry weights, whereas 500 mu g g(-1) Zn increased root growth significantly (p < 0.05). Zn accumulated in roots 2-8 times more than it did in leaves. Lipid peroxidation increased in proportion with the increase in Zn. Although a decrease in SOD and CAT activities at increased Zn was found, a significant increase in APX and POD was observed at 500 and 1,000 mu g g(-1) Zn, respectively. In addition, an increase in the amounts of non-protein thiols and total AsA (Ascorbate) was observed with the increase in Zn. Ondokuz Mayis University Scientific Research FoundationOndokuz Mayis University [F-387]; Ondokuz Mayis UniversityOndokuz Mayis University This work was supported by Ondokuz Mayis University Scientific Research Foundation ( Project Number: F-387). The authors acknowledge the financial support of Ondokuz Mayis University.

WOS: 000391851400005 PubMed: 28000511 In this study, Eruca sativa (Rocket) seedlings were treated with different cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 150, 300 and 450 mu g.g(-1)). The effects of Cd on lipid peroxidation, enzymatic (APx, CAT, GPX, SOD) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (total ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, ascorbate, non-protein thiol), fresh and dry masses, water content were determined. Also, Cd content of the leaves and the roots were analysed. The highest cadmium accumulation of leaves was at 450 mu g.g(-1) Cd treatment and the accumulation was 2.62 times greater than those in the roots. The translocation factor was 3.89 at 300 mu g.g(-1) Cd treatment. Cd treatments caused decreases of fresh, dry mass and water content of leaves and roots. Malondialdehyde content, which is an index of lipid peroxidation, was increased in proportion with the increase in Cd. While there was not change in the activity of GPX according to control, a decrease in activities of SOD, CAT and APX were observed with the increase of cadmium concentration. Although a significant increase in the amounts of non-protein thiol groups and proline were observed in 450 mu g.g(-1) Cd treated plants, Cd did not lead to a significant change in AsA, DHA and total AsA contents. According to the results of the research, E. sativa may be a Cd hyperaccumulator plant and we suggest that the plant may be a candidate plant for remediation of Cd-contaminated soil.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:55:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-05362007000400016.pdf: 283762 bytes, checksum: 36bfddacad09bc67ed7f73c99394b30c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:55:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-05362007000400016.pdf: 283762 bytes, checksum: 36bfddacad09bc67ed7f73c99394b30c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362007000400016.pdf: 283762 bytes, checksum: 36bfddacad09bc67ed7f73c99394b30c (MD5) S0102-05362007000400016.pdf.txt: 24528 bytes, checksum: ee2c603bea028298feb1a4fc492749dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:12:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362007000400016.pdf: 283762 bytes, checksum: 36bfddacad09bc67ed7f73c99394b30c (MD5) S0102-05362007000400016.pdf.txt: 24528 bytes, checksum: ee2c603bea028298feb1a4fc492749dd (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:12:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362007000400016.pdf: 283762 bytes, checksum: 36bfddacad09bc67ed7f73c99394b30c (MD5) S0102-05362007000400016.pdf.txt: 24528 bytes, checksum: ee2c603bea028298feb1a4fc492749dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-01 Avaliou-se os rendimentos das culturas da beterraba e da rúcula em função de épocas de plantio e sistemas solteiro e consorciado, em Mossoró, de janeiro a março de 2005. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com nove tratamentos em quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram dos consórcios da beterraba com rúcula estabelecidos aos 0, 7, 14 e 21 dias após a semeadura da beterraba, monocultura da beterraba e as monoculturas da rúcula, nas mesmas épocas de estabelecimento dos cultivos consorciados. A semeadura da rúcula e beterraba realizada na mesma época proporcionaram maior massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e produtividade de rúcula, sendo respectivamente, de 50,19 g/planta; 5,86 g/planta e 1338,47 g/m². Já para a beterraba, independentemente da época de semeadura, o monocultivo foi superior ao consórcio na produção de massa fresca e de raízes. Os maiores índices de uso eficiente da terra foram obtidos no sistema de consórcio quando a semeadura da rúcula foi realizada no mesmo período (2,0) e aos sete dias (1,9) após a semeadura da beterraba. The yield of sugar beet and rocket was evaluated, as a result of planting times in sole crop and intercropping system. The experiment was carried out in Mossoró, from January to March,f 2005. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with nine treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the intercrops of sugar beet with rocket established at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after sugar beet sowing date, as well as of sugar beet and rocket cultivated as sole crops, planted at the same times of the intercropping establishment. The highest values of fresh shoot (50.19 g/plant), dry mass (5.86 g/plant) and yield (1338.47 g/m²) of rocket were observed in the intercropping systems established at the same time. The highest values of shoot fresh mass and root yield of sugar beet were observed in sole crop. The highest land equivalent ratios were obtained in the intercropping systems where the rocket was sown at the same time of sugar beet and 7 days after sugar beet crop. UFERSA Depto. Ciências Vegetais UNESP Depto. Produção Vegetal UNESP Depto. Produção Vegetal

The growth and viability of three Lactobacillus strains, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, after their passage through simulated gastric and pancreatic juices were studied as a function of their presence in the growth medium of rocket salad (Eruca sativa). The presence of E. sativa affected some of the biological properties of the strains. For example, L. acidophilus and L. plantarum worked more efficiently in the presence of E. sativa, increasing not only the antioxidant activity of the medium, but also their own antioxidant power and antimicrobial activity, L. rhamnosus was not affected in the same manner. Overall, the presence of vegetables might help to boost, in specific cases, some of the characteristics of lactobacilli, including antioxidant and antimicrobial power.

Pharmaceutically active compounds (PACs) are continuously dispersed into the environment due to human and veterinary use, giving rise to their potential accumulation in edible plants. In this study, Eruca sativa L. and Zea mays L. were selected to determine the potential uptake and accumulation of eight different PACs (Salbutamol, Atenolol, Lincomycin, Cyclophosphamide, Carbamazepine, Bezafibrate, Ofloxacin and Ranitidine) designed for human use. To mimic environmental conditions, the plants were grown in pots and irrigated with water spiked with a mixture of PACs at concentrations found in Italian wastewaters and rivers. Moreover, 10× and 100× concentrations of these pharmaceuticals were also tested. The presence of the pharmaceuticals was tested in the edible parts of the plants, namely leaves for E. sativa and grains for Z. mays. Quantification was performed by liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS). In the grains of 100× treated Z. mays, only atenolol, lincomycin and carbamazepine were above the limit of detection (LOD). At the same concentration in E. sativa plants the uptake of all PACs was >LOD. Lincomycin and oflaxacin were above the limit of quantitation in all conditions tested in E. sativa. The results suggest that uptake of some pharmaceuticals from the soil may indeed be a potential transport route to plants and that these environmental pollutants can reach different edible parts of the selected crops. Measurements of the concentrations of these pharmaceuticals in plant materials were used to model potential adult human exposure to these compounds. The results indicate that under the current experimental conditions, crops exposed to the selected pharmaceutical mixture would not have any negative effects on human health. Moreover, no significant differences in the growth of E. sativa or Z. mays plants irrigated with PAC-spiked vs. non-spiked water were observed.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:55:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-05362011000300024.pdf: 300141 bytes, checksum: 30564bd02ba0ae561c7367295f11c365 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:55:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-05362011000300024.pdf: 300141 bytes, checksum: 30564bd02ba0ae561c7367295f11c365 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:48:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362011000300024.pdf: 300141 bytes, checksum: 30564bd02ba0ae561c7367295f11c365 (MD5) S0102-05362011000300024.pdf.txt: 30665 bytes, checksum: 8a8da8dea15b8cea821aa728a76d9726 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:16:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362011000300024.pdf: 300141 bytes, checksum: 30564bd02ba0ae561c7367295f11c365 (MD5) S0102-05362011000300024.pdf.txt: 30665 bytes, checksum: 8a8da8dea15b8cea821aa728a76d9726 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:16:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362011000300024.pdf: 300141 bytes, checksum: 30564bd02ba0ae561c7367295f11c365 (MD5) S0102-05362011000300024.pdf.txt: 30665 bytes, checksum: 8a8da8dea15b8cea821aa728a76d9726 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-01 O trabalho foi conduzido na UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, de setembro a dezembro de 2006, com objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada em consórcio de alface e rúcula. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 + 2. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de quatro doses de N para a alface (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg ha-1) e quatro doses de N para a rúcula (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg ha-1), mais dois tratamentos adicionais, correspondentes aos monocultivos de alface e rúcula. As cultivares utilizadas foram Verônica (alface) e Folha Larga (rúcula). O aumento da dose de N para ambas as culturas, em consórcio, proporcionou incrementos na massa fresca e produtividade de alface e da rúcula e maximizou o índice de eficiência de uso da área (1,84) na dose 127 kg ha-1 de N para a alface e 195 kg ha-1 de N para rúcula. The work was carried out at UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, from September to December 2006, to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on intercropping of lettuce and rocket. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with four replications, treatments being arranged in a 4 x 4 + 2 factorial design. The treatments were the result of a combination of four N rates for lettuce (0, 65, 130 and 195 kg ha-1) and four N rates for rocket (0, 65, 130 and 195 kg ha-1), plus two additional treatments, which corresponded to lettuce and rocket under single cropping. Veronica (lettuce) and Folha Larga (rocket) were the cultivars used. An increase in the N rate for both cultures, under intercropping system, caused fresh matter gains and higher yields for lettuce and rocket, maximizing the land equivalent ratio (1.84) at 127 kg ha-1 of N for lettuce and 195 kg ha-1 of N for rocket. UNESP FCAV UNESP FCAV

The intercropping practice is a viable technological option for the production of vegetables and the success of the association between crops will be greater the greater the complementarity between them. The present work was conducted from June to November 2006, at Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, to evaluate the productive performance of two lettuce and two rocket cultivars in two cultures in strip-intercropping systems. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, with five replications and treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 + 2 factorial. The treatments consisted of the combination of two lettuce cultivars (Babá de Verão and Tainá) and two of rocket (Cultivada and Folha Larga) intercropped with carrot 'Brasília' plus two additional treatments (two lettuce cultivars or two rocket cultivars grown in sole crop). In each block a plot with carrot in sole crop was grown. The evaluated traits in lettuce were plant height and diameter, number of leaves per plant, productivity and shoot dry matter mass. In rocket were evaluated plant height, number of leaves per plant, green mass yield and shoot dry matter mass; and in carrot: plant height, total and marketable productivity, besides root classes, in long and medium roots, short roots and scrap roots. The Tainá lettuce cultivar had the best yield performance both in sole crop and intercropping system. The Cultivada and Folha Larga rocket cultivars had similar yield performance in both cropping systems. Both lettuce and rocket crops had better productive performance in the second culture. The mean production of carrot marketable roots in intercropping systems was 68.3%, being 48.6% for long and medium roots and 19.7% for short roots, while in the sole crop the mean production of marketable carrot roots was of 75.0%, being 51.7% for long and medium roots and 23.3% for short roots. A prática de consórcio é uma opção tecnológica viável para a produção de hortaliças e o sucesso da associação entre as culturas será tanto maior quanto maior a complementaridade entre elas. O presente trabalho foi realizado de junho a novembro de 2006, na Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Brasil, para avaliar o desempenho produtivo de duas cultivares de alface e duas de rúcula consorciadas em faixas com cenoura em dois cultivos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados com cinco repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 2. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de duas cultivares de alface (Babá de Verão e Tainá) e duas de rúcula (Cultivada e Folha Larga) consorciadas com cenoura 'Brasília', mais dois tratamentos adicionais (duas cultivares de alface ou duas cultivares de rúcula cultivadas em cultivo solteiro). Em cada bloco foi inserida uma parcela com a cenoura em cultivo solteiro. As características avaliadas na alface foram altura e diâmetro de plantas, número de folhas por planta, produtividade e massa da matéria seca da parte aérea; na rúcula: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, rendimento de massa verde e massa da matéria seca da parte aérea, e na cenoura: altura de plantas, produtividade total e comercial, percentual de raízes longas e médias, de raízes curtas e de refugo. A cultivar de alface Tainá teve melhor desempenho, tanto em cultivo solteiro como consorciado. As rúculas 'Cultivada' e 'Folha Larga' tiveram desempenho produtivo semelhante em ambos os sistemas de cultivo. As culturas de alface e rúcula tiveram melhor desempenho produtivo no segundo cultivo. A produção de raízes comerciais de cenoura nos sistemas consorciados foi de 68,3%, dos quais 48,6% foram de raízes longas e médias e 19,7% de raízes curtas. A produção de raízes comerciais de cenoura no sistema solteiro foi de 75,0%, dos quais 51,7% foram de raízes longas e médias e 23,3% de raízes curtas.

An Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system was developed for Eruca sativa (eruca). Hypocotyl explants were co-cultivated with bacterial cells carrying a plasmid harboring a uidA:nptII fusion gene along a phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) gene cassette, for a period of 2 days. These were grown on a high cytokinin/auxin medium containing 5.0 mg l -1 6-benzyladenine (BA), 1.0 mg l -1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and 0.1 mg l -1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Explants were then transferred to a lower cytokinin/auxin medium containing 2.0 mg l -1 BA and 0.1 mg l -1 NAA along with 5.0 mg l -1 silver nitrate and 300 mg l -1 Timentin®. Upon transfer to a selection medium containing either 20 mg l -1 kanamycin or 2 mg l -1 L-phosphinothricin (L-ppt), shoot regenerants were observed. Expression of the transgenes in putative transformants was confirmed using a histochemical GUS assay. Presence of the PAT transgene in GUS-positive T0 plants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Moreover, spot tests of T1 seedlings were conducted using the L-ppt herbicide. A transformation frequency of 1. 1% was obtained with more than 60% of transgenic lines containing single copies of the transgenes. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

WOS: 000283922900011, PubMed ID: 21120033, Background: Eruca is a native plant genus of the South Europe and central Asia where it has been cultivated since centuries. As the genus name implies, the oil is high in erucic acid. Materials and Methods: In this study, our aim was to investigate the effect of sowing periods (autumn and spring) and three forms of the nitrogen-containing fertilizers (manure, calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)(2), 15.5% N], and ammonium sulphate [(NH4)(2)SO4, 21% N]) on fatty acid compositions of the oils obtained from Eruca sativa Mill. seeds cultivated. All oils were obtained by maceration of the seeds with n-hexane at room temperature and converted to their methyl ester derivatives by trans-methylesterification reaction using boron-trifluorur (BF3). The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the oils were detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: All the samples analyzed were found to contain quite high amounts of erucic acid ranging between 46.64-54.79%, followed by oleic (17.86-19.95%), palmitic (7.25-10.97%), linoleic (4.23-9.72%), and linolenic (1.98-3.01%) acids. Conclusion: Our data pointed out that there is a statistically important alteration caused by these applications on the contents of only C12:0 and C14:0 found as the minor fatty acids, whereas no other fatty acids in the samples seemed to be affected by those criteria.